Imaging in High Energy Astronomy: Proceedings of the International Workshop held in Anacapri (Capri-Italy), 26–30 September 1994

370 Pages·1995·20.519 MB·English

by  G. K. Skinner (auth.), L. Bassani, G. Di Cocco (eds.)

IMAGING IN HIGH ENERGY ASTRONOMY
IMAGING IN HIGH ENERGY
ASTRONOMY
Proceedings of the International Workshop held in Anacapri
(Capri-Italy), 26-30 September 1994
Editedby
L.BASSANI
and
G.DICOCCO
Istituto Tecnologie e Studio Radiazioni Extraterrestri, CNR,
Bologna, Italy
Partly reprinted from Experimental Astronomy, VoI. 6, No. 4, 1995
SPRINGER SCIENCE+ BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Imag1ng 1n h1gh energy astronomy proceed1ngs of the 1nternat1onal
warkshap held 1n Anacapr1 (Capr1-Italy) 26-30 September 1994 I
ed1ted by L. Bassan1, G. D1 Cacco.
p. cm.
"The Internat1anal Workshap an Imag1ng 1n H1gh Energy Astranomy
was held an the Island of Capr1 (Italy) between the 26th-30th
September 1994"--Pref.
Includes 1ndex.
ISBN 978-94-010-4182-9 ISBN 978-94-011-0407-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0407-4
1. Imag1ng systems 1n astronamy--Cangresses. 1. Bassan1, L.
II. D1 Cocco, G. III. Internat1anal Warkshop an Imag1ng 1n Hlgh
Energy Astronamy (1994 Capr1, Italy)
OB5'.3.1451474 1995
522' .2--dc20 95-25632
ISBN 978-94-010-4182-9
Printed on acid-free paper
AH Rights Reserved
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1995
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Invited Papers
Chapter 1 - Modulation Techniques
Coding (and decoding) coded mask telescopes
G. Skinner 1
Imaging techniques applied to the coded mask SIGMA telescope
A. Goldwurm 9
Wide field monitoring of the X-ray sky using rotation modulation
collimators
N. Lund and S. Brandt 19
Chapter 2 - Focusing, Occultation and other Methods
Hard X-ray Imaging via focusing optics with mosaic crystals
F. Frontera and G. Pares chi 25
A hard X-ray telescope/concentrator design based on graded period
multilayer coatings
F. Christensen, K.D. Joensen, P. Gorenstein, w.e. Priedhorsky, N.J.
Westergaard and H. W. Schnopper 33
Review of crystal diffraction and its application to focusing energetic
gamma rays
R.K. Smither, P.B. Fernandez, T. Graber, P. von Ballmoos, J. Naya, F.
Albernhe, G. Vedrenne and M. Faiz 47
Hard X-ray all-sky Imaging with BATSE/CGRO
S.N. Zhang, B.A. Harmon, G.J. Fishman and W.S. Paciesas 57
Direct demodulation method and its application to hard X -ray and l'-ray
Imaging
L. Tipei 63
Chapter 3 -INTEGRAL Session
The INTEGRAL mission
e.
Winkler 71
vi
Future goals for Imaging
A.l. Dean 77
Future goals for ')'-ray spectroscopy
P. von Ballmoos 85
Chapter 4 - Double Compton and Tracking Techniques
Maximum entropy Imaging of COMPTEL data
A.W. Strong 97
Imaging diffuse emission with COMPTEL
R. Diehl 103
Chapter 5 - New Detectors and Imaging Methods
Focusing in the hard X-ray band
P. Gorenstein and KD. foensen 109
Imaging gas counters for X- and gamma ray astronomy
BD.Ramsey 119
Hard X-ray and gamma-ray Imaging with solid state detectors
N. Gehrels 129
Contributed Papers
Modulation Techniques
Imaging design of the wide field X- ray monitor onboard the HETE
satellite
f.l.M. in 't Zand, E.E. Fenimore, N. Kawai, A. Yoshida, M. Matsuoka
and M. Yamauchi 137
Development of the CAPTIF software facility for the simulation of
coded aperture telescopes and its application to INTEGRAL and other
instruments
P.H. Connell and G.K. Skinner 143
Scientific design and optimization of a coded mask hard X-ray telescope
L. Natalucci and M.E. Soggiu 149
X-ray Imaging with ART-P/GRANAT
S.A. Grebenev, MN. Pavlinsky and R.A. Sunyaev 155
ABRIXAS - a broad-band Imaging X-ray all-sky survey
G. Richter, G. Hasinger, P. Friedrich, K. Fritze, f. Triimper, H.
Brauninger, P. Predehl, R. Staubert and E. Kendziorra 159
Vll
The MART-LIME high-energy telescope
L. Waldron, M. Amoretti, L. Boccaccini, M. Federici, M. Frutti, G.
e.
