Immunological Aspects of Cancer PDF
Preview Immunological Aspects of Cancer
Immunological Aspects of Cancer Immunological Aspects of Cancer EDITED BY J. E. Castro Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London University Park Press Baltimore Published in USA and Canada by University Park Press, 233, East Redwood Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202 Published in UK by MTP Press Limited St Leonard's House Lancaster, Lanes. Copyright © 1978 MTP Press Limited Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1978 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Castro, John E Immunological aspects of cancer. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Cancer-Immunological aspects. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Neoplasms--Immunology. QZ200 I338] RC268.3.C38 1978 616.9'94'079 77-17483 ISBN 978-94-010-9420-7 ISBN 978-94-010-9418-4 (eBook) 001 10.1007/978-94-010-9418-4 ~--- ------------~ Contents List of Contributors Vll 1 An overview of tumour immunology and immunotherapy J. E. Castro 2 Antigens of experimentally-induced neoplasms: a conspectus 15 M. Moore 3 Human tumour-associated antigens: methods of in vitro detection 51 M. Moore 4 Cancer: the product of abortive redifferentiation 89 J. H. Coggin, Jr 5 T effector cells 10 1 P. C. L. Beverley 6 Macrophages and cancer 123 Suzanne A. Eccles 7 Circulating factors modifying cell-mediated immunity in experi- mental neoplasia 155 M. R. Price and R. A. Robins 8 Host immunity in experimental metastasis 183 I. J. Fidler and I. R. Hart 9 Immunological surveillance against neoplasia 205 G. Moller and Erna Moller 10 In vitro testing of the immune response 219 A. J. Cochran 11 Tumour angiogenesis and tumour immunity 267 J. Folkman 12 Immunodiagnosis 283 J. Shuster, D. M. P. Thomson and P. Gold 13 Experimental specific immunotherapy 313 M. D. Prager 14 Experimental non-specific immunotherapy 357 Tessa E. Sadler and J. E. Castro 15 Immunotherapy of leukaemia 385 C. B. Freeman v vi IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CANCER 16 Immunotherapy of human solid tumours: principles of development 415 J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, M. A. Schwartz and E. M. Hersh Index 471 List of Contributors P. C. L. Beverley I. J. Fidler ICRF Tumour Immunology Unit, Head, Biology of Metastasis Basic Department of Zoology, Research Program, University College London, NCI Frederick Cancer Research Gower Street, Center, London, WClE 6BT. P.O. Box B, Frederick, Maryland 21701, U.S.A. J. E. Castro J. Folkman Senior Lecturer in Surgery and Con- Department of Surgery, sultant Urologist, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, 300, Longwood Avenue, Boston, Hammersmith Hospital, Massachusetts 02115, U.S.A. London, W12 OHS. C. B. Freeman A. J. Cochran Pediatric Oncology Branch, Reader in Pathology, National Institutes of Health, Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Western Infirmary, . Building 10, Room 3B12, Bethesda, Glasgow, Gll 6NT. Maryland 20014, U.S.A. J. H. Coggin, Jr P. Gold Microbiology Department, Division of Clinical Immunology and Tennessee University, Allergy, Knoxville 37916, 1650, Cedar Avenue, Tennessee, U.S.A. Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada. Suzanne A. Eccles J. U. Gutterman Division of Tumour Immunology, Department of Developmental Chester Beatty Research Institute, Therapeutics, Clifton Avenue, University of Texas System Cancer Belmont, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PX. Center, vii viii IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CANCER M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Lilla Freskati, Institute, S-104 05 Stockholm 50, Sweden. 6723, Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, U.S.A. M. Moore Head of Immunology Department, I. R. Hart Paterson Laboratories, Biology of Metastasis Basic Research Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Program, Institute, NCI Frederick Cancer Research Manchester, M20 9BX. Center, P.O. Box B, Frederick, M. D. Prager Maryland 21701, U.S.A. Department of Surgery and Biochemistry, E.M.Hershi University of Texas Health Center at Department of Developmental Dallas, Therapeutics, 5323, Harry Hines Boulevard, University of Texas System Cancer Texas 75235, U.S.A. Center, M. R. Price M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Cancer Research Laboratories, Institute, University of Nottingham, 6723, Bertner Avenue, Houston, University Park, Texas 77030, U.S.A. Nottingham, NG7 2RD. G. M. Mavligit