Immunobiology and Immunopharmacology of Bacterial Endotoxins PDF
Preview Immunobiology and Immunopharmacology of Bacterial Endotoxins
Immunobiology and Immunopharmacology of Bacterial Endotoxins University of South Florida International Biomedical Symposia Series IMMUNOBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS Edited by Andor Szentivanyi, Herman Friedman, and Alois Nowotny VIRUSES, IMMUNITY, AND IMMUNODEFICIENCY Edited by Andor Szentivanyi and Herman Friedman A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For funher information please contact the publisher. Immunobiologyand Immunopharmacology of Bacterial Endotoxins Edited by Andor Szentivanyi and Herman Friedman University of South Florida CoUege of Medicine Tampa, Florida and Alois Nowotny University ofP ennsylvania Phi/adelphia, Pennsylvania PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data University of South Florida International Symposium in the Biomedical Sciences on Immunobiology and Immunopharmacology of Bacterial Endotoxins: Basic and Oinical Aspects (1985: Tampa, Fla.) Immunobiology and immunopharmacology of bacterial endotoxins. (University of South Florida international biomedical symposia series) "Proceedings of the University of South Florida International Symposium in the Biomedical Sciences on Immunobiology and Immunopharmacology of Bacterial En dotoxins: Basic and Clinical Aspects, held January 14-16, 1985, in Tampa, Florida" - T.p. verso. Includes bibliographies. 1. Endotoxins-Physiological effect-Congresses. 2. Immune response-Regula tion-Congresses. 3. Immunopharmacology-Congresses. I. Szentivanyi, Andor. II. Friedman, Herman, 1931- . III. Nowotny, A. (Alois), 1922- . IV. Title. V. Series. [DNLM: 1. Bacteria-immunology-congresses. 2. Endotoxins-immunol ogy-congresses. 3. Endotoxins-pharmacodynamics-congresses. QW 630 U58i 1985) QP632.E4U55 1985 616'.014 86-25372 ISBN -13:978-1-4612-9319-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2253-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2253-5 Proceedings of the University of South Florida International Symposium in the Biomedical Sciences on Immunobiologyand Immunopharmacology of Bacterial Endotoxins: Basic and Clinical Aspects, held January 14-16, 1985, in Tampa, Florida © 1986 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcoverlst edition 1986 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE Endotoxins are constituents of all gram negative bacteria, as well as many other microorganisms. Since their original discovery and study at the beginning and middle parts of this century, many investigations have been performed concerning their immunochemistry and physicochemistry, as well as their pharmacologic activities and physiologic effects on the host. It became widely recognized during the beginning of this century that the pyrogenicity of many microbial infections may be associated with endotoxins. Furthermore, some 80 years ago, attempts were begun to "treat" a variety of illnesses including neoplasia, with such "pyrogens", Le., bacterial endo toxins. Inconclusive results were observed including some detrimental ones as well as, in some cases, beneficial ones. It became widely accepted that during infections with many gram negative organisms the fever occurring in patients, as well as many of the untoward pathophysiological effects of the infections, seemed to be due to the endotoxin the bacteria contained or released. In this regard, septic shock has been studied in detail by many clinicians, physiologists and pharmacologists and attempts have been made to relate the devastating effects of infection on metabolic and physiologic alterations caused by endotoxins. Recently, however, many beneficial effects of endotoxin have also been studied. It is now widely recognized that most, if not all mediators of immune responses, including interferon induction as well as interleukins, colony stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor, and other soluble mediators of immunity, may have beneficial effects on a wide variety of immunologic and physiologic events, including resistance to neoplastic conditions. Thus, it seemed of value to the organizers of the International Symposia Series at the University of South Florida College of Medicine to bring together experts on the subject of bacterial endotoxin to focus attention on these important components. This volume is based on the proceedings of the International Symposium on the Immunobiology and Immunopharmacology of Bacterial Endotoxins, Basic and Clinical Aspects. The speakers and participants provided newer informa tion concerning fundamental and clinical aspects of endotoxin research conducted over the last half decade or so. Advances have been made in understanding the structure and nature of the endotoxin