Image-Guided Interventions (Expert Radiology Series) PDF
Preview Image-Guided Interventions (Expert Radiology Series)
Image-Guided Interventions Expert Radiology Series THIRD EDITION MATTHEW A. MAURO, MD, FSIR, FACR, FAHA Ernest H. Wood Distinguished Professor Department of Radiology Professor of Surgery UNC Medical Center President UNC Faculty Physicians Chapel Hill, North Carolina KIERAN P. MURPHY, MB, FRCPC, FSIR Professor of Interventional Neuroradiology University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario Canada KENNETH R. THOMSON, MD, FRANZCR, EBIR Honorary Consultant Radiology Department Alfred Hospital Melbourne, Victoria Australia ANTHONY C. VENBRUX, MD Professor of Radiology and Surgery Division of Interventional Radiology The George Washington University School of Medicine Washington, DC ROBERT A. MORGAN, FRCR, FSIR, FCIRSE, EBIR Consultant Interventional Radiologist Reader in Interventional Radiology St George’s, University of London London United Kingdom Elsevier 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia PA 19103-2899 IMAGE-GUIDED INTERVENTIONS: EXPERT RADIOLOGY SERIES, THIRD EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-61204-3 Copyright © 2021 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notice Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2014, 2008. Library of Congress Control Number: 2019939393 Senior Acquisition Editor: Joslyn Chaiprasert-Paguio Senior Content Development Specialist: Jennifer Ehlers Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson Senior Project Manager: Sharon Corell Design Direction: Bridget Hoette Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Pat, my wife, for her unwavering love and support; to our children, Lauren and David, for their love and patience; and to our grandchildren, Nick, Ziva, Patrick, and Piper, for their promise of a bright future. Matt Mauro To Carrie, my wife, and to my friends and colleagues at St George’s for your support and forbearance. Robert Morgan To Rulan, my wife, Ronan, and Anya, the three most interesting people I know in the world, thank you for allowing me the time and space to work on this book and all my other crazy ideas. To everyone who has taken the time to teach me, thank you for your patience Kieran Murphy To my mentors, Bruce, Scott, Bob, Bill, and Geoff, and my wife, Barbara, who all believed in me. Ken Thomson To my parents, to my brothers and sister, and to the rest of my family. To my patients who have taught me so much and given back to me in countless ways. To my mentors and students and above all to Michael Heinl who believes in me and continues to inspire me. Tony Venbrux In Memoriam Professor João Bexiga Martins Pisco, MD, PhD (1941–2019) Professor Pisco graduated in medicine in Coimbra, Portugal, Tribute by Tiago Bilhim MD, PhD and completed his radiology residency in Lisbon, Portugal. He was a renowned physician, both in his home country of Portu- Professor Pisco passed away on 26 March 2019 while attending gal and worldwide. He had an immense interest in image-guided the annual meeting of the Society of Interventional Radiology interventions, and his career tracked the evolution of interven- (SIR) in Austin, Texas, USA. He died after a full day of pros- tional radiology from its beginnings in the 1970s until the end of tatic artery embolization sessions, where he participated both as his life, by which time he was recognized as a pioneer. presenter and commenter. At the SIR meeting, late in the after- He was esteemed among the international radiology and inter- noon, he received an award from the Journal of Vascular and ventional radiology communities. He leaves behind a legacy—his Interventional Radiology (JVIR), recognizing one of his landmark work, a major influence within the Portuguese radiology com- publications from 2018. munity, and the radiology community worldwide. vi Contributors Mohamed E. Abdelsalam, MD, MSc Ali Albayati, MD, FRCR, MMED, MBChB Alex M. Barnacle, BM, MRCP, FRCR Interventional Radiology Vascular and Interventional Radiologist Consultant Interventional Radiologist