Illustrated Textbook of Paediatrics

597 Pages·2017·19.97 MB·English

by  Tom Lissauer

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2015v1.0
Illustrated Textbook of
Paediatrics
Illustrated Textbook of
Paediatrics
FIFTH EDITION
Edited by
Tom Lissauer MB BChir FRCPH
Honorary Consultant Paediatrician, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London, UK
Centre for International Child Health, Imperial College London, UK
Will Carroll BM BCh MD MRCPCH
Consultant in Paediatric Respiratory Medicine,
University Hospital of the North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Foreword by
Professor Sir Alan Craft
Emeritus Professor of Child Health, Newcastle University,
Past President Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
© 2018, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved.
First edition 1997
Second edition 2001
Third edition 2007
Fourth Edition 2012
The right of Tom Lissauer and Will Carroll to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by them
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance
Centre and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or
methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom
they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most
current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be
administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and
contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of
their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient,
and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or
otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the
material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-7234-3871-7
978-0-7234-3872-4
The
publisher’s
policy is to use
paper manufactured
from sustainable forests
Printed in Europe
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Content Strategist: Pauline Graham
Content Development Specialist: Fiona Conn
Project Manager: Anne Collett
Design: Miles Hitchen
Illustration Manager: Amy Heyden
Illustrator: Graphic World US, Cactus
Marketing Manager: Deborah Watkins
Contents
Foreword vi
Preface vii
List of Contributors viii
Acknowledgements xii
1. The child in society 1
2. History and examination 9
3. Normal child development, hearing and vision 27
4. Developmental problems and the child with special needs 44
5. Care of the sick child and young person 64
6. Paediatric emergencies 80
7. Accidents and poisoning 97
8. Child protection 109
9. Genetics 121
10. Perinatal medicine 142
11. Neonatal medicine 166
12. Growth and puberty 194
13. Nutrition 211
14. Gastroenterology 234
15. Infection and immunity 256
16. Allergy 288
17. Respiratory disorders 294
18. Cardiac disorders 320
19. Kidney and urinary tract disorders 344
20. Genital disorders 367
21. Liver disorders 375
22. Malignant disease 385
23. Haematological disorders 401
24. Child and adolescent mental health 424
25. Dermatological disorders 442
26. Diabetes and endocrinology 453
27. Inborn errors of metabolism 472
28. Musculoskeletal disorders 482
29. Neurological disorders 500
30. Adolescent medicine 525
31. Global child health 535
Appendix 544
Index 560
Foreword
When the late Frank A. Oski wrote the foreword for the help revision and there is also a companion book for
first edition of this book in 1997, he gave it generous self-assessment.
praise and predicted that it would become a ‘standard This edition has a new editor, Will Carroll, who has
by which all other medical textbooks will be judged’. succeeded Graham Clayden, and is also a paediatrician
He was a great man and a wonderful writer, so his with great expertise in medical education and assess-
prediction was no doubt welcomed by the editors, Tom ment. He has helped ensure that the book continues
Lissauer and Graham Clayden, both well known for to provide the paediatric information medical students
their contribution to undergraduate and postgraduate need. It has been thoroughly updated and has many
medical education and assessment. new authors, each of whom is an expert in their field
I have a much easier task in writing the foreword and who has been chosen because of their ability to
for the fifth edition. The mere fact that there is a fifth impart the important principles in a non-specialist
edition is testimony in itself, but there is also the fact way. The book continues to focus on the key topics
that this book has become the recommended paediat- in the undergraduate curriculum, and in keeping with
ric textbook in countless medical schools throughout this aim there are new, expanded chapters on child
the world and has been translated into 12 languages. protection and global child health.
