METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY Editors-in-Chief JOHN N. ABELSON AND MELVIN I. SIMON Division of Biology California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California Founding Editors SIDNEY P. COLOWICK AND NATHAN O. KAPLAN Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK First edition 2012 Copyright # 2012, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: CONTRIBUTORS Eben Alsberg Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA David Alsteens Institute of Condensed Matter & Nanosciences, Universite´ catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium D.Michael Ando Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA Lamya Baba-Aissa Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Plateforme d’imagerie dynamique, Paris, France Bart Baranowski Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit, Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom Enni Bertling Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Joseph Brzostowski Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA Ve´ronique Calleja Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom Astrid Canivet Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Plateforme d’imagerie dynamique, Paris, France Arnold Caplan Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Ferdinand X. Choong Department of Neuroscience, Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden xiii xiv Contributors Pierre Cordeau Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Universite´ Laval, 2705 boul. Laurier, Que´bec, Que´bec City, Canada Davide Danovi Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit, Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom Aaron Daub Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease; Medical Scientist Training Program and Program in Bioengineering, University of California, and Taube-Koret Center for Huntington’s Disease Research, The Hellman Family Foundation Program in Alzheimer’s Disease Research and the Consortium for Frontotemporal Dementia Research San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA Angel M. Davey Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA James Dennis Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA Joe Dragavon Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Plateforme d’imagerie dynamique, Paris, France Felix Ellett Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton; Cancer and Haematology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Biology, and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Helge Ewers Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland Steven Finkbeiner Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease; Taube-Koret Center for Huntington’s Disease Research, The Hellman Family Foundation Program in Alzheimer’s Disease Research and the Consortium for Frontotemporal Dementia Research San Francisco, and Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Graduate Programs in Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, and Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA Amos A. Folarin Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit, Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom Contributors xv Freddy Frischknecht Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany Vincent Galy UMR7622, CNRS-UPMC, 9 quai St Bernard, Paris, France Susana Gonc¸alves Cell and Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal Christof Gru¨ring Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Parasitology Section, Hamburg, Germany Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA Federico Herrera Cell and Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal Robert M. Hoffman AntiCancer, Inc., and Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA Pirta Hotulainen Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Tatsushi Igaki Department of Cell Biology, G-COE, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan Julia A. Kaye Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, and Taube-Koret Center for Huntington’s Disease Research, The Hellman Family Foundation Program in Alzheimer’s Disease Research and the Consortium for Frontotemporal Dementia Research San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA Masahiro Kitano Research Unit for Immunodynamics, RIKEN, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan Sabine Ko¨lle Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany xvi Contributors Mikko Koskinen Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Melissa D. Krebs Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Jasna Kriz Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Universite´ Laval, 2705 boul. Laurier, Que´bec, Que´bec City, Canada Banafshe´ Larijani Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom Pierre Leboucher Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom, and Centre Emotion, Hoˆpital de la Pitie´ Salpe´trie`re, Paris, France Zhenghong Lee Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Graham J. Lieschke Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton; Cancer and Haematology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical, Research, and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Wanli Liu Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA Lip Nam Loh Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom Anastasia Ludwig Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Raymond R. Mattingly Department of Pharmacology, and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA Kamiar Moin Department of Pharmacology, and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA Contributors xvii Bruce A. Molitoris Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Cameron J. Nowell Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Melbourne-Parkville Branch, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Sonja Nowotschin Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA Shizue Ohsawa Department of Cell Biology, G-COE, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan Takaharu Okada Research Unit for Immunodynamics, RIKEN, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan Tiago Fleming Outeiro Cell and Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Instituto de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal, and Department of Neurodegeneration and Restau- rative Research, Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University of Go¨ttingen, Waldweg 33, Go¨ttingen, Germany Luke Pase Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton; Cancer and Haematology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Emmanuelle Perret Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Plateforme d’imagerie dynamique, Paris, France Susan K. Pierce Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA Steven M. Pollard Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit, Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom Agneta Richter-Dahlfors Department of Neuroscience, Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Jennifer M. Rothberg Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA xviii Contributors Pascal Roux Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Plateforme d’imagerie dynamique, Paris, France Mansoureh Sameni Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA Ruben M. Sandoval Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Mario Schelhaas Emmy-Noether Group‚ Virus Endocytosis’, Institutes of Molecular Virology and Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Mu¨nster, Mu¨nster, Germany Punita Sharma Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, USA Spencer Shorte Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Plateforme d’imagerie dynamique, Paris, France Mirko Singer Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany Bonnie F. Sloane Department of Pharmacology, and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA Hae Won Sohn Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA Tobias Spielmann Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Parasitology Section, Hamburg, Germany Kaoru Sugimura Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sicences (iCeMS), Kyoto University iCeMS Complex 2, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan Kyoko Takino Department of Cell Biology, G-COE, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan Jean-Yves Tinevez Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Plateforme d’imagerie dynamique, Paris, France Bernadette C. Victor Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA Contributors xix Theresa H. Ward Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom Jean Welter Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Panagiotis Xenopoulos Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA PREFACE Going back to the dawn of light microscopy, imaging techniques have provided the opportunity for developing models of cellular function. Over the past 40 years, the availability of technology for high-resolution imaging and for evaluation of those images in live cells has extended our reach and, accordingly, our ability to understand cell function. Given the large number of choices in equipment and approaches, sorting out the best approach can be challenging, even to seasoned investigators. The present volumes provide descriptions of methods used to image living cells, with particular reference to the technical approaches and reagents needed and approaches to selecting the best techniques. The authors explain how these methods are able to provide important biological insights in normal and pathological cells. Authors were selected based on research contributions in the area about which they have written and based on their ability to describe their meth- odological contribution in a clear and reproducible way. They have been encouraged to make use of graphics, comparisons to other methods, and to provide tricks and approaches not revealed in prior publications that make it possible to adapt methods to other systems. The editor wants to express appreciation to the contributors for providing their contributions in a timely fashion, to the senior editors for guidance, and to the staff at Academic Press for helpful input. P. MICHAEL CONN xxi