The University of Texas MD Anderson Progressive Radiology Department of Radiology Cancer Center Assistant Clinical Professor of Vascular Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Houston, Texas and Interventional Radiology London George Washington University Hospital United Kingdom Andreas Adam, PhD, FRCP, FRCS, Washington, DC FRCR Bradley P. Barnett, MD, PhD Professor Ajlan Alzaki, PhD Research Fellow Department of Interventional Medical Student Department of Radiology Radiology SMHS Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions King’s College London The George Washington University School Baltimore, Maryland Consultant Radiologist of Medicine and Health Sciences Richard A. Baum, MD, MPA, MBA St. Thomas’ Hospital Washington, DC Interventional Radiologist London Seyed Ameli-Renani, MBBS, FRCR, EBIR Radiology United Kingdom Radiology Brigham and Women’s Hospital Vijay Agarwal, MD St George’s University Hospitals NHS Associate Professor Assistant Professor Foundation Department of Radiology The Leo M. Davidoff Department of London Harvard Medical School Neurological Surgery United Kingdom Boston, Massachusetts Albert Einstein College of Medicine Sandeep Amin, MD Charles F. Batti, Jr., MD New York, New York Anesthesiology MidOhio Cardiology and Vascular Kamran Ahrar, MD Rush Oak Park Hospital Consultants Professor Rush University Medical Center Riverside Methodist Hospital Departments of Interventional Oak Park, Illinois Columbus, Ohio Radiology and Thoracic and John F. Angle, MD Jennifer Berkeley, MD, PhD Cardiovascular Surgery Professor Director of Neurocritical Care Divisions of Diagnostic Imaging and Department Radiology and Medical Imaging Department of Neurology Surgery University of Virginia School of Medicine Sinai Hospital of Baltimore The University of Texas MD Anderson Division of Vascular and Interventional Baltimore, Maryland Cancer Center Radiology Professor Anuj Bhatia, MBBS, MD, FRCA, Director Department of Diagnostic and FFPMRCA, FIPP, FRCPC (Anesthesia Division of Angiography and Interventional Imaging and Pain Medicine), EDRA, CIPS, ASRA- Interventional Radiology The University of Texas Medical PMUC University of Virginia Health System School at Houston Associate Professor Charlottesville, Virginia Houston, Texas University of Toronto Gary M. Ansel, MD, FACC Director Andrew Akman, MD Director, Anesthesia Chronic Pain Clinical Services Interventional Radiologist Center for Critical Limb Care Staff Suburban Hospital Riverside Methodist Hospital Department of Anesthesia and Pain Bethesda, Maryland Columbus, Ohio Medicine Ziyad Al-Otaibi, MD Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine University Health Network Critical Care and Emergency Medicine Medical University of Ohio Mount Sinai Hospital and Women’s Attending Toledo, Ohio College Hospital Director Clinical Investigator Chad Baarson, MD Emergency Medicine Department Krembil Research Institute Vascular and Interventional Radiologist Prince Sultan Medical Military City PhD Candidate in Clinical Epidemiology at Walter Reed National Military Medical Riyadh IHPME Center Saudi Arabia University of Toronto Bethesda, Maryland Altum Medical Director Morvarid Alaghmand, MD Arya Bagherpour, DO Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Internal Medicine Assistant Professor Affiliated Faculty Doctors Community Health System Vascular and Interventional Radiology Techna Institute for the Advancement of Lanham, Maryland Department of Radiology Technology for Health University of Texas Medical Branch Toronto, Ontario Galveston, Texas Canada vii viii Contributors Jose I. Bilbao, MD, PhD Rachel F. Brem, MD, FACR, FSBI Colin P. Cantwell, MB, BCh, BAO, MSc, Professor of Radiology Professor and Vice Chair MRCS, FRCR, FFR(RCSI) Universidad de Navarra Breast Imaging and Interventional Center Consultant Radiologist Consultant Radiologist Department of Radiology Department of Radiology Clínica Universitaria Breast Cancer Program Leader St. Vincent’s University Hospital Pamplona The George Washington University Dublin Spain Cancer Center Ireland The George