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IMAGINING THE ANGLO-SAXON PAST The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism and Anglo-Saxon Trial by Jury Edited by Eric Gerald Stanley c:/3stanley/pre.3d–26/9/0–19:27– B&B/mp IMAGINING THE ANGLO-SAXON PAST THE SEARCH FOR ANGLO-SAXON PAGANISM AND ANGLO-SAXON TRIAL BY JURY ERIC STANLEY has an international reputation as a leading Anglo-Saxonist,andhisperceptiveandoriginalcontributionsto thefieldcontinuetooffervaluablecorrectivestoprevailingviews and to show how scholarly predilection can easily become prejudice and orthodoxy. The two issues under scrutiny in this book are the tendency among some writers to exalt whatever is primitiveandsupposedlypaganorcrypto-paganinthesurviving Old English texts of the early Christian Middle Ages (for ex- ample, Tolkien on monsters or Jacob Grimm on everything Germanic), and the idealism of some advocates of political and legalreformthatleadsthemtoidentifythebeginningsoftrialby jury (and hence the first step on the way to democratic rule by law), in Germanic or Alfredian institutions. Eric Gerald Stanley is Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor Emeritus of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Oxford. c:/3stanley/pre.3d–26/9/0–19:27– B&B/mp c:/3stanley/pre.3d–26/9/0–19:27– B&B/mp IMAGINING THE ANGLO-SAXON PAST THE SEARCH FOR ANGLO-SAXON PAGANISM AND ANGLO-SAXON TRIAL BY JURY Eric Gerald Stanley D. S. BREWER c:/3stanley/pre.3d–26/9/0–19:27– B&B/mp # Eric Gerald Stanley 1975, 2000 All Rights Reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism First published in book form 1975 Reprinted 2000 Anglo-Saxon Trial by Jury First published 2000 D. S. Brewer, Cambridge ISBN 0 85991 588 3 D. S. Brewer is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc. PO Box 41026, Rochester, NY 14604–4126, USA website: http://www.boydell.co.uk Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable fromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Stanley,EricGerald [SearchforAnglo-Saxonpaganism] ImaginingtheAnglo-Saxonpast/EricGeraldStanley p.cm. Firstworkpreviouslypublishedin1975;secondworkpublishednowfor thefirsttime. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Contents:TheSearchforAnglo-Saxonpaganism–Anglo-Saxontrial byjury. ISBN0-85991-588-3(alk.paper) 1. English literature – Old English, ca. 450–1100 – History and criticism. 2. Paganism – England – History – To 1500. 3. Jury – England–History–To1500. 4. Mythology,Germanic,inliterature 5. Anglo-Saxons – Religion. 6. Law, Anglo-Saxon. I. Stanley, Eric Gerald.Anglo-Saxontrialbyjury. II. Title. PR176.S68 2001 829.00–dc21 00–057203 This publication is printed on acid-free paper Typeset by Joshua Associates Ltd, Oxford Printed in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk Disclaimer: Some images in the printed version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. c:/3stanley/pre.3d–26/9/0–19:27– B&B/mp CONTENTS Preface to the new edition, AD 2000 vii Introduction to the 1975 edition of The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism xiii PART I THE SEARCH FOR ANGLO-SAXON PAGANISM 1. The Romantic background 3 2. The English branch of the German tree 7 3. Christianity puts an end to folk-poetry 10 4. ‘Half-veiled remains of pagan poetry’ 14 5. English and German views on the conversion of the English 24 6. J.M. Kemble 29 7. The views of the founders seen through the writings of their lesser contemporaries 33 8. English views of the late nineteenth century and after 38 9. Stock views disintegrating Old English poems and finding Germanic antiquities in them 40 A. Disintegration 40 i. Beowulf 41 ii. The elegies 50 iii. Gnomic Poems 61 B. The search for Germanic antiquities 63 10. The gods Themselves 77 A. Appearances veiled by Christianity 77 B. Overt appearances 80 11. Wyrd 85 A. ‘Event’ or ‘fate’, Norn or Fortune 85 v c:/3stanley/pre.3d–26/9/0–19:27– B&B/mp contents B. Early interpretations of wyrd 88 C. Wyrd in a Leipzig Ph.D. thesis 92 D. Germanic fatalism accommodated in Anglo-Saxon Christianity 93 E. Germanic fatalism: a key to Anglo-Saxon melancholy 94 F. Wyrd: the mark of heathenism 96 G. Fate and Providence 98 H. Metod 101 I. More recent pagan interpretations of wyrd 102 J. Wyrd in Solomon and Saturn 105 K. Current views on wyrd 106 12. Conclusion 110 PART II ANGLO-SAXON TRIAL BY JURY Trial by Jury and how Later Ages Perceive its Origins perhaps in Anglo-Saxon England 1. Jury: this palladium of our liberties, sacred and inviolate 111 2. Delivering the truth not the same as judging 123 3. Guilt and innocence a matter of conscience 128 4. ‘England’s great and glorious Revolution’ (1688), its debt to Henry II’s revival of ancient institutions fostering liberty 132 5. Trial by jury not a Proto-Germanic nor perhaps an Anglo- Saxon institution; but what of the twelve leading thegns of the wapentake? 