ebook img

IMMATURE STAGES OF METALMARK MOTHS FROM THE GENUS BRENTHIA CLEMENS (CHOREUTIDAE): MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY NOTES PDF

2008·5.4 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview IMMATURE STAGES OF METALMARK MOTHS FROM THE GENUS BRENTHIA CLEMENS (CHOREUTIDAE): MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY NOTES

Journal of The Lepidopterists’ . I Volume 62 2008 Number 3 JournaloftheLepidopterists’Society 62(3),2008,121-129 IMMATURE STAGES OF METALMARK MOTHS FROM THE GENUS BRENTHIA CLEMENS (CHOREUTIDAE): MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY NOTES JADRANKA ROTA DepartmentofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,UniversityofConnecticut,Storrs,CT06269, USA;Currentaddress: Departmentof Entomology,NationalMuseumofNatural History,SmithsonianInstitution,Washington, DC20013-7012;email: [email protected] ABSTRACT. InthispapertheimmaturestagesofBrenthia monolt/chna Meyrick(Choreutidae: Brenthiinae),aswellastheirul- trastructure,aredescribedandfigured. ThisisthefirstdescriptionofaNewWorldbrenthiine. In addition, noteson lifehistoryfor four NewWorldspecies ofBrenthia Clemens areprovided, includingmention of theirhostplants andparasitoids. Host plant uti- lization ofthegenus is discussed. Aclarification ofthe nomenclatureofthelongestsetaon the larval abdominalsegment9is pro- posed. Earlierliteraturedisagreesonwhetherthisisalateral,subdorsal,ordorsalseta-myexaminationsuggestsitisthesubdorsal seta 1.TherecordeddistributionofBrenthiapavonaceUa Clemensisquestioned,andareviseddistributionissuggested. Moreover, an escape mechanism, employedbyallknownBrenthia larvae, isdiscussed. Finally, alistofmorphologicalandbehavioralsynapo- moiphiesforthesubfamilyBrenthiinaeandthegenusBrenthiaisprovided. Additional keywords: Microlepidoptera,chaetotaxy, ultrastructure,larvalescapebehavior,parasitoids, Braconidae Brenthia Clemens is a cosmopolitan genus of mechanism (see below; Williams 1951; Diakonoff 1986; metalmark moths (Choreutidae). With more than 80 Aiello and Solis 2003). described species and likely an even greater number of Immature stages ofBrenthia have been described for undescribed species (Rota2003), it is amongthe largest ahandfulofspecies (e.g.,Williams 1951; Arita 1987). In microlepidoteran genera. Together with the genus this paper, the larval and pupal stages of Brenthia Litobrenthia Diakonoff, Brenthia is classified in the monohjchna Meyrick are described and figured. This is subfamily Brenthiinae (Heppnerand Duckworth 1981). the first detaileddescription ofthe immature stages ofa The relationship of brenthiines to the other two New World member of the subfamily. In addition, life choreutid subfamilies, Choreutinae and Millieriinae, is historynotes are provided on B. monohjchna, as well as understudy(J. Rotain prep.). three of its congeners: B. hexaselena Meyrick, B. Moths in the genus Brenthia are small - wing size pavonaceUa Clemens, and B. stimulans Meyrick. rangesfrom 6to 14mm.With blueorvioletmetallicand Materials and Methods white markings on dark backgrounds, wings of most species look veiy similar (Figs. 1-3), so much so that Larvae of B. monohjchna B. hexaselena and B. , , genitalic dissections are often necessary to confirm stimulanswere collected from 2001 to 2004in atropical identification. AdultsofBrentliia mimicjumpingspiders wet forest at La Selva Biological Station, a lowland by holding their wings to the side and above the body, reserve on the Atlantic slope ofCosta Rica, Province of and movingin rapid,jerkymotion (Robinsonetah 1994; Heredia. B. monohjchna pupae were reared from a RotaandWagner2006). collection oflarvaeinAugust2004alsofrom LaSelva. B. Life history information is available for only a few pavonaceUa larvaewerecollectedonSeptember8, 2002, species, mostly from Asia (e.g., Arita 