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EDITORS: ARKADIUSZ NOWAK & MARCIN NOBIS Illustrated FLORA OF TAJIKISTAN and adjacent areas WARSAW • CRACOW • OPOLE Illustrated FLORA OF TAJIKISTAN and adjacent areas Illustrated FLORA OF TAJIKISTAN and adjacent areas EDITORS: ARKADIUSZ NOWAK & MARCIN NOBIS To all Tajiks who supported us during the expeditions WARSAW - CRACOW - OPOLE 2020 Editors: Arkadiusz Nowak & Marcin Nobis Authors: Arkadiusz Nowak, Marcin Nobis, Sylwia Nowak, Agnieszka Nobis, Anna Wróbel, Sebastian Świerszcz, Ewelina Klichowska, Iwona Dembicz & Grzegorz Kusza Publishers: Polish Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden Center for Biological Diversity Conservation ISBN 978-83-938900-5-7 (print), 978-83-938900-6-4 (on-line) and BOPTOALNISCKORIUEM Polish Botanical Society Ahtlt. pU:/ja/zpdboswocskieitey .4o, r0g0.p-4l78 Warsaw, Poland SATTOEIWCAORZSYSTW BOTANEIACIZNNOELOP O ISBN 978-83-954123-6-3 (print), 978-83-954123-5-6 (online) © The Editors and Authors 2020. This publication is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 international license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) The publication was subsidized by the Polish Academy of Sciences (DUN – dissemination and promotion of scientific results fund) and the Polish Botanical Society. Financial support for the field studies came from the National Science Center, Poland (grant no. 2018/29/B/NZ9/00313). Editing LogoScript Sp. z o.o. www.logoscript.pl Print OPOLGRAF S.A. www.opolgraf.com.pl Reviewers: Prof. dr Georgy A. Lazkov Prof. dr hab. Bogdan Zemanek Authors’ addresses: Arkadiusz Nowak: Polish Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden – Center for Biodiversity Conservation, Prawdziwka St. 2, 02-973 Warszawa; Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska St. 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0001-8638-0208; [email protected] Marcin Nobis: Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa St. 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0002-1594-2418; [email protected] Sylwia Nowak: Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska St. 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2867-9839; [email protected] Agnieszka Nobis: Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa St. 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0002-8318-8816; [email protected] Anna Wróbel: Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa St. 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0002-6713-7867; [email protected] Sebastian Świerszcz: Polish Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden – Center for Biodiversity Conservation, Prawdziwka St. 2, 02-973 Warszawa, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2035-0035, [email protected] Ewelina Klichowska: Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa St. 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9641-5750; [email protected] Iwona Dembicz: Polish Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden – Center for Biodiversity Conservation, Prawdziwka St. 2, 02-973 Warszawa, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2035-0035; [email protected] Grzegorz Kusza: Department of Land Protection, University of Opole, Oleska St. 22, 45-052 Opole, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4329-8700; [email protected] Photographs of plants, plant communities and landscapes are by Arkadiusz Nowak and Marcin Nobis. Pictures of Didymophysa fedtschenkoana and Lindelophia olgae are by Maciej Kozak; Epipactis helleborine by Ewelina Klichowska and Pedicularis uliginosa by Elena Baiandina. Drawings of plants by Ewa Marczyk. Recently, the Polish Academy of Sciences has been actively supporting the botanical research in Middle Asia, with the main focus on Tajikistan. I’m very glad that during this period, the effective and valuable studies on endemic species, taxonomy, vegetation diversity, ecology and conservation, were conducted by the Polish botanists with an excellent support of Tajik academicians and scholars. I’m particularly proud that after many years of political turbulences the Polish researchers support the development of plant and vegetation sciences in Tajikistan and substantially contribute to better knowledge on distribution patterns, endangerment, vegetation typology and within palaeobotanic studies. Particularly, the fi rst compilation of steppe, scree, forest, fi eld, riparian, pasture, forb and rock vegetation as well as taxonomic studies on grasses are of special value. Discovery of a number of new species and novel vegetation types and their comprehensive description is of the highest importance in the time of climate change and growing impact on Nature caused by human population. I’m fully aware that the plant diversity contributes to the intrinsic national identity of Tajik people and may