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ILLUSTRATED PLANT GLOSSARY ENID MAYFIELD For my family. For the families of plants and animals and the families of the people who have custody of this Earth. ILLUSTRATED PLANT GLOSSARY ENID MAYFIELD © Enid Mayfield 2021 All rights reserved. Except as permitted by applicable copyright laws, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, duplicating or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Contact CSIRO Publishing for all permission requests. Enid Mayfield asserts their right to be known as the author of this work. A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Australia. ISBN: 9781486303533 (pbk) ISBN: 9781486303540 (epdf) ISBN: 9781486303557 (epub) Published in print in Australia and New Zealand, and in all other formats throughout the world, by CSIRO Publishing. CSIRO Publishing Locked Bag 10 Clayton South VIC 3169 Australia Telephone: +61 3 9545 8400 Email: [email protected] Website: www.publish.csiro.au Sign up to our email alerts: publish.csiro.au/earlyalert A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Published in print only, throughout the world (except in Australia and New Zealand), by CABI. ISBN 9781800620674 CABI CABI Nosworthy Way We Work Wallingford One Lincoln Street, 24th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 (617)682-9015 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 E-mail: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org All illustrations are by the author. Cover design by Cath Pirret Printed in China by Leo Paper Products Ltd CSIRO Publishing publishes and distributes scientific, technical and health science books, magazines and journals from Australia to a worldwide audience and conducts these activities autonomously from the research activities of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of, and should not be attributed to, the publisher or CSIRO. The copyright owner shall not be liable for technical or other errors or omissions contained herein. The reader/user accepts all risks and responsibility for losses, damages, costs and other consequences resulting directly or indirectly from using this information. Acknowledgement CSIRO acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the lands that we live and work on across Australia and pays its respect to Elders past and present. CSIRO recognises that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have made and will continue to make extraordinary contributions to all aspects of Australian life including culture, economy and science. CSIRO is committed to reconciliation and demonstrating respect for Indigenous knowledge and science. The use of Western science in this publication should not be interpreted as diminishing the knowledge of plants, animals and environment from Indigenous ecological knowledge systems. The paper this book is printed on is in accordance with the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council® and other controlled material. The FSC® promotes environmentally responsible, socially beneficial and economically viable management of the world’s forests. May21_01 CONTENTS Foreword vi Acknowledgements vii About the author viii Introduction ix Glossary 1 v FOREWORD Enid Mayfield’s new plant book provides the reader with a remarkably comprehensive glossary including more than 4000 scientific and botanical terms, beautifully and accurately illustrated by her alone. This book will be invaluable to anyone with an interest in understanding plants, who may be frustrated when using other glossaries that can be incomplete, contradictory or lack ‘instantly informative’ illustrations (when a picture is worth a thousand words). This particular glossary stands out in the way the material was researched and assembled under themes and sub-topics, finally arranged alphabetically with very useful cross-referencing. The themes include: anatomy, angiosperms, bryophytes, chemistry, cytology, ferns and fern allies, family specific terms, flowers, fruit, genetics, grasses, rushes and sedges, gymnosperms, habit and growth, habitat and ecology, indumentum, inflorescence, leaves, orchids, reproduction, roots, seeds and systematics. Enid researched scientific areas beyond those found in many traditional plant glossaries, including DNA-based terminology, palynology and modern systematics. Also unique is Enid’s own illustrations of terms using familiar examples – often diagrammatic but often easily identifiable plants including many Australian species. The use of drawings of plants and plant structures, rather than photographs, allows the author to emphasise the salient features to convey clearly the meaning of a botanical term. Enid’s diagrammatic illustrations of the various (and at times bewildering) terms used to describe the various inflorescences of flowering plants (used in keys to identify species) are a good example of where she has achieved accurate, understandable definitions with common plant examples. Enid’s background is in education, discovering a talent for illustrating plants later in life, spending time in the National Herbarium of Victoria, and contributing artwork to the Flora of Victoria publications. She became interested in the botany of her local area: researching and publishing two illustrated books on the flora