Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Universe

513 Pages·2011·79.12 MB·English

by  Martin Rees

GENERAL EDITOR
MARTIN REES
“…SPECTACULARLY EXTENDS DK’S RUN OF PICTORIAL ENCYCLOPEDIAS INTO OUTER SPACE.”
THE INDEPENDENT

ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE

ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE
MARTIN REES

GENERAL EDITOR
S
ABOUT THIS BOOK 6
A SHORT TOUR OF THE UNIVERSE 8
T BY MARTIN REES
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE,
MUNICH, AND DELHI
SENIOR EDITOR SENIOR ART EDITORS INTRODUCTION
N
Peter Frances Mabel Chan, Peter Laws
PROJECT EDITORS PROJECT ART EDITORS WHAT IS THE UNIVERSE? 20
Georgina Garner, Dave Ball, Sunita Gahir, THE SCALE OF THE UNIVERSE 22
Rob Houston, Gill Pitts, Alison Gardner, Mark Lloyd CELESTIAL OBJECTS 24
David Summers DESIGNERS Kenny Grant, E MATTER 28
EDITORS Jerry Udall RADIATION 32
Joanna Chisholm, GRAVITY, MOTION, AND ORBITS 36
DESIGN ASSISTANT
Ben Hoare, Jane Simmonds, SPACE AND TIME 38
Marilou Prokopiou T
Giles Sparrow,
EXPANDING SPACE 42
Nikky Twyman DTP DESIGNER John Goldsmid
Miezan van Zyl
PICTURE RESEARCHER THE BEGINNING AND END OF
INDEXER Hilary Bird Louise Thomas N THE UNIVERSE 44
THE BIG BANG 46
ILLUSTRATORS Antbits, Combustion Design and Advertising, OUT OF THE DARKNESS 50
Fanatic Design, JP Map Graphics, Moonrunner Design, LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE 52
Pikaia Imaging, Planetary Visions, Precision Illustration
THE FATE OF THE UNIVERSE 54
PRODUCTION CONTROLLER Heather Hughes O
THE VIEW FROM EARTH 56
THE CELESTIAL SPHERE 58
MANAGING EDITOR Liz Wheeler
CELESTIAL CYCLES 60
MANAGING ART EDITOR Philip Ormerod
PLANETARY MOTION 64
PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Jonathan Metcalf C
STAR MOTION AND PATTERNS 66
ART DIRECTOR Bryn Walls
LIGHTS IN THE SKY 70
NAKED-EYE ASTRONOMY 72
First published as Universe in Great Britain in 2005 BINOCULAR ASTRONOMY 74
This edition published in 2011 by TELESCOPE ASTRONOMY 76
Dorling Kindersley Limited
80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL
A Penguin Company
Copyright © 2005, 2011 Dorling Kindersley Limited
2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without prior written permission of the copyright owner.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the
British Library
ISBN 978 1 4053 6331 0
Colour reproduction by GRB Editrice, s.r.l., Italy
Printed and bound in Singapore by Star Standard
See our complete catalogue at
www.dk.com
Exploring Space 80 Neptune 200 the night
Ancient Astronomy 82 DWarf planets 204 sky
Early Scientific Astronomy 84 The Kuiper Belt and the
The Copernican Revolution 86 Oort Cloud 206 The Constellations 328
The Infinite Universe 90 Asteroids 208 The History of
Shaping Space 92
Comets 214 Constellations 330
Space-Age Astronomy 94
Meteors and Meteorites 220 Mapping the Sky 332
Early Spacecraft 98
Guide to the Constellations 338
Journeys to the Moon 102
The Milky Way 224
In Earth’s Orbit 106 Monthly Sky Guide 410
The Milky Way 226
Beyond Earth 108 Using the Sky Guides 412
Stars 230
January 414
The Life cycles of Stars 232
guide to the
February 420
Star Formation 236
universe March 426
Main-sequence Stars 246
April 432
Old Stars 250
The Solar System 114 May 438
Stellar End Points 262
The History of the June 444
Multiple Stars 270
Solar System 116 July 450
The Family of the Sun 118 Variable Stars 278 August 456
