Immunological Approaches to Embryonic Development and Differentiation Part II

379 Pages·1980·9.449 MB·English

by  A.A. Moscona and Alberto Monroy (Eds.)

CURRENT TOPICS IN
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
EDITED BY
A. A. MOSCONA ALBERT0 MONROY
DEPARTMENTS OF BIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY STAZIONE ZOOLOGICA
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO NAPLES, ITALY
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
VOLUME 14
Immunological Approaches to Embryonic
Development and Differentiation
Part II
VOLUME EDITOR
MARTIN FRIEDLANDER
THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK
NEW YORK, NEW YORK DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER
BROOKLYN, NEW YORK
1980
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin.
KEITHB URRIDGCEo, ld Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor,
New York 11724 (227)
PETERD EUSTACHIOD, epartment of Biology, Yale University, New
Haven, Connecticut 06520 (59)
ALBERTD ORFMAND,e partments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Joseph
P. Kennedy, Jr., Mental Retardation Research Center, Pritzker
School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
(169)
VICTORH . ENGELHARDB,i*o logical Laboratories, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (97)
MARTINF RIEDLANDETRh,e Rockefeller University, New York, New York
10021 (321)
KEIGIF UJIWARAD,e partment of Anatomy, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachusetts 021 15 (271)
GUNTHER GERISCHM, ax-Planck-Znstitut fur Biochemie, 0-8033 Mar-
tinsried bei Munchen, Federal Republic of Germany (243)
IRVINGG OLDSCHNEIDEDR,e partment of Pathology, University of Con-
necticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032 (33)
BRAYDOCN. GUILDB, iological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts 02138 (97)
ELIZABETDH. HAY,H arvard Medical School, Department of Anatomy,
Boston, Massachusetts 021 15 (359)
LOIS JORDANCo, ld Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor,
New York 11 724 (227)
THOMAGS . KOSTYKB,i ological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts 02138 (97)
DORONL ANCETB, iological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts 02138 (97)
* Present address: Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, School of
Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901.
xi
xii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
E. LENNOXM, RC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Medical
School, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England (1)
JOSAE. LOPEZD E CASTROB,i ological Laboratories, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (97)
JULIEM ICOU-EASTWOODDep, artment of Zoology, University of Cali-
fornia, Berkeley, California 94720 (297)
C. MILSTEINM, RC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Medical
School, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England (1)
PAUL S. Moss, Department of Zoology, University of California,
Berkeley, California 94720 (297)
HARRYT . ORR,B iological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts 02138 (97)
SUZANNOES TRAND-ROSZNBEDRGep,a rtment of Biological Sciences,
University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville, Maryland
21228 (147)
PETERP ARHAMB, iological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts 02138 (97)
HIDDEL . PLOEGHB,i ological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts 02138 (97)
JORDANS . POBERB,i ological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts 02138 (97)
THOMASD . POLLARDD,e partment of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Mary-
land 21205 (271)
FRANKH . RUDDLE, Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut 06520 (59)
NANCYB . SCHWARTDZe, partments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry,
Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., Mental Retardation Research Center, Pritz-
ker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
60637 (169)
RICHARDC . STROHMADN,e partment of Zoology, University of Califor-
nia, Berkeley, California 94720 (297)
JACKL . STROMINGEBRi,o logical Laboratories, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (97)
ARONE . SZULMADNep, artment of Pathology, Magee-Womens Hospital,
University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl-
vania 15213 (127)
BARBARAM . VERTEL,D" epartments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry,
Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., Mental Retardation Research Center, Pritz-
* Present address: Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
13210.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xiii
ker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
60637 (169)
KLAUS VON DER MARK,M ax-Planck-Institut fur Biochemie, 0-8033
Martinsried bei Munchen, Federal Republic of Germany (199)
R. J. WINCHESTERT,h e Rockefeller University, New York, New York
10021 and Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York 10035
(115)
PREFACE
The most fundamental processes underlying the orderly progres-
sion from a single, fertilized egg to a complex, multicellular organism
remain largely unknown today, in spite of significant progress in
many areas of developmental biology. Several recurring themes have
emerged from a plethora of information generated by recent studies of
developing systems. Cellular differentiation is frequently preceded by
division and proliferation within cell sets, although the precise rela-
tionship between mitotic events and molecular specialization remains
unknown. The transduction of metabolic (and developmental) cues
from the environment to the level of the genome is probably medi-
ated by the cell surface and may involve subplasmalemmal complexes
that somehow join membrane receptors with nuclear components. The
basis for the extensive repertoires of selective cell associations and
morphogenetic patterns observed during development may arise from
the assembly of basic molecular or cellular components into informa-
tional mosaics. While impressive strides have been made toward un-
derstanding the fundamental questions and theories set forth by
classical embryology, it is only recently that we have been able to
understand the molecular mechanisms underlying basic develop-
mental events. The approaches to these problems have been greatly
facilitated by the interaction of cell, developmental, and molecular
biology at both the conceptual and methodological levels. A common
denominator has been the exquisitely sensitive technical achieve-
ments and elegant conceptual frameworks provided by work in the
field of immunology.