R. A. Robins Department of Developmental Cancer Research Laboratories, Therapeutics, University of Nottingham, University of Texas System Cancer University Park, Center, Nottingham, NG7 2RD. M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Tessa E. Sadler 6723, Bertner Avenue, Houston, Research Fellow and Honorary Texas 77030, U.S.A. Lecturer, Department of Surgery, Erna Moller Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Division of Immunology, Hammersmith Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, London, W12 OHS. WaUanberglaboratoriet, Lilla Freskati, M. A. Schwartz S-10405 Stockholm 50, Sweden. Department of Developmental Therapeutics, G. Moller University of Texas System Cancer Division of Immunology, Center, Karolinska Institutet, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Wallenberglaboratoriet, Institute, LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS IX 6723, Bertner Avenue, Houston, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada. Texas 77030, U.S.A. D. M. P. Thomson J. Shuster Division of Immunology and Allergy, Division of Immunology and Allergy, 1650, Cedar Avenue, 1650, Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada. 1 An overview of tumour immunology and immunotherapy J. E. CASTRO INTRODUCTION 2 TUMOUR ANTIGENS 2 Viral antigens 2 Relationship between tumour andfetal antigens 3 Human tumour antigens 4 IMMUNOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE 5 Escape from surveillance 7 EFFECTOR MECHANISMS OF TUMOUR DESTRUCTION 8 IMMUNOTHERAPY 10 Immunoprophylaxis 10 Immunotherapy 10 Specific immunotherapy 11 Non-specific immunotherapy 11 Clinical immunotherapy 12 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING 12 2 IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CANCER INTRODUCTION An immunological approach to the treatment of cancer has many theoretical features to commend it. There should be specificity, so that tumour cells alone are destroyed whilst normal tissues are unaffected. Provided the tumour is uni form and all of the cells have appropriate antigens, every malignant cell should be destroyed and even distant metastases dealt with. So far these speculative advantages are unfulfilled and the initial optimism that surrounded im munotherapy has not been sustained. Acceptance of the precepts of tumour im munology continues but these disappointing observations had led to increasing scrutiny of certain aspects. The purpose of this chapter is to review the prin ciples which underly tumour immunology and immunotherapy, so that the more detailed studies that follow can be considered in perspective. TUMOUR ANTIGENS (Chapter 2) For a tumour to initiate an immunological response, it must possess distinctive antigens. Much of the early work in tumour immunity was confused because it was not appreciated that tumours, like other tissues, exhibit transplan tation antigens. Only when syngeneic tumours are used can tumour antigens alone be studied and it was the introduction of inbred mouse strains which allowed Foley in 1953' to produce the first evidence for specific an tigenicity of experimental tumours. Demonstration of these antigens requires that pretreatment with syngeneic tumour will influence the growth of a sub sequent challenge with the same neoplastic cells. If pretreatment alters growth of a different tumour, then cross-reactivity between the tumours used for pretreatment and challenge is evident. Viral antigens The initial view was that tumours induced by carcinogens had specific an tigens, characteristic of the individual tumour, whereas virally-induced tumours exhibit cross-reactivity. The antigens induced by either DNA or RNA viruses are the same for all tumours induced by a single virus, irrespective of the histology of the tumour, but different from those induced by different viruses. Tumours induced by DNA viruses (polyoma, SV 40, adenoviruses 3,7, 12, 18 and 31, etc.) have similar immunological findings to each other. They in duce neoplastic cells both in vivo or in vitro which then fail to produce further infectious virus. RNA viruses (mouse leukaemia virus, chicken sarcoma virus, Bittner virus) differ considerably from DNA viruses both in structure and manner of replication. Persistence of the viral genome in the tumour is indicated by serological demonstration of virus specific antibodies or recovery of infectious virus during hybridization of transformed non-productive permissive cells. From such
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