molecules(s) and their effects on a wide variety of cellular and subcellular parameters of immunity, metabolism and physiology, both in vivo and in vitro. This publication provides a permanent collection of up-to-date research and review articles concerning endotoxin biology and chemistry presented by outstanding chemists, microbiologists, immunologists, pharmacologists and physiologists in this important and ever-expanding area of biology. In addition, the editors of this volume believe that the subject of the immuno biology and immunopharmacology of endotoxins provides an important focal point for continued investigation on the dynamics of the host/parasite relationship. It is anticipated that publication of this volume will provide a stimulus for further increased study concerning both detrimental and beneficial effects of endotoxins on the host and the interested reader with new perspectives in this rapidly evolving field. v We take this opportunity to express our most profound gratitude to Mrs. Christine Abarca for her outstanding editorial assistance in the preparation of this book. Andor Szentivanyi Dean of the College of Medicine Deputy Vice President for Medical Affairs Professor of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine Chairman of the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of South Florida Tampa, Florida Herman Friedman Professor and Chairman Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of South Florida College of Medicine Tampa, Florida vi CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY SECTION The Biology and Physiopharmacology of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxins and Their Role in Immunoregulation - An Introductory Preview • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 Andor Szentivanyi and Herman Friedman Retrospective and Prospective View of Endotoxin Research 13 L. Joe Berry I. CHEMICAL AND HOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDOTOXINS Beneficially Active Structural Entities in Endotoxin Preparations 37 Aloi.s Nowotny The Antigenic Structure of the Lipooligosaccharides of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae •• • • • • • • • • • • • 57 Hichael A. Apicella Lipid A: Relationships of Chemical Structure and Biological Activity • • • • 65 Otto Lcideritz, Chris Galanos, Ernst Th. Rietschel, and Otto Westphal Production of Human Honoclonal Antibodies Recognizing Cross-Reactive Determinants on Lipopolysaccharides 75 James W. Larrick, Mark Jahnsen, George Senyk, Stefan Weiss, and Karen Watson Physical Properties of Short-Chain and Long-Chain Fractions of Lipopolysaccharide • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 83 Arnold A. Peterson and Estelle J. McGroarty Analysis and Characterization of Bacterial Endotoxins (Lipopolysaccharides) by SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Followed by Silver Stain • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 89 Chao-Ming Tsai and Carl E. Frasch II. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ENDOTOXINS Metabolic Effects of Endotoxin • • • • • • • • • • • 99 John J. Spitzer, Gregory J. Bagby, and Charles H. Lang vii Glucose Dyshomeostasis in Endotoxicosis: Direct Versus Monokine-Mediated Mechanisms of Endotoxin Action • 111 Michael R. Yelich, Linda Witek-Janusek, and James P. Filkins In Vivo Effects on Cellular Metabolism and Calcium Dynamics by Continuous Infusion ,')f Endotoxin • • • • • • • • • 133 Judy A. Spitzer Endotoxin (LPS) Toxicity to Hepatocytes (H) in Vitro - Modulation by Macrophages (M) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 151 Patricia S. Latham and Susan B. Sepelak Effects of Endotoxin on Mixed Function Oxidase Activity 159 Joseph F. Williams and Andor Szentivanyi Myocardial Performance and Adrenergic Modulation of Cyclic AMP Following Endotoxin Administration. • • • • • • • • • • • 171 Raymond E. Shepherd, Charles H. Lang, Brent A. Brumfield, Norman W. Robie, Karen R. DuSapin, and Kathleen H. McDonough Cyclic Nucleotides in the Immunopharmacology of Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxins •••• • • • • • • 187 John W. Hadden, Ann Galy, Elba M. Hadden, J. L. Touraine, and Ronald G. Coffey III. IMMUNOGENICITY AND NON-SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF ENDOTOXIN Nonspecific Effects of LPS on Bacterial Infections 201 L. Chedid, M. Parant, F. Parant, and G. Riveau Bacteroides Species Increases Lipopolysaccharide Susceptibility of Experimental Animals •••••• • • • • • • • • 215 A. C. Rodloff, P. Gadke, F. Lux, and H. Hahn The Role of Post-Endotoxin Serum Components from BeG Infected Mice in the Protection of Compromised Hosts • • • • • • • • • • 221 Renate Urbaschek, Daniela N. Mannel, Stephan E. Mergenhagen, and Bernhard Urbaschek Protection Against Lethal Haemophilus