serve as a bridge between different political, social and ethnic groups and the platform of cooperation with various approaches. That is why I found the book about the richness of Tajiks fl ora a milestone in protecting one of the most crucial treasure of this beautiful country and as substantial help with raising the awareness about the worth of plants among local people, students and researchers. It was just a year ago I visited Tajikistan. I vividly recall how much I was impressed by the charming attitude of the people, hospitality and openness of our Tajik friends. I found that our meeting and the establishment of the offi cial scientifi c relations has its fi rst result in the presented book. Hopefully, this is only the fi rst outcome of the common work of scientist from the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan. I remember the extraordinary richness of the fl ora of Tajikistan and the beauty of the mountainous landscape of the Pamir-Alai Mts. I still recognize the outstanding history of the Tajik nation being sure, that Poles and Tajiks are born to cooperate within the scope of not only biology, but in general science. Surely, infrastructure and overall capacity are crucial for the research advancement, but the most important are people who want to share experience, knowledge and competences. I’m very happy that the Polish Academy of Sciences can support this cooperation without which such achievements would not be possible. I appreciate the initiative by the researchers of the PAS Botanical Garden and wish them many successful fi ndings. Professor Jerzy Duszyński President of the Polish Academy of Sciences 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Prof. dr hab. Jerzy Duszyński, the Prof. dr hab. Szczepan Biliński, Vice- Dr Arkadiusz Nowak and dr Grzegorz President of the Polish Academy of Rector of the Jagiellonian University Kusza (University of Opole) with prof. Sciences and prof. Farhod Rahimi, the and prof. Nuriddin Saidov, Rector of Odinaev Saidmuhammad Odinaevich President of the Academy of Sciences the Tajik National University, after (Rector of the Tajik National University) of the Republic of Tajikistan, after the signing the agreement on cooperation in and Prof. A. Kadyrov (Head of the celebratory signature of the agreement Dushanbe, September 2010 (in the middle). Department of Zoology) after signing on cooperation in Dushanbe, September the cooperation agreement in Dushanbe, 2019 (on the left). October 2006 (on the right). During last fifteen years different institutions supported our research program aimed at investigating plant diversity of Middle Asia. We want to thank all our supervisors and heads of our departments for their substantial support. Particularly, we want to express our gratitude to prof. Jerzy Duszyński (President of the Polish Academy of Sciences), prof. Szczepan Biliński (Vice Rector of the Jagiellonian University), prof. Adam Zając (Director of the Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University), prof. Jerzy Lis (Head of the Department of Biosystematics of the University of Opole), prof. Czesława Ros- ik-Dulewska (Head of the Department of Land Protection of the Opole University) and dr Paweł Kojs (Director of PAS Botanical Garden – Center for Biodiversity Conservation in Powsin) for signing foundation documents of Polish-Tajik scientific cooperation that enable our research. We are grateful to our colleagues from the Nature Protection Team Dushanbe, Firuza Abdurahimova, Sipar Yuldashev and Dilshoda Yakubova for their help in organising expeditions in Tajikistan. We want also to thank prof. Hikmat Hisorev (former Director of the Institute of Botany of the Tajik Academy of Sci- ences), prof. I. Kudratov (Head of the Botany Department of Tajik State University), prof. G. Lazkov (Institute of Botany, St. Petersburg; Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences in Bishkek), prof. Marina Olonova (Tomsk State University), prof. Aleksandr L. Ebel (Tomsk State University), dr Polina D. Gudkova (Tomsk State University), prof. Jerzy Zieliński (Polish Academy of Sciences in Kórnik), prof. Beata Paszko (Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow), prof. Renata Piwowarczyk (Jan Kocha- nowski University in Kielce), dr Ivan Tatanov (Russian Academy of Sciences in St.-Petersburg), prof. Marina Mikhailova (Russian Academy of Sciences in St.-Petersburg), prof. Aleksander Sukhorukov (Moscow State University), prof. Adam Zając (Jagiellonian University in Kraków), prof. Joanna Zalewska-Gałosz (Jagiellonian University in Kraków), for their significant help in species identification. Special thanks goes also to our friends and colleagues: prof. Zygmunt Kącki, dr Maciej Kozak, Paweł Nowak, dr Grze- gorz Swacha, prof. Vitězslav Plášek, mgr Małgorzata Raduła, mgr Krystyna Waindzoch, dr Tomasz Kowalczyk, prof. Joan- na Zalewska-Gałosz, dr Polina D. Gudkova, prof. Furkhat Khassanov, prof. Komiljon Tojibaev, prof. Georgy A. Lazkov, dr hab. Izabela Czerniawska-Kusza, dr Małgorzata Gębala and dr hab. Tomasz Ciesielczuk who accompanied and help us in field studies, during expeditions to different regions of the Pamir-Alai and Tian-Shan Mountains. 