1987). Brentliia in Illinois, Coles County, Fox Ridge State Park, byTerry larvae appear to be relatively specialized, one species L. Harrison. Rearingwas done in alaboratoryin plastic usually feeding on a single genus or closely related bags or plastic vials filled with foliage and some soft genera ofplants (Arita 1987; Rota 2003). The larvae of papertissue forcontrolof humidity. Periods of light and known species are surface-feeding leaf skeletonizers darkcorrespondedto naturallightcycles. (Arita 1987; Aiello and Solis 2003). All known larvae For preservation, larvae and pupae were placed into seem to have a similar predator/parasitoid avoidance nearly boiling water for less than a minute and then 122 Journalofthe Lepidopterists’ Society transferred to 75% ethanol (Zimmerman 1978). Dl and D2 in vertical alignment, and with extremely long SD1, Specimensforviewinginthe SEM weredehydratedin a correspondinginlengthto4-5abdominalsegments. Prolegslongand slender,subcylindrical(Fig.21);crochetsuniserialanduniordinal;A3-6 graded ethanol series (ending in 100%), transferred to withapproximately12crochetsarrangedinmesalpennelipse(Fig.22); freshsolutionsofhexamethyldisilazanethreetimes,each A10with 16crochetsinsemicirclewithposteriorgap. time for approximately 15 minutes, and then immersed Pupa. Averagelength6.25mm (n=3);with long,fork-tippedsetae (Figs. 29, 32), and short, thickly arranged, caudally oriented dorsal into fresh hexamethyldisilazane and allowed to air-diy. spinesonA4-8;A4withdorsalspinespoorlydeveloped(Fig.23),A5 Dried specimens were sputter coated with spines larger than on A4, but smaller than on A6 or A7 (Fig. 24), gold/palladium. A6-A7 spines well developed (Figs. 25-27), A8 with field ofpoorly A LEO/Zeiss DSM 982 Gemini Field Emission SEM dcuervveeldopseldesnpdienressp(iFniegs.,2t8)w.oCpraeimrsasotfehrooonk-At1i0ppweidthsettwaoeptahirreseoftislmiegshtalsy was used. Photographs ofadults and larvae were taken longasspines,andtwopairsofverylongfork-tippedsetaesixtoseven with a Nikon D100 and Dl. The pupal photographwas timesaslongashooks(Figs.29,30). taken with a digital camera attached to a Leica Life history' notes. As in otherchoreutids, larvae of microscope, connected to a computer with Brenthia leave diagnostic feeding damage: superficial Automontage® software (Synoptics Ltd., Cambridge, skeletonizationofundersidesofleaves (Figs. 4-7).While UK). Line art was prepared with a camera lucida. All earlier instars often feed in groups (Fig. 5), older larvae imageswere editedin Adobe Photoshop CS©. are normally solitary (Figs. 6, 7). Over the feeding area Measurements were made using an ocular larvae create a thin, loose web into which they micrometer. Chaetotaxy nomenclature follows Hinton incorporate fecal pellets (Figs. 7, 8). Most likely, the (1946) and Stehr (1987). Usage of other terms is as incorporation of fecal pellets is not an active process; defined in the Torre-Bueno Glossary of Entomology rather, it happens passively as the caterpillars move (Nichols 1989). Larval description is based on the last about the shelter and their feculae accumulate in the instar. Voucher specimens are deposited in the webbing. Larvae ofall four Brenthia species that I have University of Connecticut Entomological Collection observed chew a roughly circular “escape hatch” - a (UCMS). wormhole - somewhere in their feeding shelter. When Results resting, they sit with their head next to the hole. If Hostplants. Larvaewerecollectedandrearedondie disturbed, larvae dash through the wormhole to the following host plants: B. hexaselena larvae from other side ofthe leaf(Figs. 7, 9, 11). After a littlewhile, Byttneria aculeata (Jaeq.) Jacq. (Sterculiaceae) (Fig. 4); they wriggle through the opening backwards to their B, monolychna larvae from Calathea crotalifera S. original position. Larvae of some species (e.g., B. Watson (Marantaceae), other Calathea spp., and from monolychna) construct “fecal stalactites” (Aiello and Heliconia sp. (Heliconiaceae) (Figs. 5-10); B. stimulans Solis 2003) in theirfeedingarea (Fig. 9). Located at the larvae from Cecropia insignis Liebm. (Cecropiaceae); mouth ofthe escape hole on the leafunderside, these and B. pavonacella larvae from Desmodium glutinosum structuresappeartoserveaslandmarksthatfacilitatethe (Muhl.) Wood (Fabaceae) and other Desmodium spp. quick escape ofa larva (see Aiello and Solis 2003). The (Figs. 11-12). fecal stalactites also seem to serve to suspend the Morphology ofthe immature stages ofBrenthia monolychna webbing above the lana. Brenthia cocoons are often Meyrick, 1915. Lana.Palegreeninlife (earlyinstarsalmostwhite) spun on the leaf undersides or somewhere on the stem a(Fbidgso.me5n-,7)a,ndtrwaintshlucleonntg,sewtiateh;oauvteraangye lpeantgttehrn8i.n5gmomn (tnh=o5r)a.xOannldy and are composed oftwo principal parts: an inner one, primarysetaepresent.Head.Withdarkbrownspots(Fig.6),widestat which is white, fusiform, and composed of multiple aboutlevelofPI;vertexonlyshallowlyconcave;hypognathous;setaeas layersofthicksilk: andathin, outermostsilkenlayerthat ilnenFgitghs.of1h3e-a1d5;;AA33t,hrAeFe1t,imaensdasPlIonegxtasreAmle,lyanedloAn1gaatned,Aa2ppsruobaecqhuianl;g forms a sheet over the cocoon proper (Fig. 10). The AF1 five to six times as long as AF2; S2 posteriad of stemma 1; whole cocoon of B. monolychna is less than 2 cm along spinneretwell developed, more than twice as long as labial palpus, its longest axis. The pupais protruded from the cocoon salrernadnegred(Fiingsa.se1m5i,ci1r6c)l;e,swtietmhmsatVeImmhaig2hlpyosrietdiuocneedd;sloitghhtelryosuttesmimdeatoaf at eclosion. For all four species, the development from semicircle (Fig. 14); frontoclypeus extending halfway to epicranial the pupato the adultstagetookabouttendays. notch; labrum notched, with toothed underside (Figs. 17, 18); Larvae ofthe three Brenthia species reared from La mandiblewithwell-developedteeth;hypopharyngealspinesprominent (Figs.19,20).Thorax. DlandD2subequal;T1withLIthreetimesas Selva are heavily parasitized by braconid wasps longasL2andL3,SVbisetose;T2withLItwotimesaslongasL2and (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (Table 1 and Fig. 10). In B. threetimesaslongasL3;T2andT3withSVunisetose,SD1andSD2 monolychna the parasitism rate is close to 85% subequal, L setae on separate pinacula. Abdomen. Setae very long, especiallyposteriad(Fig.31);DlandD2subequal,LIlongerthanL2 (n, =51). In B. hexaselena (n, =5) the rate is about and L3; Al-2 and A7-9 with SV group numbering 3:3 and 2:2:1, 20%, and in B. stimulans (% =4) about 50%, but note respectively;AlwithLsetaeonseparatepinacula;A2widrSVsetaein small sample sizes. I have inrvoaet reared any parasitoids triangle;A8withsetaeDlandD2oncommonmiddorsalpinaculum; A9with Dl, SD1, LI,andL2oncommonsubdorsalpinaculum,with from B. pavonacella (n|iwae=25). Volume 62, Number 3 123 Figs. 1-12. 1. B. hexaselena adult. 2. B. monolychna adult. 3. B. pavonacella adult. 4. B. hexaselena larvaon its hostplant. B monolychna:5.Gregariousfeedingofyounglarvae;6. Lastinstarlarva; 7. Larvagoingthroughanescapehatch;8. Larvalwebbing; 9. Fecalstalactite; 10. Cocoons ofahealthylarva(center) andofaparasitizedlarva(upperright). B. pavonacella: 11. Larvagoing through anescapehatch; 12. Lastinstarlarva. 124 Journalofthe Lepidopterists’ Society Figs. 13-18. B. monolychnalarva: 13. Head, dorsal; 14. Head,lateral; 15. Head,frontal; 16. Head,ventral; 17. Labrum,dorsal; 18. Labrum,ventral. Volume 62, Number 3 125 Figs. 19—24. B. monolychna larva: 19 and 20. Hypopharyngealspines; 21. Ventralviewofabdominalprolegs (arrowpoints to anterior); 22. Crochets on an abdominal proleg (arrows pointing A: anterior and M: mesad). Pupa: 2.3. Dorsal spines on A4; 24. DorsalspinesonA5. 