Gianni, La Padula, R. Patriarca, G. Sabatino, P. Ubertini and U.
Zannoni 163
The coded mask design and test flight results of a small array Germanium
telescope
R.M. Rideout and G.K. Skinner 167
HEXIT: high-energy X-ray Imaging telescope
R.K. Manchanda 171
A compendium of coded mask designs
G.K. Skinner and R.M. Rideout 177
Low energy gamma ray imager (LEGRI)
F. Ballesteros, G. Bernabeu, A. Gimenez, J. Fabregat, F. Perez, E.
Porras, V. Reglero, P. Reig, A. Robert, A Saenz, F. Sanchez, E. Diaz,
J.A. Martin, J.M. Mas, M. Reina, A. Sanchez, I. Torralbo, M. Gonzalez,
J. Marin, L. Mart{nez, P. Olmos, J.M. Perez, M. Cruise, B.M. Swinyard,
C. Eyles, G. Skinner, A.J. Bird, A.J. Dean and H.S. Ghuataure 183
Advanced techniques of image correction for the coded mask telescope
SIGMA
M.e. Schmitz-Fraysse, J.B. Stephen and J. Ballet 189
SAX: satellite for X-ray astronomy
am~~ 1~
Optimised sampling for hexagonal arrays coded mask telescopes
I.D. Jupp, A.R. Green and A.J. Dean 203
Imaging with two angular scales using coded mask techniques
I.D. Jupp, A.R. Green and A.J. Dean 209
New wavelet methods for flat fielding coded aperture images
J.E. Grindlay, D.B. Barret, K.S.K. Lum, R.P. Manandhar, B. Robbason
and S. Vance 213
Useful classes of redundant array for Imaging applications
M.H. Finger and T.A. Prince 221
Solar X-ray Imaging telescope
e.e.
V.D. Desai and Gaither III 227
Incident pixel reconstruction for gamma ray telescopes
A.R. Green, F. Lei, A.J. Bird, I.D. Jupp and A.J. Dean 235
viii
Focusing, Occultation and other Methods
A spaceborne crystal diffraction telescope for the energy range of nucle
ar transition
P. von Ballmoos, J.E. Naya, F. Albernhe, G. Vedrenne, R.K. Smither, M.
Faiz, P.B. Fernandez and T. Graber 239
A study of the effects of background subtraction on occultation Imaging
W.S. Paciesas, SN. Zhang, B.e. Rubin, B.A. Harmon and G.J. Fishman 247
High sensitivity Imaging of soft ,/,-rays using bragg concentrators
N. Lund 251
A novel system for the location of GRBS
F. Lei, M.J. Palmer, I.D. Jupp and D. Ramsden 255
New conception multilayer hard X-ray telescope for X-ray astronomy
o. Citterio, F. Frontera, K. Joensen, P. Gorenstein and G. Pareschi 259
Replicated reflectors for wide field X- ray Imaging telescopes
R. Hudec, A. Inneman, L. Pfna and P. Gorenstein 263
INTEGRAL Session
Detection of gamma ray polarization with INTEGRAL
G.L. Hills, A.J. Dean, F. Lei and B.M. Swinyard 267
Sensitivity and efficiencies of the INTEGRAL Imager
F. Sanchez, F.J. Ballesteros, V. Reglera, G. Malaguti and G. Di Cocco 271
INTEGRAL X-ray monitor: a proposal for the hard X-ray imager on-
board INTEGRAL
P. Ubertini, L. Bassani, A. Bazzano, R. Cole, J. Lapington, M. Mas, L.
Natalucci, B. Ramsey, E. Soggiu, R. Staubert, M. Turner, L. Waldron
and M. Weisskopf 277
Double Compton and Tracking Techniques
COMPTEL as a gamma-ray polarimeter
F. Lei, A.J. Dean and G.L. Hills 283
GLAST - a broadband high energy ,-ray telescope using silicon strip
detectors
K.S. Wood 287
AGATE: expanding on the success of EGRET
B.L. Dingus, J.A. Esposito, R. Mukherjee, D.L. Bertsch, R. Cuddapah,
e.E. Fichtel, R.e. Hartman, S.D. Hunter and D.J. Thompson 293
ix
The all-sky high-energy gamma-ray monitor (CYGAM PROJECT)
v.v. Akimov and N.G. Leikov 297
New Detectors and Imaging Methods
Imaging performance of FIGARO-IV, a large area ,,-ray telescope above
100 MeV
B. Sacco, O. Catalano, M.C. Maccarone, G. Gerardi, E. Costa, E.
Massaro and E. Morelli 301
Hard X-ray Imaging using microchannel plate optics
J.E. Lees, G. W. Fraser, AN. Brunton and R. Willingale 305
The hard X- ray telescope: Instrument concept and detectors
A.D. Holland, G.w. Fraser, R.Willingale and M.J.L. Turner 309
Experimental results obtained with the positron-annihilation-radiation
telescope of the Toulouse-Argonne collaboration
J.E. Naya, P. von Ballmoos, F. Albernhe, G. Vedrenne, R.K. Smither, M.