Washington University Tiago Bilhim, MD, PhD Thierry Carreres, MD Washington, DC Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central Cardio-vasculaire Radiologie Lisbon Allan Brook, MD, FACR, FSIR Hopital Européen Georges-Pompidou Portugal Director of Interventional Paris Neuroradiology France James H. Black III, MD, FACS Montefiore Medical Center Chief John A. Carrino, MD, MPH Professor of Radiology and Neurosurgery The Johns Hopkins Hospital Vice Chairman of Radiology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Department of Radiology and Imaging New York, New York Therapy Hospital for Special Surgery The David Goldfarb, MD, Associate Benjamin S. Brook, MD New York, New York Professor of Surgery Chief David Casper, BS The Johns Hopkins University School of Vascular Surgery University of Arizona College of Medicine Medicine University of Utah Phoenix, Arizona Baltimore, Maryland Salt Lake City, Utah Lucie Cassagnes, MD, PhD Brian M. Block, MD Mark Duncan Brooks, MBBS, FRANZCR Department of Radiology Anesthesiologist Consultant Radiologist University Hospital Gabriel Montpied Towson, Maryland Department of Radiology Clermont Ferrand Austin Hospital Franz Edward Boas, MD, PhD France University of Melbourne Assistant Attending Melbourne, Victoria Pascal Chabrot, MD, PhD Interventional Radiology Service Australia Department of Radiology Department of Radiology University Hospital Gabriel Montpied Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Elias Brountzos, MD, EBIR Clermont Ferrand New York, New York Professor of Interventional Radiology France Second Department of Radiology Steven R. Bonebrake, DO Medical School Ajay Chavan, MD, DMRD, MBBS Associate National and Kapodistrian University of Prof. Dr. Interventional Radiology Athens Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Medical Student Clerkship Director Athens Radiology Department of Radiology Greece Klinikum Neustadt am Ruberberge Geisinger Medical Center Oldenburg Danville, Pennsylvania Brendan Buckley, BSc, MB, BCh BAO, Germany MRCS, FRCR, FRANZCR, EBIR Maryam Boumezrag, MD Consultant Interventional Radiologist Lakhmir S. Chawla, MD Department of Radiology Auckland City Hospital Professor of Medicine The George Washington University Auckland Department of Anesthesiology and Washington, DC New Zealand Critical Care Medicine Louis Boyer, MD, PhD The George Washington University Charles T. Burke, MD Department of Radiology Medical Center Professor of Radiology University Hospital Gabriel Montpied Washington, DC University of North Carolina School of Clermont Ferrand Medicine Yung-Hsn Chen, MD France Chapel Hill, North Carolina Musculoskeletal Imaging Zoe Brady, BSc (Hons), PhD (verify The Johns Hopkins University School of Patricia E. Burrows, MD degrees) Medicine Professor Chief Medical Physicist Baltimore, Maryland Department of Diagnostic and Department of Radiology Interventional Imaging Wayne Cheng, MD Alfred Health University of Texas Medical School at New York Hospital – Weill Cornell Melbourne, Victoria Houston Medical Center Australia Director of Vascular Anomalies New York, New York Peter R. Bream, Jr., MD, FSIR Program Rush Chewning, MD Professor of Radiology Department of Diagnostic and Instructor in Radiology Vascular and Interventional Radiology Interventional Imaging Radiology Department Program Director Memorial Hermann and Children’s Section of Pediatric Interventional Diagnostic Radiology Memorial Hermann Hospital Radiology University of North Carolina at Chapel Houston, Texas Boston Children’s Hospital/Harvard Hill Justin J. Campbell, MD Medical School Chapter Hill, North Carolina Department of Radiology Boston, Massachusetts Southshore Hospital Weymouth, Massachusetts Contributors ix Albert K. Chun, MD, MBA Raj Das, MBBS, BMedSci, MSc, MRCS, Yasser El-Abd, MD Clinical Assistant Professor of Radiology FRCR, EBIR Department of Radiology and Medical Department of Radiology Consultant Interventional Radiologist Imaging The George Washington University Department of Radiology Division of Vascular and Interventional Washington, DC St George’s