The objective of Volumes 13 and 14 of Current Topics in Deuelop-
mental Biology is to provide a survey of concepts, achievements, and
prospects concerning the application of immunological methodologies
to the analysis of various aspects of cell differentiation and
morphogenesis-molecular, cellular, and histogenic-in embryonic,
fetal, and postnatal development. Contributions to Volume 13 focus on
early embryonic development, the nervous system, and the structural
xvi PREFACE
and conceptual basis of transmembrane signaling. The contents of
Volume 14 include studies of the immune system, connective tissue,
non-muscle contractile proteins, muscle, lens, and slime mold. Thus,
the important feature of these volumes is the diversity of research
interests unified by the theme of immunological approaches to the
analysis of development and differentiation. It is certain that such
approaches will be useful in continued investigations; the intent of
these volumes is to focus attention on, and stimulate interest in, the
many problems of development that may be studied by the application
of immunological techniques and concepts. As Dr. Boyse observes in
his conspectus to Volume 13, the field of immunology provides far more
than methodological resources for students of development. As an
“exemplar of ontogeny,” the immune system should prove a rich con-
ceptual resource as well.
We could not hope to provide contributions from every laboratory
active in the research areas discussed in this volume. Rather, rep-
resentative work was solicited and, in several areas, manuscripts from
two or three laboratories in the same field were brought together to
provide a broader perspective. Nearly half the contributions to this
volume focus on the immune system as an “exemplar of ontogeny.”
Cell surface antigens may serve as specific markers of differentiation
and/or as recognition molecules that distinguish self from nonself
during routine immune surveillance. Immunological probes specific
for such membrane macromolecules may be generated from batteries
of hybridomas. The technology of preparing monoclonal antibodies and
their use in studying surface changes during development of lymphoid
cells are discussed by Lennox and Milstein. Lymphocyte develop-
mental biology is described in the chapter by Goldschneider; antigenic
markers are used to trace cell lineages during early stages of lympho-
cyte differentiation. The divergence of T and B cells from a common
progenitor cell may be mapped by serological methodologies; as the
cells of each subset are purified and characterized, their role in lym-
phopoiesis should become more apparent.
Gene map assignments for specific surface macromolecules and the
analysis of the fine structure of the relevant regions of the eukaryotic
genome will facilitate our understanding of how genomic expression
affects cell-cell interactions, D’Eustachio and Ruddle discuss the ap-
plication of somatic cell genetics to the analysis of the developing
immune system. Strominger and his colleagues describe, from a molec-
ular perspective, the structural relatedness of histocompatibility anti-
gens and other recognition molecules of the immune system. Sequence
homologies between histocompatibility antigens, immunoglobulins,
PREFACE xvii
and &microglobulin suggest functional analogies as well, and such
an approach should prove illuminating in determining the role of such
molecules in biological recognition.
Blood cell surface antigens have long been used as model systems
for studying the biochemistry of cell membrane molecules. The expres-
sion of Ia antigens during hematopoietic cell membrane differentia-
tion is detailed in the chapter by Winchester. The ABH blood groups
may serve not only to distinguish different serotypes, but also to regu-
late developmental events of various organ systems in the embryo.
Szulman describes the distribution of these antigens and the Forssman
antigens during morphological differentiation of various embryonic
chick tissues, as well as during the maternal-fetal placental relation-
ship. Ostrand-Rosenberg discusses the use of sensitized lymphocytes
in the detection of embryonic cell surface antigens of the early mouse
embryo.