126 Journalofthe Lepidopterists’ Society Figs. 25-30. B. monolychna pupa: 25. Dorsal spines on A6; 26. Close-upofdorsal spines on A6; 27. Dorsalspines on A7; 28. PoorlydevelopedfieldofdorsalspinesonA8; 29. Dorsalviewofthecremaster;30.Close-upofthecremaster. Volume 62, Number 3 127 Figs. 31-33. B. monolychna: 31. Larvalchaetotaxy; 32. Pupa,dorsal,lateral, andventralview. B pavonacella: 33.pupa. — . . 128 Journalofthe Lepidopterists’ Society B. monolychna isanunusuallyabundant—species atLa Table 1. GeneraofbraconidparasitoidsfromB. monolychna Selva Biological Station, at least as a larva there were andB. hexaselena traces of larval feeding damage on almost every host plant examined (n>300). The adult can he seen during B. hexaselena Microgastrinae the day on vegetation in the vicinity of its host plant; DolichogenideaViereck occasionallyadults also come to mercuryvaporlight. B. monolychna Microgastrinae B. hexaselena is uncommon in collections from La DolichogenideaViereck Selva, but it can be frequently encountered during the Agathidinae day around stands of its hostplant. I have never seen it PlesiocoelusvanAchterberg come to lights at night (number ofblacklighting nights Orgilinae Orgilus Haliday at La Selvaca. 100). B. stimulans appears to feed on mature Cecropia into the floor oftheir feeding shelter (Aiello and Solis insignis plants only- I examineddozens ofsaplings and 2003;Williams 1951; Diakonoff1986; thispaper).While neverfoundanysignsoflarvaeortheirfeedingdamage. clearly this represents a predator/parasitoid escape This species, most likely because its host plant is a tall mechanism, it is also evident that this behavior is not tree, is rarelyencountered. especiallysuccessful foravoidingparasitism bybraconid — Brenthia pavonacella is the only member of the wasps as noted above, parasitism rates were as high as genus foundin North Americanorth of Mexico (Hodges 85% in B. monolychna et al. 1983). It is widely distributed in the eastern Most species of Brenthia appear to be specialists United States, north to southern New York (Forbes they feed on a single genus of plants or closely related 1923). B. pavonacella is often common where found. groups ofplants. Yet, when taking a look at the whole Like B. hexaselena and monolychna, it is principally genus, Brenthia species have been recorded from a diurnal. ratherextraordinaryarrayofunrelatedplantfamiliesthat Discussion includes both monocots and dicots: Boraginaceae In larvae of Brenthia, the longest seta on A9 is (Williams 1951), Cecropiaceae (LaPierre pers. comm.; considered under different names by different authors: this paper), Asteraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Arita (1987) refers to it as an additional seta ofthe L- Euphorbiaceae (Robinson et al. 2007), Fabaceae (Arita group, whereas Heppner and Duckworth (1981) call it 1987; Aiello and Solis 2003), Heliconiaceae (this paper), D2. Basedonacarefulexaminationof setalarrangement Malvaceae (Heppner 1985), Marantaceae (Aiello and on all the abdominal segments and comparisons with Solis 2003), Moraceae (Robinson et al. 2007), Hinton (1946) and Stehr (1987), I agree with Williams Sapindaceae (Heppner 1985), Sterculiaceae (1951), who designatedthis setaas SDL (Ilespenheide pers. comm.; this paper), Tiliaceae Forbes (1923) characterized the distribution of B. (Robinsonetal. 