University Hospitals NHS Radiology Foundation Trust University of Virginia Health System Warren Clements, BBiomedSc(Hons), London Charlottesville, Virginia MBBS, FRANZCR, EBIR United Kingdom Consultant Interventional Radiologist Alireza Esfandiari-Namini Department of Radiology Thierry de Baere, MD Department of Radiology Alfred Health Oncology The George Washington University Adjunct Lecturer Interventional Radiology Washington, DC Department of Surgery Image Guided Therapy Clifford J. Eskey, MD, PhD Monash University Gustave Roussy Cancer Center Professor of Radiology and Surgery Melbourne, Victoria Villejuif Department of Radiology Australia France Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Professor of Medicine Wendy A. Cohen, MD Lebanon, New Hampshire University of Paris Sud Professor of Radiology Paris Gian Marco Falcone University of Washington School of France Vascular and Interventional Radiology Medicine Department Chief of Service Diederick De Boo, MD, PhD, Careggi University Hospital Department of Radiology FRANZCR, EBIR Florence Harborview Medical Center Interventional Radiologist Italy Seattle, Washington Radiology John Hunter Hospital Chieh-Min Fan, MD Sarah E. Connolly, MD Newcastle Associate Director Assistant Program Director New South Wales Division of Angiography and Diagnostic Radiology Residency Australia Interventional Radiology Assistant Professor of Radiology and Surgery Brigham and Women’s Hospital Vascular and Interventional Radiology Khanant M. Desai, MD Assistant Professor Section Brigham and Women’s Hospital Department of Radiology Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Washington University School of Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Medicine in St. Louis Boston, Massachusetts Saint Louis, Missouri Fabrizio Fanelli Sudhen B. Desai, MD Director Anne M. Covey, MD Department of Radiology Vascular and Interventional Radiology Attending Interventional Radiologist Section of Interventional Radiololgy Department Diagnostic Radiology Texas Children’s Hospital Careggi University Hospital Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Houston, Texas Florence Professor of Radiology Massimiliano di Primio, MD Italy Diagnostic Radiology Division of Interventional Radiology Weill Medical College of Cornell Laura M. Fayad, MD Hopital Européen Georges-Pompidou University Professor of Radiology Paris New York, New York Orthopaedic Surgery France and Oncology Laura Crocetti, MD, PhD Robert G. Dixon, MD, FSIR Chief of Musculoskeletal Imaging Prof. Dr. Professor of Radiology Director of Translational Research for Division of Interventional Radiology Interventional Radiology Program Director Advanced Imaging University of Pisa Department of Radiology The Russell H. Morgan Department of Pisa University of North Carolina Radiology and Radiological Science Italy Chapel Hill, North Carolina The Johns Hopkins University School of Michael D. Dake, MD Medicine Pablo D. Dominguez, MD Senior Vice President for Health Sciences Baltimore, Maryland Department of Radiology Professor of Medical Imaging, Medicine Clínica Universitaria de Navarra Rukshan Fernando, MBBS, MRes, and Surgery Pamplona FRCR University of Arizona Spain Consultant Interventional Radiologist Tucson, Arizona Auckland City Hospital Damian E. Dupuy, MD Michael J. Darcy, MD Auckland Cape Cod Hospital Chief of Interventional Radiology New Zealand Department of Radiology Professor of Radiology and Surgery Director of Tumor Ablation Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Hyannis, Massachusetts Washington University School of Professor of Diagnostic Imaging Medicine in St Louis Brown University Saint Louis, Missouri Providence, Rhode Island x Contributors Dimitrios Filippiadis, MD, PhD, MSc, Michael Gonsalves, BSc MBBS FRCR Christopher Harnain, MD EBIR EBIR Interventional Radiology Associate Professor of Radiology Dr Weill Cornell Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Radiology New York, New York Athens St.George’s University Hospitals NHS Hasnain Hasham Second Department of Radiology Foundation Trust Fellow