It has become increasingly obvious that the role of the extracel-
lular matrix during embryogenesis is considerably more than that of a
passive structural element. Two major components of this matrix, the
proteoglycans and collagens, have been subjected to extensive bio-
chemical and morphological analysis. Dorfman, Schwartz, and Vertel
describe the use of specific antibodies in the analysis of the biosynthe-
sis and distribution of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Collagen de-
position during chondrogenesis may be visualized by immunofluores-
cence, and the dynamic aspects of fiber type transition become apparent
as described in the chapter by von der Mark.
The development of slime molds provides a useful model system in
which to analyze cell surface changes that may accompany differen-
tiation. Burridge and Jordan outline the use of gel overlay techniques
in the analysis of cell surface glycoprotein changes in Dictyosteliurn
discoideum as well as embryonic skeletal muscle. Gerisch describes
the use of monovalent Fab fragments in an analysis of the role of ad-
hesive sites during specific cell-cell associations observed in the mor-
phogenesis of slime molds.
The localization of intracellular proteins and their rearrangements
in distribution with cellular differentiation are amenable to analysis
by immunohistochemical techniques. Fujiwara and Pollard have used
specific immunological probes to analyze subcellular distribution of
various contractile proteins. At the level of molecular biosynthesis,
Strohman, Moss, and Micou-Eastwood have used antibodies specific to
a single contractile protein, myosin, to measure the rate of synthesis
and accumulation during myodifferentiation. Friedlander describes
changes in cell surface antigens that accompany myogenesis in the
xviii PREFACE
embryonic chick and also discusses the use of antibodies specific to the
major intrinsic protein of the lens as a means to analyze specific cell-
cell interactions that occur via intercellular junctions. The final chap-
ter by Hay provides an overview of the two volumes, as well as a brief
report of the ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of fibro-
nectin in the extracellular matrix of early embryos.
In many respects, problems of development and differentiation are
just beginning to yield to immunological approaches. By gathering 28
diverse reports into these two volumes we hope to provide a broad
perspective on such studies, The use of monoclonal antibodies should
resolve much of the ambiguity involved in characterizing heterologous
antisera. The consistent identification of specific molecules, or even
individual molecular conformations, should become routine with the
availability of standard immunological reagents. Fluorescence-
activated cell sorting will permit the separation of specific subsets of
cells based on defined antigenic properties. Intracellular injection of
immunological probes may allow an assessment of the role of specific
molecules in normal cellular metabolic events. Such immunological
techniques are becoming established in the repertoire of many labora-
tories for the study of biological development. Certainly, immunologi-
cal probes provide the degree of sensitivity and specificity required for
the analysis of molecular events during differentiation. The immune
system itself is a prime “exemplar of ontogeny,” and the gap between
developmental biology and immunology is not so much a conceptual
one as it is of technical diversion. Cell-cell and cell-molecule interac-
tions form the basis for clonal selection, gene expression, and eventu-
ally cell death in the immune response, as they do for the differentia-
tion of every cell type in the developing embryo. These two volumes
provide conceptual and methodological bridges that serve to unify the
study of biological development. Further technical advances in the ap-
plication of monoclonal antibodies, fluorescence-activated cell sorting,
gene mapping, and gene cloning should extend these bridges and re-
solve many problems in our understanding of the relationship between
gene expression, cell biosynthetic events, and abnormal metabolic con-
ditions. At present, the use of highly specific antibodies in the identifi-
cation of gene products holds the promise of unambiguously tracing the
responsible genes and elucidating the biosynthesis, turnover, and dis-
tribution of these molecules. Function may also be assessed directly by
specifically interfering with gene product expression, either at the level
of translation or display.
I would like to express my gratitude to the many contributors in
these two volumes without whose cooperation and enthusiasm such
PREFACE xix
an effort would never have come to fruition. The Editors, Aron Mos-
cona and Albert0 Monroy, provided experienced guidance in the devel-
opment of these volumes. Many colleagues at the University of
Chicago and The Rockefeller University contributed ideas and criti-
cism throughout the course of publication. I am grateful to have had
the pleasure of working with the staff at Academic Press, without
whose expertise and hard work these pages would probably still be on
this Editor’s desk. I would like to thank Mrs. Violette Carasso in
Chicago and Mrs. Madeleine Naylor in New York for their excellent
assistance in the preparation of these volumes. I am also very grateful
to my wife Sheila for her encouragement of and contributions to this
project.
Martin Friedlander