Imaging Anatomy of the Human Brain: A Comprehensive Atlas Including Adjacent Structures

462 Pages·2015·50.47 MB·English

by  Neil M. Borden

Imaging Anatomy of the
Human Brain

Imaging Anatomy of the
Human Brain
A Comprehensive Atlas Including
Adjacent Structures
Neil M. Borden, MD
Neuroradiologist
Associate Professor of Radiology
The University of Vermont Medical Center
Burlington, Vermont
Scott E. Forseen, MD
Assistant Professor, Neuroradiology Section
Department of Radiology and Imaging
Georgia Regents University
Augusta, Georgia
Cristian Stefan, MD
Medical Education Consultant
Former Professor, Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy,
Neurology and Radiology
Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University
Augusta, Georgia
Illustrator
Alastair J. E. Moore, MD
Medical Illustrator
Clinical Instructor, Department of Radiology
The University of Vermont Medical Center
Burlington, Vermont
New York
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ISBN: 978-1-936287-74-1
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Illustrations in Chapter 2 © Alastair J. E. Moore, MD
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Borden, Neil M.
Imaging anatomy of the human brain : a comprehensive atlas including adjacent structures / Neil M. Borden,
Scott E. Forseen, Cristian Stefan.
pages ; cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-936287-74-1
1. Brain—Anatomy. 2. Brain—Imaging. I. Forseen, Scott E. II. Stefan, Cristian (Medical Education Consultant)
III. Title.
QM455.B67 2015
612.8—dc23
2015015004
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15 16 17 18 / 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Contributors ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction xv
Share Imaging Anatomy of the Human Brain: A Comprehensive Atlas Including
Adjacent Structures
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT, ORGANIZATION, AND
FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN BRAIN 1
Gray and White Matter of the Brain 2
Embryology/Development of the Central Nervous System (CNS) 2
Meninges, Meningeal Spaces, Cerebral Spinal Fluid 3
Supratentorial Compartment 4
Cerebral Hemispheres 4
Frontal Lobe 5
Temporal Lobe 6
Parietal Lobe 7
Occipital Lobe 7
Insular Lobe 8
Limbic Lobe 8
Basal Nuclei 9
Diencephalon 10
Cranial Nerves I (Olfactory), II (Optic), and III (Oculomotor) —
Supratentorial Location 12
Infratentorial Compartment 12
Anterior (Ventral) Aspect of the Brainstem 13
Posterior (Dorsal) Aspect of the Brainstem 13
Cranial Nerves IV Through XII 14
Cerebellum 15
Intracranial CSF Spaces and Ventricles 16
2. COLOR ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN USING 3D MODELING
TECHNIQUES 17
Illustrator’s (Artist’s) Statement 17
The Process 18
Further Information 18
Freesurfer 18
Blender 18
Sketchfab 18
Color Illustrations (Figures 2.1–2.18) 19–36
Surface Anatomy of the Brain (Figures 2.1–2.7, 2.9–2.10) 19–25, 27, 28
The Basal Ganglia and Other Deep Structures 26
The Cranial Nerves (CN) (Figures 2.11–2.18) 29–36
v
vi CONTENTS
3. MR IMAGING OF THE BRAIN 37
MRI Brain Without Contrast Enhancement (T1W and T2W Images)—Subject 1: Introduction 38
MRI Brain Without Contrast Enhancement—Subject 1 (Figures 3.1–3.61) 39
Axial (Figures 3.1–3.25) 39
Sagittal (Figures 3.26–3.36) 64
Coronal (Figures 3.37–3.61) 75
MRI Brain With Contrast Enhancement (T1W Images)—Subject 2: Introduction 38
MRI Brain With Contrast Enhancement—Subject 2 (Figures 3.62–3.94) 100
Axial (Figures 3.62–3.74) 100
Sagittal (Figures 3.75–3.82) 104
Coronal (Figures 3.83–3.94) 107
4. MR IMAGING OF THE CEREBELLUM 111
Introduction 111
Nomenclature Used for Cerebellum 112
T1W and T2W MR Images Without Contrast (Figures 4.1–4.29) 113
Axial (Figures 4.1a–c to 4.10a–c) 113
Sagittal (Figures 4.11a,b–4.19a,b) 123
Coronal (Figures 4.20a,b–4.29a,b) 132
5. MR IMAGING OF REGIONAL INTRACRANIAL ANATOMY AND ORBITS 143
Pituitary Gland (Figures 5.1a–5.5) 144
Orbits (Figures 5.6–5.33) 148
Liliequist’s Membrane (Figures 5.34–5.40) 157
Hippocampal Formation (Figures 5.41–5.80) 160
H-Shaped Orbital Frontal Sulci (Figures 5.81–5.86) 174
Insular Anatomy (Figures 5.87–5.90) 176