of the Otway Plain and Ranges when she lived in Geelong. She now resides in Queensland and is interested in plants of the Sunshine Coast and hinterland near her Noosa home. Enid has shown quite extraordinary discipline and commitment over seven years, working closely with her scientific editor, Neville Walsh, Senior Botanist, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, and CSIRO Publishing. The result is this excellent and widely accessible Illustrated Plant Glossary that will be used by botanists, horticulturalists, ecologists, teachers, students and plant enthusiasts alike. Professor Emeritus Pauline Ladiges AO FAA The University of Melbourne vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Neville Walsh is Senior Conservation Botanist at the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria and editor of the four volume Flora of Victoria. He has an exceptional mind, a vast knowledge of plant sciences and a wonderful wit. It has been my privilege to have him as Scientific Editor for this publication. Both Susan Howells and Jenny Stein gave many hours of invaluable work to this project in its early days. I would also like to acknowledge the wonderful relationships I have had with staff in the Science Division of Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria during my time as an Honorary Associate. The journey over the last seven years, however, has been largely a solitary one. Each theme was researched thoroughly, the terms defined and decisions made as to how best elucidate them with thousands of illustrations. All of this was then inserted into the text, ready to pass on to the publisher as a print-ready document. It has been a many-faceted project, always engaging and endlessly enjoyable. If this work expands the knowledge of plant sciences and brings its many aspects into finer focus for my readers, then I am very happy. vii ABOUT THE AUTHOR Enid Mayfield’s career as a teacher was varied. She worked part time as she had a young family. At secondary level her interest was innovative curriculum design and development for which she was recognised with awards. She also tutored at Deakin University in the Institute of Koorie Education. When she discovered she could draw she studied Botanical Illustration at Burnley Horticultural College. She then illustrated for the Flora of Victoria at the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, in the Department of Plant Sciences (now Science Division). She contributed to the Flora of Australia project and many other publications. Her association with the Gardens was ongoing and she became an Honorary Associate there. Her base was a studio and office space in the Geelong Botanic Gardens where she had a close relationship with the horticultural staff. For 12 years she went into the field to collect plants to illustrate for her two-volume Flora of the Otway Plain and Ranges. Her skill is in being able to research complex scientific topics and write and illustrate them so that they are accessible to a wide audience. She is married to Rob and they have two children, Anne who is married to Mark and David who is married to Rebecca. They have six grandsons, Darcy, Samuel, Julian, Jules, Raiph and Lachlan. Plants and planet are the forces that have guided her journey. viii INTRODUCTION The Illustrated Plant Glossary is the culmination of a seven-year journey. I have always been interested in developing innovative approaches to the material that I work with. In this publication, I was able to use my expertise as a scientific illustrator that, together with my writing style, as well as my approach to the text, enabled me to simplify a complex scientific subject and make it easier to understand and enjoy for a wide community of people. I also designed the layout of the publication in InDesign and inserted the text and illustrations in a way that looks accessible and inviting. A major element of this project was to determine what needed to be covered. To ensure it was fully comprehensive, I consulted numerous texts on plant sciences, including university texts, glossaries and many other sources. Ultimately the references for this work were so extensive that it proved impossible to provide a full list. I researched and defined terms in relation to each other under topic and sub-topic. Once done, I then listed them alphabetically. Much like the plants themselves, I found that the list was constantly growing, as addressing one term would inevitably mean referencing another. Ultimately this resulted in a list of over 4000 terms. I have always wanted to ‘save the Earth’ and my work has been deeply inspired by this personal intention. Indeed, when my first child was born, I wrote her a letter saying I would only ever have two children because the world was over-populated and pollution was destroying our planet! By learning more about plants we begin to understand what it means to nurture our planet. I wanted this work to be exceptional, excellent and the very best available – exemplary even. My aim in this has been to provide a glossary that is exceptionally thorough and useful for any individual who works in, researches or is passionate about plants, no matter their level of knowledge or where they are in the world. I hope that Illustrated Plant Glossary meets these expectations. ix