I have travelled the world over the last 20 years and There are now countless doctors throughout the
wherever I have been in a paediatric department, the world for whom this textbook has been their intro-
distinctive sunflower cover of Lissauer’s Illustrated Text- duction to the fascinating and rewarding world of
book of Paediatrics has been there with me. Whether paediatrics.
it is Hong Kong, Malaysia, Oman, or South Shields, it For students, it is all they need to know and a bit
is there! more. For postgraduates, it provides the majority of
It is not surprising that it has won major awards for information needed to get through postgraduate
innovation and excellence at the British Medical Asso- examinations. It stimulates and guides the reader into
ciation and Royal Society of Medicine book awards. The the world of clinical paediatrics, built on the sound
book is well established and widely read for the simple foundation of the knowledge base provided by this
reason that it is an excellent book. Medicine is now so book.
complex and information so vast that students are no The editors are to be congratulated on the continu-
longer expected to know all there is to know about ing success of this book.
medicine. What they need are the core principles and I can only echo what Frank Oski said in his preface to
guidance as to where to find out more. This book not the first edition: ‘I wish I had written this book’!
only gives the core principles, but also provides a great
deal more for the student who wishes to extend his
or her knowledge. It is in a very accessible form and Professor Sir Alan Craft
has a style and layout which facilitates learning. There Emeritus Professor of Child Health,
are many diagrams, illustrations and case histories Newcastle University
to bring the subject to life and to impart important Past President Royal College of Paediatrics
messages. This new edition includes summaries to and Child Health
Preface
Children are frequent users of healthcare. In the UK followed a lecture-note style with short sentences and
approximately one-third of all health consultations are lists of important features. Illustrations have been used
about a child. Therefore, a good working knowledge to help in the recognition of important signs or clinical
of paediatrics is essential for all doctors and is a major features. To make the topics more interesting and
part of the undergraduate medical syllabus. This memorable, each chapter begins with some highlights,
textbook has been written to assist undergraduates in key learning points are identified, and case histories
their studies. Our aim has been to provide the core chosen to demonstrate particular aspects within their
information required by medical students for the 6 to clinical context. Summary boxes of important facts
10 weeks assigned to paediatrics in the curriculum of have been included to help with revision.
most undergraduate medical schools. We are delighted We are fully aware of the short time allocated
that it has become so widely used, not only in the UK, specifically to paediatrics in the curriculum of many
but also in northern Europe, India, Pakistan, Australia, medical schools, in spite of the rapid expansion in
South Africa, and other countries. We are also pleased medical knowledge and therapies. We have therefore
that nurses, therapists and other health professionals tried to focus on clinical presentation and principles
who care for children have found this book helpful. It rather than details of management, whilst providing
will also be of assistance to doctors preparing for post- sufficient background information to understand the
graduate examinations such as the Diploma of Child care patients receive.
Health (DCH) and Membership of the Royal College of We would like to thank Graham Clayden, editor for
Paediatrics and Child Health (MRCPCH). the previous editions, for the fresh ideas and inspiration
The huge amount of positive feedback we have he brought to the book, and all our contributors, both
received on the first four editions from medical stu- to this and previous editions, without whom this book
dents, postgraduate doctors and their teachers in the could not be produced. Thanks also to our families, in
UK and abroad has spurred us on to produce this new particular Ann Goldman, Rachel and David and Sam
edition. The book has been fully updated, many sec- Lissauer, and Lisa Carroll, Daniel, Steven, Natasha, and
tions rewritten, new diagrams created and illustrations Belinda for their ideas and assistance, and for their
redone. There are new, separate chapters on child pro- understanding of the time taken away from the family
tection and global child health to accommodate their in the preparation of this book.
increasing importance in paediatric practice. There is We welcome any comments about the book.
also a companion book of self-assessment questions.
