Illustrations

347 Pages·1985·27.903 MB·English

by  Graham T. Richardson (auth.)

ILLUSTRATIONS
This book is dedicated to:
- My Father, who once asked his son to
draw a picture for him
- The people who once asked all the
questions for which there was no
book to turn to
- You readers who will use this book as
the source of the answers you
require
ILLUSTRATIONS
by
GrahaDl T. Richardson
Humana Press • Clifton, New Jersey
Illustration Acknowledgments
Much effort has gone into the assembly and preparation of
the figures and tables in this book. Companies that provided
pfiotographs and drawings are credited in the figure cap
tions. Companies whose products or services are graphics
related are also listed in the Appendix. Some photographs
were made by Barbara Dickie of Insights, Alexandria,
Virginia, and are credited accordingly. The airbrush work in
Fig. 8-72 was performed by the Tag Art Group of Chagrin
Falls, Ohio. All other tables, drawings, and photographs
were planned and made by the author. A Pentax ME-Super
35mm camera was used for all photographs taken by author.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Richardson, Graham T.
Illustrations.
Includes index.
I. Technical illustration. I. Title.
Tl1.8.R53 1985 604.2 85-735
ISBN -13 :978-0-89603-096-1 e-ISBN-13 :978-1-4612-4992-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4992-4
© 1985 The Humana Press Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985
Crescent Manor
PO Box 2148
Clifton, NJ 07015
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, ot<>transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise
without written permission from the publisher.
Pre/ace
Illustrations is meant to be a guide to virtually all types of in
formational illustrations used anywhere in education, busi
ness, science, and government. It was developed in re
sponse to questions from technical and professional people
who had sought my help in preparing illustrations for publi
cations, presentations, and reports. These people simply
did not know where to begin in order to translate their data
and other information into a suitably formatted illustration.
In addition to answering their questions directly, I
searched for a textbook or reference book to which they
might turn when seeking such information on their own.
Unfortunately, even the vast collections of the Library of
Congress did not contain an appropriate volume; hence I be
gan what has now become this book.
The very few high school and college courses devoted to the
art (and science) of illustrations are usually intended only
for people who plan to become professional illustrators and
graphics artists. Other students-those who later become
professional workers in all phases of education, business,
science, and government-receive very little, if any, such in
struction despite their evident need for it in each of these
fields.
Naturally, one cannot be expected to know what one has
not been taught personally or had the chance to read in a
published work. This book is, therefore, an attempt to fill
what I perceive as an enormous, quite unaccountable gap
with a comprehensive, up-to-date discussion of the various
types of illustrations, the equipment and materials used to
prepare them, and the methods available for their
duplication.
The information within these chapters is intended primarily
for the reader with little or no previous knowledge of how to
create illustrations. With that in mind, I have treated all
topics in such a way as to provide sufficient mastery for a
v
Preface
person to prepare illustration copy at a pre-professional
level-copy that is, however, often usable for routine
purposes-and/or to communicate better with graphics spe
cialists who will prepare the final illustrations. The skills
necessary to take the final step of producing finished
camera-ready illustrations are, unfortunately, based very
much on actual hands-on experience and are thus beyond
the ability of this or any other book to instill satisfactory
competence in.
Illustrations should also prove to be a highly useful reference
work for professional illustrators. The wide variety of train
ing and work experiences by which they have acquired their
skills may not have provided full acquaintance with all of
the exceptionally diverse kinds of information to be found
here. There are, moreover, few disciplines whose practition
ers cannot profit from an invigorating refresher course.
After nearly seven years of work, then, I am pleased to put
forward a book with many answers pertaining to the proper
selection and preparation of informational illustrations. All
such questions and their actual solutions, however, must re
main up to you, the inquiring and attentive reader.
Graham T. Richardson
vi
Contents
How to Use This Book ................. l
Chapter 1 ............................ 15
Tables
Introduction .......................... 15
Basic Elements of a Table .............. 15
Heading ............................ 15
Boxhead ............................ 16
Panels .............................. 17
Stub ............................... 17
Field ............................... 17
Footnotes ........................... 17
Style of the Table ...................... 17
Form of the Information ............... 19
General Comments About Tables ....... 21