2007), and Urticaceae (Diakonoff1986; pavonacella as extending from New York southward to Arita 1987). There are also unconfirmed records of Brazil. Thisisalmostcertainlyincorrect. Throughoutthe rearings from ferns (specimens in Costa Rica’s INBio NeotropicstherearemanyspeciesofBrenthiawithwing collection). A species-level phylogeny of the genus, at patterns very similar to that of pavonacella. My this point unattainable, would create an opportunityfor examination ofgenitalic characters and molecular data the study of the evolution of Brenthia’s remarkable suggests that many superficially similar species often ability to exploit novel and, evidently unrelated host prove to be distantly related (Rota unpublished data). plants. Brenthia collections at INBio1 (for Costa Rica) suggest A review ofliterature describing immature stages of thereareatleast 10speciesinthecountry, mostofwhich 12 ehoreutid genera (Brenthia from Arita (1987), are undescribed, and none of which is assignable to Williams (1951), and this paper; Litobrenthia, pavonacella Furtherevidencesupportingthis revisionof Anthophila, Choreutis, Prochoreutis, Saptha, and the species' distribution is that B. pavonacella larvae are Tebenna from Arita (1987); pupae of Anthophila, strictlylimitedto Desmodium in NorthAmerica, andno Choreutis, Prochoreutis, and Tebenna from Patocka Neotropical Brenthia have been reared from plants in (1999); Asterivora from Dugdale (1979); Rhobonda and tins genus. Zodia from Rota (2005); Caloreas from Keifer (1937); All known Brenthia larvae exhibit a similar escape Toidyra from Wille (1937)), as well as my own behaviorinvolvingescapingthroughwormholes chewed investigation (unpublished data for Choreutis, Hcmerophila, Prochoreutis, Tebenna, and Tortyra ), TNBio-Institute) Nacionalde Biodiversidad suggestthefollowingcharacterstates assynapomorphies Volume 62, Number 3 129 for the subfamily Brenthiinae: 1) hypognathous head Diakonoff, A. 1986. Glyphipterygidae auctorum sensu into. Mi- S(sDe1mipsretoagnoanthoAu9s (inSDC1horleeuntgitnhaes)i;mil2a)retxotrLemesleytaelonign Dugdscaprleocleie,epsid|p.orpeSt.veiro1au9s7Pl9ay.laaeAsasricngteniwcead,gtevoonlSe.irmi7.aceGtn.haiBmsreaauulnco,troKtrahruelmsrN(uLeheewp.id4Zoe3pa6tleparpna.:d Choreutinae); 3) A9with D1 setapresent (D1 absent in Choreutidae),with descriptionofanewspecies. NewZealand J. C(hcoormepulteitneae)c;iraclned 4i)ncrCohcohreetustiinnaaen).incLoimkpelweistee,cirtchlee Dugdo1af9l9Ze8o.,ol.JT.h6S:e.,46sN1m.a—lP4.l6e6Kr.riMsitcernosleenp,idGo.ptSe.rRao-bgriandseons,up&erMf.amiJ.liSecso,blpep.. immatures of choreutine genera share numerous 219-220. In N. P. Kristensen(ed.),Lepidoptera, mothsandbut- synapomorhies (Rota unpublished data). Togetherwith terflies. Volume 1: Evolution, systematic^, and biogeography. Handbook for zoology. Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta, (35). preliminary molecular data (Rota unpublished data), Lepidoptera,mothsandbutteflies.WalterdeGruyter, Berlin.491 these different sets of shared derived characters for pp. Brenthiinae and Choreutinae strongly suggest that both Forbes, W. T. M., 1923. Lepidopteraol NewYork andneighboring states.PartI.Primitiveforms,Microlepidoptera,Pyraloids,Bom- subfamilies are monophyletic, contra Dugdale et al. byces. Memoir 68, Cornell UniversityAgricultural Experiment (1998) and in agreementwith Heppner and Duckworth Station Ithaca, NY. 729pp. (1981). HHeeppppnneerr.. J. BB..,1&985W..WDe.stDuIcndkiweosrBtrhen.th1i9a8.1.InCsleacstsaifMicuantciohn1o:f1t3h-e26s.u- Characterstatesthatappeartobesynapomorphies for perfamJi.lySesioidea(Lepidoptera: Ditrysia). Smithson. Contrib. thegenusBrenthia are 1) crochetsin amesalpennelipse Zool.314:1-144. (semicircle in Litobrenthia), 2) two SVsetae on A8 (one Hintoofnl,epHi.doE.pt1e9r4o6u.sOlanrvtahe,ewhiotmholsoogmyeannodtensoomnentchleapthuyrleoogfetnhyeosfetthaee SV seta in Litobrenthia and choreutine genera except Lepidoptera.