The Sun 120 Star Clusters 284 September 462
Mercury 124 extra-solar planets 290 October 468
Venus 128 November 474
Earth 138 Beyond the Milky Way 292 December 480
The Moon 148 Types of Galaxy 294
Mars 160 Galaxy Evolution 298
Glossary 486
Jupiter 176 Active Galaxies 310
Index 494
Saturn 186 Galaxy Clusters 316
Uranus 196 Galaxy Superclusters 324 Acknowledgments 510
6 about this book
ABOUT THIS BOOK
GUIDE TO THE UNIVERSE
This part of the book focuses on specific regions
of space,starting from the Sun and then moving
Universe is divided into three main sections.The
outwards to progressively more distant reaches
INTRODUCTION is an overview of the basic concepts of of the Universe.It is divided into three sections,
astronomy.GUIDE TO THE UNIVERSE looks,in turn,at covering the Solar System,the Milky Way,and features beyond the
Milky Way.In each section,introductory pages describe features in a
the Solar System,the Milky Way (our home galaxy),and
general way and explain the processes behind their formation.These
the regions of space that lie beyond.Finally,THE NIGHT pages are often followed by detailed profiles of actual features (such as
SKY is a guide to the sky for the amateur skywatcher. individual stars),usually arranged in order of their distance from Earth.
160 rthune nsoinlagr h seyastdem running hmeaards 161
INTRODUCTION MARS mars profile
aowh28INTRODUCTIONnru2w4–hh2h7iWMmmt(sfuqcmdmnpiITawtMgeMunuhosh oCailuaahenagneinneidtnaaaaimeArresasrmunaiuecnentylitttek trtdteGedtrmciettt tr ilrs te mmsle OSpkHrleeeepIcaraol.eiobetaNm -inipciuinarmrr.lcTrnsnsafurdkneateges2t,G g nhigl t rtseg crarooeai ssehoooeieh6i eAe a grnefcTima,ntsTnb bxAunel tnrenins3 oyotRD lWHBhojasdyetgi sedieaf aecrae)tng wihEssant cmn gamoE dnrapr. rgdT dtet S tono kmu I iaenAssc lBroe NaaysTalTuns,(Metopc tafodllTlatcviolneecrsdt umlieatartlano oOe sesoho eoptb hrcsegnnnatstu1PuhpMvnoesrIi sitiath 2tntanse e,ndnim soci33452rrii vtcne.as i pdnS2860–oTimetgo aosi(se–––– g1lie.i br tn wsl amtm34452c2-s oio md tn h51915l,pslomo7ahvnieefei,Ano meMnta ua)nfs aa.hgw eeBveo rt,Emdtkm lno ttSea perwrCehohilepseyOncahcy rtirtishttAoo (egR losr cdnitaesowtw ryrReiPscAAeapcectecbehfoeirmcsan sthEmotim“ TnrahealmqsTrneAer)?e eian ahnteoeI.tloa.ertn mT adOcuaoa ifaTstXcgh t rnMpn pOros t aorto tt NmamtmyeTaleoetitaygrs.two foMArmtlmn eie2ery sktOr oonnoo ewtatsnaoay rne LTimcm2 Mkce d esnsssnmeEhe oosoUmrshpmofau s8 t a insr)p m e rsiaalM fmraumsreg dai enkcImc)a.eM seomd ae ntaiRnpaceey tNspeTthseoiImnstxegcio dtn i fn Nthdsdeb shpo onsoc raon sei gaeh eEsoaaOdlef rth aaee a–roplp,la t? e fdtl,h,i nuteehoUd dogo tDcneir tSotr toombamavcibsai r hpettlwesgSeteoygi otdolootrnqtufm eheaeoui ruriaa ecdh f io tpnn ooMnoUoe nlrs u mAutotrmiasmt-t eraat a.eonm snacfoAtsm tmnrtvnacsApttfr”eT m frri nepilmEeolo s tmafru yapTesercoeasreria paedama,k ai ,tnoconTlgsc clo rsrmcslvy NtdstlltrT,el rsng Eesoyah oeteaswoltadseevetsfia oiea R a.nrn el umealsttiswHrc n amarbtoieassTnlirnlo nesnfttn irdlsretrla chreecea if oeadac erdeyDhenEhencshsdg fartstli rd,idenso,u’kotfot irnels.s do eeo uah eb u sbaitsrtbrT c i nsncskuc(Mdh,hncioer iuoebso-aIOihe puenhsaeonsIsOeU e.edu ijltcn oNlgeysiInga l.faufNb llaenne hcoieTr yepansr y anImntOs-cdnugIi aedwf Sle erute xstth.Etldsiufn ed odAhn vi ahhitetf cEicvei,e maS eTUevyeeat o nnnelMwal ea re oINl