Rapid Summation of Facts or
Exact Data ........................ 21
Clarity of Presentation ............... 21
Ease of Construction ................. 21
Length of Time for Data
Presentation ...................... 21
Apparent Complexity of Large
Tables ............................ 21
Possible Need for Interpolation ....... 21
Reference Use ....................... 21
Tables Versus Graphs .................. 22
Artistic Effects ........................ 23
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 2 .............................2 7
Graphs
Introduction .......................... 27
Parts of a Graph ...................... 28
Title or Caption ..................... 28
Background Information ............. 28
Axes ............................... 28
Field of the Graph ................... 30
Data Points and Lines ............... 30
Brief Survey of Graph Types ........... 32
Line Graphs .......................... 33
Line Graphs Based on the
Appearance of the Lines ........... 33
Line Graphs Named from the
Overall Appearance of the
Graph ............................ 36
Line Graphs Named for the Types
of Scales .......................... 40
Bar Graphs ........................... 42
Parts of a Bar Graph ................. 43
Vertical and Horizontal Bar
Graphs ........................... 43
Absolute Bar Graphs ................. 43
Percent Bar Graphs ................... 44
Compound Bar Graphs ............... 45
Floating Bar Graphs .................. 46
Histograms ......................... 46
Bar Diagram ......................... 46
Block Diagrams ...................... 46
Pictographs and Pictorial Diagrams .... 46
Circular Graphs ....................... 48
Pie Graphs ......................... 48
Polar Graphs ........................ 49
Rose Diagrams ...................... 50
Combination Circular Graphs ......... 50
Scale Graphs .......................... 51
Stationary Scale Graphs .............. 51
Sliding or Movable-Scale Graphs ...... 52
Nomographs ........................ 53
Three-Dimensional Graphs and
Diagrams ........................... 53
Artistic Graphs ........................ 55
Contents ix
General Comments About Graphs ...... 57
Compact Presentation, Ease of
Understanding .................... 57
Ease of Construction ................. 58
Recognitio-n of Anomalous Data ...... 58
Easy Reference for Data Values ....... 58
Design Factors for a Graph .............. 58
Framing ............................ 58
Axis Scales ......................... 58
Axis Division Marks ................. 59
Grid Lines .......................... 60
Explanatory Titles ................... 60
Data Points ......................... 61
Data Lines .......................... 61
Emphasis with Colors or Area
Patterns .......................... 61
Emphasis with Changed Axis
Scales ............................ 63
Chapter 3 ............................ .6 5
Maps
Introduction .......................... 65
Map Projections ....................... 65
Properties of a Globe and
Problems Encountered in Their
Projection ........................ 66
Classifying Projections ............... 69
Titles and Border Information ........ 80
Title ................................ 81
Scale ............................... 82
Representative Fraction .............. 82
North Arrow ........................ 82
Projection Information ............... 83
Data Source ......................... 83
Latitude, Longitude, and Survey
Grids ............................. 83
Legend ............................. 83
Preparer ............................ 83
Methods of Presenting Mapped
Information ......................... 84
Lines ........................ '" .... 84
Tones and Patterns .................. 84
Symbols ............................ 85
x Contents
Map Types Based on How the
Information is Presented ............. 86
Point Data Maps .................... 86
Choropleth Maps .................... 89
Dasymetric Maps .................... 90
Isoline Maps ........................ 91
Flow Maps ......................... 94
Map Types Based on What
Information Is Presented ............. 95
Three-Dimensional Maps ............... 98
Models ............................. 99
Drawings .......................... 102
Map-Derived Profiles ................. 104
Remote Sensing as an Aid To
Mapping .......................... 106
Aerial Photography ................. 107
Electronic Systems .................. 111
Preparing a Map ..................... 114
Recording the Information to be
Mapped ......................... 114
The Base Map ...................... 114
Chapter 4 ...... ..................... 115
Three-Dimensional Presentations
Introduction ......................... 115
Mechanical Drawings ................. 115
Working Drawings ................. 115
Technical Illustrations ............... 117
Special Views ...................... 119
Perspective Drawings ................. 123
Block Diagrams ...................... 126
Panoramic Sections ................. 127
Isometric Views .................... 127
Oblique and Perspective Views ...... 128
Stacked Profiles .................... 129
Fence Diagrams ...................... 130
Chemical Models ..................... 131
Stereo Views ......................... 133
Stereonet Presentations ............... 137
Uses in Mineralogy ................. 137
Uses in Structural Geology .......... 138