136 6. Why promulgated at Wantage? 140 7. The twelve of the wapentake probably an institution for the Danelaw only 142 8. Conclusion 146 I. Index of sources 149 II. Index of scholars, critics, and authors 152 III. General Index 155 vi c:/3stanley/pref.3d–26/9/0–19:27– B&B/mp PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION, AD 2000 Fifty years have passed since I started to collect quotations from scholarly writings that struck me, at that time an undergraduate, as whollyunfoundedinclaimingtohavefoundintheChristianliteratureof the Anglo-Saxons indelible vestiges of Germanic paganism, or in claiming to have discovered the paganisms the Anglo-Saxon authors appeared to have striven to conceal. Those teaching at Oxford, and among them those whose teaching I attended regularly were, however, not guilty of these misguided scholarly endeavours: my tutor, E. Stefanyja Olszewska (Mrs Alan S.C. Ross), a brilliantly sensitive and wide-ranging reader of Old and Middle English literature and of Icelandicliterature,fromwhomIlearnteverythingthatIwascapableof learning, J.R.R. Tolkien, and Alistair Campbell. I began reading widely in the scholarly writings on the Anglo-Saxon lawsonlyinthelastfewyears.IhadnoticedlongagothattheSaxonists of Archbishop Matthew Parker’s time and those who followed him looked back to their ancestors before the Norman Conquest for the civil liberty extinguished, as they thought, under the Normans and only slowly restored.1 King Alfred and the institution of trial by jury, supposedly in his reign, played a part in a venerative view of the Anglo-Saxon heritage and King Alfred’s place in it.2 I did not know till fairly recently the range of reference to the supposed debt to the Anglo-Saxons for the institution of trial by jury, and not at all that it playedapartinthepoliticsofnineteenth-centuryGermany.Whenitwas suggested to me that I might read a paper to the Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, which had honoured me by making me a corres- pondingmember,itseemedappropriatetotakeasmysubjectthelawof the Anglo-Saxons and how it was perceived in later ages. An expanded version of that paper, read 5 July 1996, forms a Sitzungsbericht of the 1 See E.G. Stanley, ‘The Scholarly Recovery of the Significance of Anglo-Saxon RecordsinProseandVerse:ANewBibliography’,Anglo-SaxonEngland9(1981), pp.231–2;reprintedinE.G.Stanley,ACollectionofPaperswithEmphasisonOld EnglishLiterature(Toronto,1987),p.13. 2 See E.G. Stanley, ‘The Glorification of Alfred King of Wessex (from the Publication of Sir John Spelman’s Life, 1678 and 1709, to the Publication of ReinholdPauli’s,1851)’,Poetica(Tokyo)xii(1981),p.113;reprintedinStanley,A CollectionofPapers,p.420. vii c:/3stanley/pref.3d–26/9/0–19:27– B&B/mp preface to the new edition Philosophisch-historischeKlasseoftheAkademie,andtheinstitutionof trialbyjuryisapartofthat.Asomewhatdifferent,Englishversionwas read to members of a conference at Western University, London (Ontario), in April 1997, and that underlies the part on jury contained in this book. I wish to thank Professor Jane Toswell for inviting me to participate in the conference. Therearegoodreasonsforpresentingthematerialontrialbyjuryina volume in which ‘The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism’ is reprinted, notjustbecausebothinvolvescholarlymythographiesabouttheAnglo- Saxon past, butbecause these mythographies share in the same political origins from the early nineteenth century till much later. Jacob Grimm plays a major roˆle in the creation of both myths,3 and it is important to understand the politics of Germany at the beginning of the nineteenth century when he began to publish. Vaterlandsliebe, German patriotism, underliesitall.TheGermanstateswere,ofcourse,notyetunited,butthe Napoleonic defeats, culminating in Jena and followed by victories at Leipzigand Waterloo,inboth ofwhichGerman armswere significantly involved,shapedattitudes.NotthatallGermanswereofonemindabout Napoleon himself; some were conservatives, others were not unsympa- thetic to republican notions: but defeat is bitter, and forged a united, patriotic spirit in scholars and poets who were, in other respects, of varied outlook. And Jacob Grimm was among the patriotic scholars. Grimm’s primary interests were not only philological. The