Attikon University Hospital London Interventional Radiology Athens United Kingdom Dotter Institute of Radiology Greece Theodore S. Grabow, MD Oregon Health & Science University Kathleen R. Fink, MD Baltimore Spine Center and Maryland Portland, Oregon Assistant Professor of Neuroradiology Pain Specialists Philip John Haslam, MBBS MRCP FRCR University of Washington School of Adjunct Assistant Professor Doctor of Radiology Medicine Department of Anesthesiology and Freeman Hospital Seattle, Washington Critical Care Medicine Newcastle upon Tyne The Johns Hopkins University School of Karen Flood, BMed Sci, BM BS, Tyne and Wear Medicine MMedSciClinEd, MRCS, FRCR United Kingdom Baltimore, Maryland Consultant Vascular and Interventional Stéphan Haulon, MD, PhD Radiologist Brian Grieme, MD Professor Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Vascular and Interventional Radiology Department of Surgery Leeds Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Université de Lille 2 United Kingdom Jonathan S. Gross, MD Chief of Vascular Surgery Matthew D. Forrester, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine Hôpital Cardiologique - CHRU Lille Cardiothoracic Surgery Department of Radiology Lille Providence Medical Group New York University School of Medicine France Spokane, Washington New York, New York Klaus A. Hausegger, MD Bradley Fox, MD Gianluigi Guarnieri, MD Professor and Head Diagnostic Radiology Resident Neuroradiology Service Department of Radiology Jackson Memorial Hospital/University of Cardarelli Hospital Institute of Interventional and Diagnostic Miami Naples Radiology Miami, Florida Italy Klagenfurt Austria Philippe Gailloud, MD Jeffrey P. Guenette, M.D. Director Neuroradiology Fellow Michael C. Hill, MD Division of Interventional Department of Radiology Diagnostic Radiologist Neuroradiology Brigham and Women’s Hospital Washington, DC The Johns Hopkins Hospital Harvard Medical School Joshua A. Hirsch, MD Baltimore, Maryland Boston, Massachusetts Vice Chair Debra A. Gervais, MD Wasim Hakim, BSc, MBBS, MRCS, FRCR Radiology Department of Radiology Doctor of Radiology Harvard Medical School Section of Interventional Radiology St. Mary’s Hospital Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital London Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts United Kingdom Boston, Massachusetts Basavaraj V. Ghodke, MD Danial K. Hallam, MD, MSc Tyler Hoelscher, BS Associate Professor Associate Professor University of Arizona College of Departments of Neuroradiology and Departments of Radiology and Medicine Neurological Surgery Neurological Surgery Phoenix, Arizona University of Washington School of University of Washington School of Andrew Hugh Holden, MBChB, Medicine Medicine FRANZCR, EBIR, ONZM Director Seattle, Washington Associate Professor Neuro-Interventional Radiology Mohamad Hamady, MBChB, FRCR, Consultant Interventional Radiologist Childrens Hospital and Research Center FSIR, EBIR Auckland City Hospital Seattle, Washington Consultant and Interventional Radiologist Auckland Gunvir Gill, MD Senior Lecturer (Hons) Imperial College New Zealand Assistant Professor and Division Chief Training Program Director for Michael Hoy Vascular and Interventional Radiology Interventional Radiology Medical Student Department of Radiology Incoming Chair of Education SMHS University of Texas Medical Branch Committee—British Society of The George Washington University Galveston, Texas Interventional Radiology School of Medicine and Health Incoming Chair of Scientific Mark F. Given, FFR, FRANZCR Sciences Committee—IDEAS/CIRSE Beaumont Private Clinic Washington, DC London Beaumont, Dublin United Kingdom Ireland Contributors xi Joseph A. Hughes III, MD Alexis D. Kelekis, MD, PhD, EBIR Hiro Kiyosue, MD Assistant Professor of Radiology Assistant Professor of Interventional Associate Professor Section Chief Radiology Department of Radiology Interventional Radiology National and Kapodistrian University of Oita Medical University Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine Athens Yufu, Oita Roanoke, Virginia Second Radiology