Pleuropneumoniae Infection in Swine by Antibodies to LPS Core Antigens • • • • • • • 233 B. W. Fenwick, J. S. Cullor, and H. J. Olander Salmonella Antigens as Protective Immunogens in Salmonella Infection • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 239 Toby K. Eisenstein, Loran M. Killar, Barnet M. Sultzer, and Marshall Phillips Protective Function of Neutrophils During Experimental Endotoxic Shock • • • • • • • • • • • 257 B. W. Fenwick, J. S. Cullor, and A. Kelly Active Immunization with E. coli J5 and its Protective Effects from Endotoxic Shock in Calves • • • • • • • • • • • • • 265 J. S. Cullor, B. Fenwick, B. P. Smith, K. Pelzer, A. Kelly, and B. I. Osburn Clinical Recognition and Treatment of Endotoxinemia 269 Joseph G. Sinkovics viii Transient Suppression of Yeast Phagocytosis Induced by Legionella Pneumophila in Cultures of Murine Resident Peritoneal Macrophages •••••••••••••••••• 281 Jeanne Becker, Robert J. Grasso, and Herman Friedman The Effect of Endotoxin on Migration Inhibitory Factor and Interferon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Samuel B. Salvin and Pamela B. RendA IV. EFFECTS OF ENDOTOXINS ON CELLS OF THE IMM[fflE SYSTEM Regulation of the Cell Cycle of Murine B Lymphocytes by Lipopolysaccharides • • • • • • • • • • • • 301 Fritz Melchers Synergistic Effect of Endotoxin with Concanavalin A on DNA Synthesis in Lymphocytes and the Role of Interleukins 1 and 2 ••••• 305 Masayasu Nakano and Toshimasa Nitta Biochemical, Immunological and Functional Analysis of Lymphocytes from the LPS Non-Responder C3H/HeJ Mouse • • • • • • • • • • 315 D. C. Morrison, H-W. Wollenweber, S. W. Vukajlovich, and S. A. Goodman Effects of Endogenous Gut LPS on Cells of the Secretory Immune, System • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . 329 Suzanne M. Michalek, Jerry R. McGhee, Dawn E. Colwell, Shane I. Williamson, Thomas A. Brown, David M. Spalding, William J. Koopman, and Jiri Mestecky Molecular Mechanisms in Lymphokine-Induced Macrophage Activation - Enhanced Production of Oxygen Radicals • • . • • • • • • • 339 Edgar Pick Induction of Gamma Interferon by Endotoxin in "Aged" Murine Splenocyte Cultures • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 353 D. K. Blanchard, T. W. Klein, H. Friedman, and W. E. Stewart II Characterization and Localization of Lipopolysaccharides Following the Ingestion of E. coli by Murine Macrophages In Vitro 359 Robert L. Duncan, Jr~, Vernon Tesh, and David C. Morrison The Release of Immunopotentiating Mediators from Macrophages Activated by Endotoxins ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • 369 R. Christopher Butler, Jeri M. Frier, Mrunal S. Chapekar, Herman Friedman, and Alois Nowotny Changes in l1acrophage Progenitor Cell Composit:i.on in the Bone Marrow of "Early Phase" Endotoxin-Toler:l.zed Mice • • • • •• 381 Stefanie N. Vogel and Gary S. Madonna Production of Colony-Stimulating Factor (CSF) by Bone Marrow Cells Stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Phorbol Esters 391 Dov H. Pluznik and Stephan E. Mergenhagen ix V. MODULATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE BY ENDOTOXINS Modulation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses by a Structurally Established Nontoxic Lipid A • • . . • 401 Edgar Ribi, John L. Cantrell, Kuni Takayama, Hans O. Ribi, Kent R. Myers, and Nilofer Qureshi Endotoxin Membrane Protein Complexes as Immunomodulators 421 Kathryn Nixdorff and Sigrid Schell Endotoxin Associated Proteins and Their Polyclonal and Adjuvant Activities ••••• • • • • 435 Barnet M. Sultzer, John P. Craig, and Raymond Castagna Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Recurrence of Arthritis Initiated by Peptidoglycan-Polysaccharide • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 449 Stephen A. Stimpson, Ronald E. Esser, William J. Cromartie, and John H. Schwab Antibiotics, Immunity, and Immunoenhancement •••••••• 455 G. Pulverer, W. Roszkowski, H. L. Ko, K. Roszkowski, and J. Jeljaszewicz The Effect of Selected Antibiotics on the Endogenous Intestinal Microflora and its Consequences for Experimental Tumor Growth in BALBI c Mice • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 459 K. Roszkowski, H. L. Ko, D. van der Waaij, W. Roszkowski, J. Jeljaszewicz, and G. Pulverer Restoration of Antibody Responsiven.ess by Endotoxin in Retrovirus- Immunodepressed Uice: Role of Macrophages • • • • • • • • • 465 Mauro Bendinelli, Donatella Matteucci, Anna Maria Giangregorio, and Pier Giulio Conaldi Endotoxin and Polysaccharide Derivative Induced Enhanced Antibody Formation in Leukemia Virus Infected Mice • • • • • . • . • 479 Herman Friedman and Andor Szentivanyi Clinical Relevance of Endotoxemia 491 James P. Nolan Contributors 503 Index 511 x
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