Subthalamic Nucleus (Figures 5.91–5.108) 177
Subcallosal Region (Figures 5.109–5.113) 183
Internal Auditory Canals (IAC) (Figures 5.114a–i) 184
Virchow–Robin Spaces (Figures 5.115–5.117) 186
6. THE CRANIAL NERVES 187
Cadaver Dissections Revealing the Cranial Nerves (CN) (Figures 6.1–6.4) 188
CN in Cavernous Sinus (Figures 6.5–6.7) 190
Cranial Nerves I–XII 191
CN I (1)—Olfactory Nerve (Figures 6.8a–c) 191
CN II (2)—Optic Nerve (Figures 6.9a–j) 192
CN III (3)—Oculomotor Nerve (Figures 6.10a–i) 195
CN IV (4)—Trochlear Nerve (Figures 6.11a–c) 198
CN V (5)—Trigeminal Nerve (Figures 6.12a–z) 199
CN VI (6)—Abducens Nerve (Figures 6.13a–6.14c) 207
CN VII (7)—Facial Nerve (Figures 6.13a,b, 6.14a–n, and 6.14p) 207
CN VIII (8)—Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Figures 6.13a,b, 6.14a–c, and 6.14g–p) 207
CN IX (9)—Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Figures 6.14o, 6.15, and 6.18) 212
CN X (10)—Vagus Nerve (Figures 6.16 and 6.18) 213
CN XI (11)—Accessory Nerve (Figures 6.17, 6.18, and 6.19a) 214
CN XII (12)—Hypoglossal Nerve (Figures 6.19a,b) 214
7. ADVANCED MRI TECHNIQUES 215
Introduction to Advanced MRI Techniques 216
SWI (Susceptibility Weighted Imaging): Introduction 216
SWI Images (Figures 7.1a–7.1h) 217
fMRI (Functional MRI): Introduction 220
fMRI Images (Figures 7.2a–7.9d) 221
DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging): Introduction 230
DTI Images (Figures 7.10a–7.13i) 231
Tractography Images (Figures 7.14a–7.25d) 239
MR Spectroscopy: Introduction 248
MR Spectroscopy Images (Figures 7.26a–7.30) 250
CONTENTS vii
8. CT IMAGING 257
Introduction to Principles of CT Imaging 258
Head CT 258
Normal Young Adult CT Head Without Contrast (Figures 8.1a–m) 260
Elderly Subject CT Head Without Contrast (Figures 8.2a–8.4e) 265
Select CT Head Images Without Contrast (Figures 8.5a–d) 275
Arachnoid Granulations CT (Figures 8.6a–f ) 277
3D Skull and Facial Bones—CT Reconstructions (Figures 8.7a–8.8i) 279
Skull Base CT (Figures 8.9a–8.11g) 285
Paranasal Sinuses CT (Figures 8.12a–8.14g) 295
Temporal Bone CT (Figures 8.15a–8.20b) 303
Orbital CT (Figures 8.21a–8.23e) 316
9. VASCULAR IMAGING 323
Introduction to Vascular Imaging 324
Introduction to MRA/MRV 324
Introduction to CTA 324
Introduction to 2D DSA and 3D Rotational Angiography 325
Introduction to CTP 325
Legend for Branches of the External Carotid and Maxillary Arteries 326
Arterial Neck 327
MR Angiography (MRA) (Figures 9.1a,b) 327
CT Angiography (CTA) (Figures 9.2a–9.6g) 328
Catheter Angiography (Figures 9.7a–9.8n) 338
Arterial Brain 344
MRA (Figures 9.9a–9.14b) 344
CTA (Figures 9.15a–9.19c) 353
Catheter Angiography (Figures 9.20a–9.33b) 365
Intracranial Venous System 376
MR Venography (MRV) (Figures 9.34a–9.35f ) 376
CT Venography (Figures 9.36a–9.39g) 379
Catheter Angiography (Figures 9.40a–9.42d) 390
CT Perfusion (CTP) (Figures 9.43a–9.45e) 395
10. NEONATAL CRANIAL ULTRASOUND 405
Suggested Readings 415
Master Legend Key 419
Index 427

Contributors
Steven P. Braff, MD, FACR
Former Chairman, Department of Radiology
The University of Vermont Medical Center
Burlington, Vermont
Andrea O. Vergara Finger, MD
Clinical Instructor, Department of Radiology
The University of Vermont Medical Center
Burlington, Vermont
Dave Guy, AS, RDMS
Ultrasound Technologist
The University of Vermont Medical Center
Burlington, Vermont
Timothy J. Higgins, MD
Assistant Professor of Diagnostic Radiology
The University of Vermont Medical Center
Burlington, Vermont
Scott G. Hipko, BSRT, (R)(MR)(CT)
Senior MRI Research Technologist
UVM MRI Center for Biomedical Imaging
The University of Vermont Medical Center
Burlington, Vermont
Alastair J. E. Moore, MD
Medical Illustrator
Clinical Instructor, Department of Radiology
The University of Vermont Medical Center
Burlington, Vermont
Sumir S. Patel, MD
Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences
Emory University School of Medicine
Atlanta, Georgia
Thomas Gorsuch Powers, MD
Clinical Instructor, Department of Radiology
The University of Vermont Medical Center
Burlington, Vermont
Mitchell Snowe, BS
The University of Vermont NERVE Lab
Burlington, Vermont
ix