most literary president of the Philological Society in more than a century- and-a-half of its history, William Paton Ker, understood Grimm’s literary motivation well, and he portrayed him sympathetically in 1915, a time when the Kaiser’s war would not have made a glowing reference to Vaterlandsliebe an acceptable subject of praise to a London audience orBritishreadership.4KerdrawsattentiontoGrimm’sstatementonhow his interest in philology developed:5 3 A succinct account of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, with excellent bibliographical informationisE.Ebel’sentry,s.v.Grimm,inthe2ndeditionofJohannesHoops, founder, Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, XIII (Berlin and New York,1999),pp.40–5.ItistoberegrettedthatEbelhadnomorethanaboutnine- and-a-halfcolumnsforhisentry;thatistobecontrastedwiththeentryHeuslerby the general editor, Heinrich Beck, Reallexikon, XIV (1999), pp. 533–43, nearly twentycolumns,andthereaderisdirectedfurthertoBeck’sownentryEthik§6, Reallexikon,VII(1989),pp.609–11,notquitefivecolumnslong,inwhichHeusler playsamajorpart.IamnotarguingthatHeuslershouldhavehadlessspace,but thattheBrothersGrimmcouldvaluablyhavebeengivenmore. 4 W.P. Ker, Jacob Grimm – An address delivered at the annual meeting of the Philological Society on Friday, May 7, 1915, Publications of the Philological Societyvii(1915). 5 J. Grimm, Deutsche Grammatik, I, 2nd edn (Go¨ttingen, 1822), p. viii: ‘Das einladende studium mittelhochdeutscher poesie fu¨hrte mich zuerst auf gramma- tische untersuchungen; die u¨brigen a¨lteren mundarten mit voller ausnahme der viii c:/3stanley/pref.3d–26/9/0–19:27– B&B/mp preface to the new edition The inviting study of Middle High German poetry led me first to grammaticalinvestigations.Theotherolderdialectsofferlittlebyway of poetry, with the full exception of the Old Norse dialect, and the more partial exception of the Anglo-Saxon dialect. A considerable volume of Middle Dutch and early Middle English works can hardly be compared with the aforementioned verse. That was published ten years after the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, seven years after Waterloo. Glorious victories had been achieved, and after the earlier defeats there was a sense not so much of exultation but, asthere had been after the ThirtyYears War concluded in 1648, asense of gratitude that the country had come through. Some years earlier, the poet Friedrich Ho¨lderlin, with a very different political outlook from that of the Brothers Grimm, had expressed well that sense of gratitude foranationalsurvivalintheveryturbulenttimesofhisownsicknessand of humiliating, multiple defeat at the turn of the century, when, after a longabsence,hereturnedhome:6‘Butthou,myfatherland,sacredinthy suffering, behold, thou hast endured!’ There were more calamities to come for Germany, and these youthful years of the Brothers Grimm – Jacob was born in 1785 and Wilhelm a year later – were formative. EarlyintheirlivestheBrothersGrimmwereimbuedwithaloveofall aspects of the Germanic past. Jacob Grimm’s first academic study was Law; at the University of Marburg F.C. von Savigny was an inspiring teacher, and the legal institutions of the Germanic peoples before they were imbrued with alien legal systems were of a kind with the ancient GermanicliteraturesandwiththesisterdialectsoftheGermanicpeoples: that kind was seen by him as ‘our kind’, unsere Art, the national character. German patriotism was sentimentally affectionate of the German past and not yet aggressively expansionist. TherewasavigorouslyimaginativesidetoJacobGrimm’sscholarship, leadingquiteoftentoconclusionsbasedonwishfulthinking,abouthalf- concealedmanifestationsofpaganismandaboutProto-Germanicorigins of legal institutions. W.P. Ker ends his account of Grimm with a wonderful play on words: ‘the cloud of his fancies and aspirations had fire and life in it; and the history of Jacob Grimm, his progress and his altnordischen, theilweise der angelsa¨chsischen, bieten wenig dichterisches; eine ansehnliche maße mittelniederla¨ndischer und altenglischer werke la¨ßt sich jenen kaumvergleichen.’ 6 N. von Hellingrath, F. Seebass and L. von Pigenot (eds), Ho¨lderlin: Sa¨mtliche Werke, IV Gedichte 1800–06, 3rd edn (Berlin, 1943), p. 32, ‘Ru¨kkehr in die Heimath’lines11–12(andcf.pp.285–6,notesonthepoem): DochdumeinVaterland!duheilig- Duldendes!siehe,dubistgeblieben. It might be possible to take geblieben as meaning ‘stayed (behind)’ rather than ‘endured’,butIthinkhardlyherewithduldend;perhapsbothsensesarepresent. ix

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