Imaging and Correlative Physicochemical Techniques PDF
Preview Imaging and Correlative Physicochemical Techniques
NEUROMETHODS 0 8 Imaging and Correlative Physicochemical Techniques NEUROMETHODS Program Editors: Alan A. Boulton and Glen B. Baker 1 General Neurochemrcal Techniques Edlted by Alan A. Boulton and Glen B. Baker, 1985 2 Amines and Their Metabolites Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Judith M. Baker, 1985 3 Amino Acids Edlted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and James D. Wood, 1985 4 Receptor Binding Techniques Edlted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Pave1 D. Hrdina, 1986 5 Neurotransmitter Enzymes Edlted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Peter H. Yu, 1986 6 Peptides Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Quentin Pittman, 1987 7 Lipids and Related Compounds Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Lloyd A. Horrocks, 1988 8 Imaging and Correlative Physicochemical Techniques Edlted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Donald P. Boisvert, 1988 9 The Neuronal Microenvironment Edrted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Wolfgang Watz, 1988 10 Analysis of Psychiatric Drugs Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Ronald T. Coutts, 1988 11 Carbohydrates and Energy Metabolism Edrted by Alan A. Boulfon, Glen B. Baker, and Roger F. Butterworth 12 Drugs as Tools in Neurotransmitter Research Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Augusta V. Juorio 13 Psychopharmacology Edked by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Andrew J. Greenshaw 14 Neurophysiology Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Case H. Vanderwolf 15 Neuropsychology Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Merril Hiscock 16 Molecular Neurobiology Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Anthony 7. Campagnoni NEUR-OrvlETHODS Series 1: Neurochemistry Program Editors: Alan A. Boulton and Glen B. Baker Imaging and Correlative Physicochemical Techniques Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Donald P. J. Boisvert Humana Press Clifton, New Jersey l Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title. Imaging and correlative physiochemical techniques / edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Donald P.J . Boisvert. p. cm. - (Neuromethods; 8. Series I, Neurochemistry) Includes bibliographies and index. ISBN 0-89603-116-O 1. Cerebral circulation-Measurement. 2. Brain-Blood-vessels- -Imaging. I. Boulton, A. A. (Alan A.) II. Baker, Glen B., 1947- . III. Boisvert, Donald P. J. IV. Series: Neuromethods; 8. V. Series: Neuromethods. Series I, Neurochemistry. [DNLM: 1. Brain-metabolism. 2. Brain-radiography. 3. Brain- -radionuclide imaging. 4. Cerebrovascular Circulation. 5. Neurochemistry-methods. Wl NE337G v. 8 / WL 300 1311 QP108.5.C4145 1988 612’ .824-&19 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 88-9191 CIP 0 1988 The Humana Press Inc. Crescent Manor PO Box 2148 Clifton, NJ 07015 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored m a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopymg, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher Prmted m the United States of America Preface to the Series When the President of Humana Press first suggested that a series on methods m the neurosciences might be useful, one of us (AAB) was quite skeptical, only after discussions wrth GBB and some searchmg both of memory and library shelves did It seem that perhaps the pubhsher was right. Although some excellent methods books have recently appeared, notably m neuroanatomy, it IS a fact that there IS a dearth in this particular field, a fact attested to by the alacrity and enthusiasm with whrch most of the con- tributors to this series accepted our invitations and suggested additional topics and areas After a somewhat hesitant start, es- sentlally m the neurochemistry section, the series has grown and will encompass neurochemistry, neuropsychlatry, neurology, neuropathology, neurogenetics, neuroethology, molecular neurobiology, animal models of nervous disease, and no doubt many more “neuros. ” Although we have tried to include adequate methodological detail and in many cases detailed protocols, we have also tried to include wherever possible a short introductory review of the methods and/or related substances, comparisons with other methods, and the relationship of the substances being analyzed to neurological and psychlatrlc disorders. Recognizing our own limltatlons, we have invited a guest editor to jom wrth us on most volumes m order to ensure complete coverage of the field and to add their specralrzed knowledge and competencies. We anticipate that this series will fill a gap, we can only hope that it will be filled appropriately and with the right amount of expertise with respect to each method, substance or group of substances, and area treated. Alan A. Boulton Glen B. Baker V Preface Recent years have seen remarkable advances in the develop- ment of techniques that have direct applications in neurological research. In consequence, the circulatory and metabolic status of the brain can be measured and correlated with changes m structure and integrated function, often noninvasively, m the same ex- perimental subIect This has stimulated an increased awareness of the complexity, under normal and pathological conditions, of the interdependence of these factors. Through the application of the methods described in this volume, however, these complexities can now be analyzed. The chapters m this volume present methodological de- scriptions of some of the most powerful “physicochemical” methods for studymg the brain. Multidisciplmary teams are re- quired to develop some of these methods, which are extremely expensive m terms of capital equipment costs and technological personnel support Thus, they will likely remain restricted to malor medical research centers Nevertheless, many recent concepts of brain responses to disease are a result of their application We have been fortunate m convincing active, leading scien- tists to contribute to this volume. The descrrptions of the basic prmciples of each method, and its applications and limitations, are derived primarily from their personal experiences. The first two chapters (Rowan, Auer) deal with methods for assessing brain hemodynamics. The two subsequent chapters (Greenberg; Hers- covitch) describe autoradiography and positron emission tomogra- phy techniques, which provide quantitative measurements of brain metabolism as well as blood flow. The chapters by Pritchard and Schulman and by Allen present more recent developments in methods for studymg the brain, namely, those based on nuclear magnetic resonance research. Recently developed methods for measuring ion homeostasrs and neurotransmitter activity are de- scribed m chapters by Branston and Harris and by Bruun and Vll Ulll Preface Edvinsson. In the final chapter (Grundy), methodological con- slderatlons for measuring integrated neural function through brain-evoked potentials are presented. Because of its scope and diversity, this volume will be of value to most clinical and laboratory neurosclentlsts. Donald P. J. Bolsvert Contents Preface to the Series .......................... .. ................................ V Preface ............................................... .. ................................ vii Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow Using Diffusible Gases J. 0. Rowan 1. Introduction ...................................................... 1 2. Basic Mathematical Principles of the Inert Gas Clearance Techniques ......................................... 2 3. Determination of Cerebral Blood Flow by the Kety-Schmidt Technique ..................................... 4 4. Methods Based on Monitoring the Clearance of Xenon-133 ........................................................ 5 4.1, Intracarotid Artery Injection Technique ........... 5 4.2. Inhalation Technique .................................... 8 4.3. Intravenous Injection Technique ................... 11 5. Sources of Error and Limitations of the Xenon-133 Clearance Methods Used for the Determination of Cerebral Blood Flow ................. 12 6. Tomographic Techniques ................................... 17 6.1. Xenon-133 Single Photon Tomography.. ......... 18 6.2. Short-Lived Radionuclides and Dual Photon Tomography .............................................. 20 6.3. Stable Xenon and X-Ray CT Scanning.. .......... 21 7. Hydrogen Clearance Methods ............................. 23 7.1, Principles Underlying Hydrogen Polarography ............................................. 24 7.2. Electrodes and Recording Circuit ................... 25 7.3. Hydrogen Administration ............................ 26 7.4. Clearance Curves ........................................ 28 7.5. Advantages ................................................ 30 ix Con tents X 7.6. Limitations and Sources of Error . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Measurement of Pial Vessel Hemodynamics Ludwig M. Auer 1. Introduction and Historical Survey ...................... 37 2. Recent Methods for Direct Investigation of Brain Vessels In Vivo ................................................. 38 2.1. The Cranial Window Technique., .................. 38 2.2. Microscopes and Microscopical Techniques ..... 43 2.3. Imaging of Pial Vessels ................................ 48 2.4. Analysis of Pial Vessel Caliber ...................... 51 2.5. Measurement of Flow Velocity ...................... 60 2.6. Calculation of Flow in Single Pial Vessels ....... 72 2.7. Measurement or Calculation of Pial Blood Volume ..................................................... 72 3. Pial Vessels and Cerebral Blood Flow-Analysis of Relevance of Techniques ................................ 72 3.1. Relevance of Direct Pial Vessel Observation for the Definition of Normal CBF Autoregulation ........................................... 74 3.2. Observations of Pathological Reactions ........... 80 4. Direct Pharmacological Cerebrovascular Effects ..... 84 5. Conclusions and Summary ................................. 91 References ....................................................... 97 Autoradiography and Cerebral Function Joel H. Greenberg 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 2. Local Cerebral Blood Flow.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 2.1. Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 2.2. Experimental Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 2.3. Diffusible Tracers . . ..a................................. 112 2.4. Compound Characterization and Technique Limitations . . . . . . . ..I.................................... 116 2.5. Indicator Fractionatron Technique.. . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 122 Contents xi 2.6. Error Analysis of Blood F1o.w Measurement . . 124 3. Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization ..................... 131 3.1. Introduction ............................................. 131 3.2. Theoretical Basis ....................................... 133 3.3. Determination of Rate Constants ................. 136 3.4. Determination of Lumped Constant., ........... 138 3.5. Determination of 1CGU .............................. 141 3.6. Error Analysis .......................................... 142 4. Resolution and Tritiated Autoradiography .......... :I: 4.1. Resolution ............................................... 4.2. 3H Autoradiography .................................. 151 5. Multiple Label Auioradiography . ..................... 155 5.1. Carbon/Iodide Double Label . ..................... 158 5 2 14C3H Double Label . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 159 5’3’ 14C/14CD ouble Label . . . . . ...*.. ..................... 162 5’.4 ’. 18F/14CD ouble Label . . ..a...... ..................... 165 5.5. Autoradiography with More i ‘han Two Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*.....*..... ..................... 165 6. Image Analysis ............................................... 166 7. Applications ................................................... 169 References ..................................................... 170 Measurement of Regional Cerebral Hemodynamics and Metabolism by Positron Emission Tomography Peter Herscovitch 1. Introduction ................................................. 179 2. PET Detection Systems ................................... 180 3. Radiotracers for PET ...................................... 187 4. Tracer Techniques ......................................... 191 5. Cerebral Blood Volume .................................. 193 6. Cerebral Blood Flow ...................................... 196 6.1. Background ............................................ 196 6.2. Steady-State Method ................................ 198 6.3. PET/Autoradiographic Method .................. 200 6.4. Other rCBF Methods ............................... 202 7. Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism .......................... 203 7.1. Background.. .......................................... 203 7.2. Steady-State Method.. .............................. 204
The list of books you might like