In order to make learning from this book easier, Tom Lissauer and Will Carroll
we have included many diagrams and flow charts and
List of Contributors
Mark Anderson BM BS BSc BMedSci Angus J. Clarke BM BCh DM FRCP
MRCPCH FRCPCH
Consultant Paediatrician, Great North Children’s Professor and Honorary Consultant in Clinical
Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, University
Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
7. Accidents and poisoning 9. Genetics
Ian W. Booth BSc MSc MD FRCP Rory Conn MBBS BSc MRCPsych
FRCPCH DCH DRCOG
Higher Trainee in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
Professor Emeritus, Paediatrics and Child Health, Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust,
University of Birmingham, UK London, UK
14. Gastroenterology 24. Child and adolescent mental health
Robert Boyle BSc MB ChB MRCP PhD Max Davie MB BChir MA MRCPCH
Clinical Senior Lecturer in Paediatrics, Imperial College Consultant Community Paediatrician, Evelina London
London and Honorary Consultant Paediatric Allergist, Children’s Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK Foundation Trust, London, UK
16. Allergy 24. Child and adolescent mental health
Will Carroll BM BCh MD MRCPCH Paul Dmitri BSc MBChB FRCPCH PhD
Consultant in Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Honorary Professor of Child Health and Consultant in
University Hospital of the North Midlands, Stoke-on- Paediatric Endocrinology, Sheffield Children’s NHS
Trent, UK Trust, Sheffield, UK
17. Respiratory disorders 12. Growth and puberty
26. Diabetes and endocrinology
Subarna Chakravorty PhD MRCPCH
Rachel Dommett BMBS PhD BMedSci
FRCPath
Consultant Paediatrician in Haematology/Oncology,
Consultant Paediatric Haematologist, King’s College
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Hospital London, UK
22. Malignant disease
23. Haematological disorders
Saul Faust FRCPCH FHEA PhD
Gabby Chow MBBChir MD MBA BSc BA
DCH FRCPCH
Professor of Paediatric Immunology & Infectious
Diseases, University of Southampton and University
Consultant Paediatric Neurologist, Nottingham
Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust,
Children’s Hospital, Queens Medical Centre,
Southampton, UK
Nottingham, UK
15. Infection and immunity
29. Neurological disorders
Helen E Foster MB BS MD FRCPCH Huw Jenkins MB BChir MA MD FRCP
FRCP DCH CertClinEd FRCPCH DL
Professor of Paediatric Rheumatology, Newcastle Consultant Paediatric Gastroenterologist, Children’s
University and Hospital for Wales, Cardiff, UK
Honorary Consultant in Paediatric Rheumatology, 14. Gastroenterology
Great North Children’s Hospital,
Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Deirdre Kelly MD FRCP FRCPI FRCPCH
upon Tyne, UK
s
28. Musculoskeletal disorders Professor of Paediatric Hepatology, Birmingham r
o
Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
t
Andrea Goddard MB BS MSc FRCPCH 21. Liver disorders u
b
Consultant Paediatrician, Imperial College Healthcare Larissa Kerecuk MBBS BSc FRCPCH i
r
NHS Trust and Honorary Senior Lecturer in t
Paediatrics, Imperial College London, UK Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist, Birmingham n
o
8. Child protection Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
C
19. Kidney and urinary tract disorders
Anu Goenka MB ChB BSc DFSRH f
o
DTM&H MRCGP MRCPCH Anthony Lander PhD FRCS (Paed) DCH

t
s
Clinical Research Fellow, Manchester Collaborative Consultant Paediatric Surgeon, Birmingham Children’s i
L
Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Manchester, Manchester, UK and 14. Gastroenterology
Honorary Specialist Registrar in Paediatric
Immunology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Tom Lissauer MB BChir FRCPCH
Manchester, UK
31. Global child health Honorary Consultant Paediatrician, Imperial College
Healthcare Trust, London, UK and
Jane Hartley MB ChB MRCPCH MMedSc Centre for International Child Health, Imperial College
PhD London, UK
2. History and examination
Consultant Paediatric Hepatologist, Birmingham 5. Care of the sick child and young person
Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK 10. Perinatal medicine
21. Liver disorders 11. Neonatal medicine
20. Genital disorders
David P. Inwald MB BChir PhD FRCPCH
Andrew Long MA MB FRCP FRCPCH
Consultant Paediatrician and Honorary Senior FAcadMEd DCH
Lecturer in Paediatric Intensive Care, Imperial College
Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Vice President (Education), Royal College of
6. Paediatric emergencies Paediatrics and Child Health; Consultant Paediatrician,
Great Ormond Street Hospital,
Elisabeth Jameson MBBCh BSc MSc
London, UK
MRCPCH
5. Care of the sick child and young person
Consultant in Paediatric Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Chloe Macaulay BA MBBS MRCPCH
Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central MSc PGCertMedEd
Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation
Trust, St Marys Hospital, Manchester, UK
Consultant Paediatrician, Evelina London Children’s
27. Inborn errors of metabolism Hospital, London UK
2. History and examination
Sharmila Jandial MBChB MRCPCH MD
Janet McDonagh MB BS MD
Consultant Paediatric Rheumatologist, Great North
Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK and
Senior Lecturer in Paediatric and Adolescent
Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer, Newcastle
Rheumatology, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research,
University, UK
University of Manchester, UK
28. Musculoskeletal disorders
30. Adolescent medicine
ix