7 FOREWORD Middle Asia, including Tajikistan and its adjacent territories, is home to one of the world’s richest flora. Only Tajikistan harbours ca. 4,300 vascular plant species. Our book is focused on the most common and showy plants, including ca. 700 endemics. Using our 15-year research experience in Tajikistan and adjacent countries, we also want to unpack various aspects of the magnificent flora of this mountainous region and present the Tajik flora with addition of ca. 250 species that we spotted in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan (Western & Central Tian-Shan, Western Pamir-Alai). Our photographic guide includes vivid photographs of 1,864 species, as well as their distribution maps, systematic position, biological and ecological features. This edition of the illustrated flora of Tajikistan is substantially enlarged compared to previous ones (Nobis, Nowak, et al., 2011; Nowak et al., 2008; Nowak, Nobis, et al., 2011), updated with new maps and current taxonomy. As the flora of Tajikistan still remains underinvestigated, it is hardly possible to find photographs of the presented species in similar publications or on websites. The users of this book should be aware, that it covers only less than 50% of the total flora of Tajikistan and Middle Asian Mountains, and many of rare and inconspicous plants are not included here, although they can be found in this extraoriginal area. However, most of the more conspicous, common or useful plants can be idenified by using presented photographs, short descriptions and other information on vertical and horizontal distribution of particular species. This book can also be a useful tool for practical courses, excursions and field works, lectures and research. It is assigned for biologists, botanists, students, plant lovers, tourists visiting Middle Asia, and all other amateurs wanting to broaden their knowledge on the extraordinary and beautiful flora of this region. Similarly as the other ‘Field Guides’ or ‘Floras’ published recently for other countries or their regions (e.g. Breckle & Rafiqpoor, 2010; Eisenman et al., 2013; Grey-Wilson & Cribb, 2011; Holubec & Horák, 2018; Jongbloed et al., 2003; Lazkov, 2015; Nobis, Nowak, et al., 2011; Nowak et al., 2008; Nowak, Nobis, et al., 2011; Stepantsova, 2013) this book can also be the starting point for a future database of the flora, which should be amended and enlarged in time and which could be excellent addition to further studies of the flora of both, Tajikistan and Mountains of Central Asia. Determination of presented vascular plants has been carried according to the Flora of Tajik SSR (1957– 1991), Flora of SSSR (1934–1964), Opredelitel rastenii Srednei Azii (1968–1993), Flora Iranica (1963–2010), Flora of Pakistan (1970–1998), Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan) and Flora of China (http://www.efloras.org/). The species nomenclature follows mainly The Plant List (http://www. theplantlist.org/) with the exception of the species from the Caryophyllaceae family, which are named after Lazkov (2006). Despite accepting The Plant List as a general concept and order in the book, we also include several recent amendments, taxonomic reviews (e.g. Kaplan, 2008; Mikhailova & Sochivko, 2011; Nobis et al., 2020; Nobis, Gudkova, et al., 2019; Sukhorukov et al., 2019; Tojibaev et al., 2018; Tzvelev, 1976), and available databases such as International Plant Names Index (https://www.ipni.org/) or Flora of China (http://www.efloras.org/). In the description of the species distribution, the geobotanical division proposed by Gontscharov (1937) was used. The chorological data were taken from bibliographic sources (Chukavina, 1984; Kinzikaeva, 1988; Kochkareva, 1986; Nobis et al., 2010; Nobis, Kowalczyk, et al., 2011; Nobis, 2013; Nobis, Ebel, et al., 2014; Nobis et al., 2015; Nobis, Nowak, et al., 2016; Nobis et al., 2017; Nobis, Klichowska, et al., 2019; Nobis & Nowak, 2008, 2011a, 2011b; Nowak & Nobis, 2010; Ovchinnikov, 1957, 1963, 1968, 1975, 1978, 1981; Rasulova, 1991), our own fieldworks (2006–2019) and herbarium records from plants preserved at AA, BISH, KHOR, KRA, LE, MW, OPUN, TAD, TASH (herbarium codes after Thires 2020). We believe, that this Illustated flora of Tajikistan and adjacent areas will inspire many readers to learn more on vascular plant flora, nature and contribute to their conservation and extending the knowledge on this unique biodiversity of Middle Asian Mountains, known also as the World biodiversity hotspot. Editors 9