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Loncl.97: 1-37. Rhobonda), 3) larval escape behavior through a Hodges, R. W., T. Dominick, D. R. Davis, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. previously made hatch, 4) two pairs ofcurved spines in F19r8a3n.cClheemcokntL,istEo.lGt.heMLuenpirdooep,te&raJo.fAA.meProiwcealnlo,rtehtoafl.Me(xeidsc.o).. the pupal cremaster, and 5) long forked setae on the E.W.Classey, London.284pp. pupa. Characters3),4), and5)werenot discussedin the Kf.ifer, H. If 1937. California Microlepidoptera XII. Bull. Dept. onlypublished description ofLitobrenthia (Arita 1987), Agric.California,Sacramento26:334—338. Nichols, S.W. 1989.TheTorre-BuenoGlossaryofEntomology.The so at this point it is impossible to say whether these NewYork Ent. Soc. and Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., NewYork. 840 characters, or a subset of them, will prove to be PP synapomorphic for Brenthia or are in fact PatoCka, |. 1999. UberdiePuppendermittel-unciwesteuropiiischen Choreutidae (Lepidoptera: Choreutoidea). Entomol. Ber. 59: synapomorphies for Brenthiinae. More work is needed, 53-58. especially in the Neotropics where Brenthia appears to Robinson, G. S., K. R. Tuck, & M. Shaffer. 1994. Afieldguideto be highly diverse, before we can begin answeringthese thesmallermothsofSouth-EastAsia, Malaysian NatureSociety, KualaLumpur.309pp. andotherquestions aboutthis fascinatinggroup. RobiMns.onH,erGn.aSn.,deP.z.R.2A0c0k7e.ryH,OIS.TJ.SKi-tachdiantga,baGs.eWo.f tBheecchaolsotpnlia,nt&sLo.f Acknowledgements the world's Lepidoptera. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/researeh- aspeIctasmogfrattheifsulprotjoecDta,vibudtL.espWeaciganlelyrffioerldhwisorkhelapndwictohmmneunmtersouosn Rotac,tuiorJ.nat2(i0Co0no3/s.ptraCohjReoiccrtaes)u/:thTiosadtaxpeolna(onLtmesyp/,.idUAolcptctreeasrsast)erduocfStueLrpaetSoeefmlbIvemarmBa2it0o0luo7rg.eicSatlagSetsa,- earlier drafts ofthis manuscript. For hints on potential host plants andLife Histoiy. Master'sThesis, UniversityofConnecticut. 160 and/or direct help with collecting, thanks are due to Lee A. Dyer, Humberto Garcia, Grant Gentry, Terry L. Harrison, Henry A. pp. TptiHodrueeocsncvpktoieild(fnleiehBcedetdMiibNdotyneHhs,Je).aLmbToaereunascidchsRonJnMiooic.nmdaaAlL.apnPaao(risBaewssuriicrsatketnoa,)idndacLsMene.adwrfiRUoisrozena(oCyUbaPtnSUrat.NiiienMSnsieot)nz.geafJnon.SardmEhIeeatMslnhpaBian.wmkniWatoKhghnieeytvasficmicnoweeualsRsssd RRoottaa,,uCmthiJiJo..md,ri2e&g0cue0tn5Die.t.dhraeLaLeia.)rrR.WvhaajoAlgunbnamnoen.pndirdEn.apngut2Wpo0aasm0llp6oki.lded.eePrsrrcSaerondicpadp.rtteZAiodoomrandt.ms/oiaro9msf8iH.:tceh3rpe7yPp-:LNn4oem7eoSe.rttra(oOLlpemNipacEiardlkopcmlth:oeoetrr4hae5s:.- rmpSraeconvijuieesenccwctreeir(pFPtpio.sru:onFvdRuiaondtbediediornnthgeglKfrp.oafrnuCtltohlDicwsEoeBlmpl-rm,o0ej0neJ7tcot2sh7nc0oaT2n.meaaLnnoidnnegaipNranalrtoiti,eorfnearvtleoarmlsG.i.etoohnNgearotAaifpLohntAiahScle WSitlehlpdreoa,,in:yFJ..,10EW.D..1u3b1179u913q8/77uj..oeEu,IlmmaIbmloaa.wrtapr.uoenrn7eeo5.4id0n0eps0pel0.cot0ss4.b5r.Koetnedsadlel/laHuHnitguPeurblaiesnhienlgPCeorum-y Societygrants7331-02and7751-04)andfromPennerandDeCoursey sucontrol. DirecciondeAgrieultura, GanaderiayColonizacion, UEnnidvoerwsmietnytosf C(oDnenpeacrttimceunttaonldEtchoeloCgoynneacntdicEuvtolSuttaitoenaMruysBeiuolmogyo,f WilliMainmiss,teJ.riRo.d1e95F1o.mTehnetob,ioCniorcm.ic3s7:a3n-d9.morphologyofBrenthialep- tocosma Meyrick (Lep., Glyphipterygidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. Natural Histoiy). 41:629-635. Literature Cited Zimmerman, E. C. 1978. InsectsofHawaii,vol.9. Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Monotrysia, Tineoidea, Tortricoidea, Gracillarioidea, Aiello, A., & M. A. Solis. 2003. Defense mechanisms in Pyralidae Yponomeutoidea, and Alucitoidea. The University Press of andChoreutidae: fecalstalactitesandescapeholes,withremarks Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.881 pp. about cocoons, camouflage and aposematism. Lep. Soc. 57: J. 168-175. Arita,Y. 1987.TaxonomicstudiesoftheGlyphipterygidaeandChore- utidae(Lepidoptera)ofJapan.Trans. ShikokuEntomol. Soc. 18: ReceivedforPublication 27October; revisedandaccepted 19 1-244. May2008..'

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.