Department Japan Attikon University Hospital Ashley I. Huppe, MD Jim Koukounaras, BMBS, FRANZCR, Athens Assistant Professor EBIR Greece Department of Radiology Interventional Radiologist The University of Kansas Health System Frederick S. Keller, MD Department of Radiology Kansas City, Kansas Cook Professor The Alfred Hospital Charles T. Dotter Department of Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Surgery Rabia Idrees, MD Interventional Radiology Monash University Department of Radiology Oregon Health Sciences University Honorary Adjunct, Department of Radiology Interventional Radiology Division Portland, Oregon University of Melbourne The George Washington University Melbourne, Victoria School of Medicine Nadia J. Khati, MD, FACR Australia Washington, DC Associate Professor of Radiology Abdominal Imaging Division Andres Krauthamer, MD Uzoma Igboagi, MD The George Washington University Assistant Professor of Vascular and Department of Radiology Medical Center Interventional Radiology Interventional Radiology Division Washington, DC University of Miami Miller School of The George Washington University Medicine Washington, DC Neil M. Khilnani, MD Miami, Florida Department of Radiology Elizabeth Ann Ignacio, MD, FSIR Division of Interventional Venkatesh P. Krishnasamy, MD Associate Professor Radiology Staff Clinician Interventional Radiology Weill Cornell Medicine Interventional Radiology The George Washington University New York, New York National Institutes of Health Medical Center Bethesda, Maryland Washington, DC Iman Khodarahmi, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Radiology William T. Kuo, MD, FSIR, FCCP, FSVM, James E. Jackson, MD Musculoskeletal Imaging FCIRSE Department of Radiology New York University School of Professor of Radiology—Interventional Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust Medicine Radiology London New York, New York Division of Vascular and Interventional United Kingdom Radiology Darren D. Kies, MD Tim Joseph, BSc, MBBS, FRANZCR Stanford University School of Medicine Assistant Professor of Radiology Consultant Interventional Radiologist Stanford, California Department of Radiology and Imaging Radiology Sciences Maxim Kupershmidt, MBBS, FRANZCR Alfred Health Emory School of Medicine Barwon Medical Imaging Melbourne, Victoria Atlanta, Georgia Geelong, Victoria Australia Australia Hyun S. Kim, MD Irem Kapucu, MD Diagnostic Radiology Pierre-Yves Laffy, MD Research Fellow Vascular/Interventional Radiology Cardio-vasculaire Radiologie Rush University Medical Center Yale New Haven Hospital Hopital Européen Georges-Pompidou Chicago, Illinois New Haven, Connecticut Paris Claire S. Kaufman, MD France Tammy Kim, MD Assistant Professor Internal Medicine Nicole Lamparello, MD Radiology Washington, DC Assistant Professor of Radiology University of Utah Division of Interventional Radiology Salt Lake City, Utah Kun Yung Kim, Dr. New York Hospital – Weill Cornell Department of Radiology John A. Kaufman, MD, MS Medical Center Asan Medical Center Director New York, New York University of Ulsan College of Medicine Dotter Interventional Institute Seoul Leo Lawler, MB, BCh, BAO, FRCR, Oregon Health & Science University Republic of Korea FFRRCSI, Hon Professor Portland, Oregon Consultant Interventional Radiologist Jennifer L. Kissane, MD Pavan Kavali, MD Department of Radiology Assistant Professor of Radiology, Assistant Professor Mater Misericordiae University Hospital Medicine and Surgery Radiology and Surgery Dublin Cardiovascular and Interventional Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Ireland Radiology Washington University School of Department of Radiology Christopher Lawrence, MD Medicine in St. Louis Pennsylvania State University College of Department of Radiology Saint Louis, Missouri Medicine Interventional Radiology Division Jacob Kazmi-Bowdoin Penn State Hershey Medical Center The George Washington University Medical Student Hershey, Pennsylvania Hospital Albert Einstein College of Medicine Washington, DC New York, New York
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