F aiz, P.B . Fernandez and T. Graber 313
Gamma-ray Imaging with germanium planar arrays
W.A. Mahoney, S.c. Martin, L.S. Varnell and T.A. Prince 319
Spatial and spectral resolution of a Germanium strip detectors
R.A. Kroeger, W.N. Johnson, R.L. Kinzer, J.D. Kurfess, S. Inderhees, B.
Phlips and N. Gehrels 325
Hard X-ray and gamma-ray Imaging systems utilizing Germanium strip
detectors
W.N. Johnson, R.A. Kroeger, R.L. Kinzer, J.D. Kurfess, S. Inderhees, B.
Phlips and B. Graham 329
The Imaing liquid Xenon coded aperture telescope (LXe-CAT)
E. Aprile, A. Bolotnikov, D. Chen, H. Tawara, F. Xu, E. Chupp, P.
Dunphy, T. Doke, J. Kikuchi, K. Masuda, G. Fishman and G. Pendleton 333
ISGRI: a CdTe layer for the Integral imager
F. Lebrun, J.P. Leray, P. Laurent, B. Cordier and P. Mandrou 339
Imaging with CdTe arrays
E. Caroli, A. Donati, W. Dusi and J.B. Stephen 345
Mercuric iodide X-ray camera for high energy astronomy
W. Dusi, E. Caroli, G. Di Cocco, A. Donati, G. Ramunno, D. Grassi, E.
Pirillo 351
The neutron spectrum inside the shielding of balloon-borne Ge spec
trometers
J. Naya, P. Jean, P. von Ballmoos, F. Albernhe and J. Bockholt 357
x
An extended energy range CsI(TI)-photodiode detector
A.J. Bird, T. Carter and A.J. Dean 363
The energy correction algorithm for an X -ray Imaging gas scintillator
proportional counter
E. Alippi, M. Biserni, P. Dallaricca and A. Lenti 367
The photon statistics of point source correlation images in coded aper-
ture Imaging
N.H. Linger and T.A. Prince 373
Author Index 379
PREFACE
The International Workshop on Imaging in High Energy Astronomy was held on
the Island of Capri (Italy) between the 26th-30th September 1994. Eleven years
had passed since the first and only previous conference on this subject,which was
held in Southampton,U.K, in July 1983. During this period we have witnessed
many developments in the field of astronomical x and gamma-ray Imaging
techniques and we have all become acquainted with images of the sky at high
energies.However there was never the opportunity for all interested people to
meet and discuss the new techniques developed and the problems encountered,or
to consider new ideas and prospects for the future of Imaging in high energy
astronomy.The Capri Workshop was organized precisely to give the scientific
community this opportunity and we hope that it fulfilled this expectation.
On behalf of all those involved in the organization of the meeting, we also
express the hope that these Proceedings, which contain an almost complete
collection of all the papers given at the meeting, will be useful to scientists
involved in the field.
As a general consideration it seems to us that the content of this volume
represents the state of art in the field of Imaging in High Energy Astronomy at
the present date. The high quality of the papers was assured by a refereeing
process made possible by a group of collegues who took upon themsel ves the not
easy task to provide authors with their comments and evaluation. To all of them
our deepest thanks.
The attendence at the meeting of approximatel y 100 acti ve researchers in the
field can be directly attributed to the entusiasm of both the Scientific Committee
(G.Di Cocco, AJ.Dean, GJ. Fishman, J. Paul, T. Prince, J.P. Roques, V.
SchOnfelder, G. Skinner, P. Ubertini) e Local Organizing Committee (E. CarOB,
G. Malaguti, F. Schiavone, A. Spizzichino, J.B. Stephen); we wish to thank them
all for their effort.
We also like to acknowledge the work of all session Chairmen,the financial
help of the CNR, Laben and CREASO and the help of the local staff at the
Europa Palce Hotel in Anacapri, where the meeting took place.
As a final remark we like to say that we left Capri with a sense of optimism
which we hope all partecipants shared with us: after successfull missions like
Granat and CGRO, the future looks extremely promising in the field of Imaging
in High Energy Astronomy, naturally due to the next gamma-ray mission,
INTEGRAL, but also because of the many new ideas and prospects that lie
ahead of it.
L. Bassani
G. Di Cocco