erTcucoeuageOnq ntyl aldiIlonut nyUayitgStnseNetus rfdent rftl sstc. Sdpaar th Sgsaedao d e.ntcnoyhtIptSe rhmelarirtOoC rewhMoo.i hpnureeknanebma vam,tnNohahIiciordA pv ytsrde eet esf’roofithhatngmeej et s ur gh iet bL t nsit m grfciosanea eocssnethtUoibooeraEnyndsl.tros se txdee I ,ewale dfru ao rOb,aocaua vdbss,)dymvhtnhe pcfteec N p iletat rhfeeaneihcclnicoa rks set,tahlris olgresa eo onaropevwh ygc,vCy cm onarf erlc.teemhenimdgs ofHgeee lraesteefen,rreeMoaleryos Aert ooevrr ofr p .nderaa Utsmri–eblRsr,oneeTwtmA o srelugoalu1 taATiseaqpwpGye,ierm asnerqllym scht hnbuaots,Bstct ct nc E r,pe tueesactsdeofh ’ms ggetSut ser lblokio rnoi h+ailoiatrmefaagrllegOe erstie,1fvroueafmnerblvyait.hmeinRte es st nsknsec ,gsnIaoeirB ahticsomN Psk ,ga e totcdsna ttyinire esntmNToarrnora aef opr l– snltoeo mImalE etnisetlstr(olteOhOwos nnem aHR,t yneneeens .onovcansUssN ti wnciEmtevadiames so r’tTocanew iteListr la.y nAgEnhialptthggEmaghorraoTew Rssnge gkNaaCoya learvcrud iat n y.ylhecTtosEtlh ic Dbc nheesr ntkoiTyRep Li csoehfv.o edeesgsemhEOnhsaotE tu,ltebaCse owna NneMussanqetTlslttglr c , ruetrneyduoeRSlh eceI tolaoseeeSenuair aOH deitu,ireo nlusEnnrSo EhN qenynnpokqn.t L enIcu re ierdrOurSLstrtoaoxrr HdaNgineirotnrEskoy nktL niLst ynyB UUTw oEowepEhlmMreteohcoPrtetNGeTsortfi Ytoorhnm no rshSteusf,hPn a cfnAaealhneC r ws euE liaa hztamtrereooolg la lmr neesekIsr h eila I,t–at osto ahto twiiunhavmpdnneetN s Vhvh lleoEeNeseer.R oI UscINUSkettEG i nINPSnrqIooDeiuatfao?xaoEofirn rs Akmdsts isi,Nfan sf.inb Nbp6eE T“do rorUUhnreo unueCnTeentntidnLeo RuntdtvE, udnOth cUA r“tb srobNorgSey ol(anr oenpivgelslsu lsuleq ru o(arnusagop f ”artso nale,i6red gsltke odo ).mhsa r )aQ tt naa“lnNyuydrbde e-aeliuu nr akoesslft”wiahnarCAn ty.socetauosrEnatsplHhtmlmLnereraEobdgDodatCnsst aol Tna ltaEaenR ianesm v rOr t ,ou ehescNtaMa rhom chks nhhannuhesenaes dabomsm auhra et agnItdoaey rreediaorld cC eelnoarlc ofcltt ,ogrAhpesoenlereebnnost neoiiiercdisLmasCsnono,thE iolluaibi.iogeewotn nnaemAom mjesnicmrxeisn datmirEtci esoercitprbtr,nsea,sk dhule wtntiuopeveccnnga–aseceL a c eomor rbounnd9 atcla, ts y lo,ftsmnouunldo 0ud2aaNpE aeh tsjnfnra n rdn a cf)ctorn Aepa toeniae,nonerhdsdshismMyttolsg,aurianyll stcofl s os tuecgnio,tuasma cceeethcnmucneufcsetsssiCydnnia dda io ivot e saroelecmlve ne irdoE p eieall ulmtthccanouabelellesm lshlnfeyaoep ganHnl tah ,td ynmmu,yneNdcar acriauhrnddes o hsoaub cnt soduciteucm,n eeDn mr onn rlonooc. bepmmohoadwaocntbteEoc t,nsosnnreen Tahne ntantuol c ufabartdhtttehr l smtadda esuhsaertuwatrMai(otcemaai,ren,eeee seniniiScfnrenehrstiemitne nwle.firrd rcuo u gn eioea dne,d l asecrIs uoai baedotedelm.nmih rt nnaaclt n anletolcmflIlcTeoghdxiuaie lfno atisi b ge stE t tmnsocbsbftttiin1 recd sdnaCashmsrt e e. vosehihbb tef,o h ooeo ntd–tinA ue-eesa r asme(onsoy rpilsnv enjnofedf nat asc msier u ol o mghnoaUoAa sla dmdo6l)uli ass jmti ols od fl,rsysau cmshrb st) numet oss dtonPdmiEmTerxtbeb .h.shdr sme.ucaeetnhiL,ndesl,tihTRyettA sfr idyyieyerrbnherphXftcv h e.hhsctv eOOiiaiomet eeo gildoho.nneqislteheehertoeEte iePeearrtog seeerureeermIsnmecru arpov x Elq.ne Cxnoiennn sntes ddcrtyprimTeieRfzegpt ho uffeetnfwnagoiyros,s oi eTt i poceel ulam b(h1aiSeha oigec h tl tcnIom7eve poodofantrtan6UOrayaE(lmo nuaeah0 coareahi m sla–vrd3epLS nncftt bppr˚n m tICCtictrer rmcin tr1ig PltFe sxyeo Oyye taychelootlahbcd s xia1eoraOaoO8Hueetifd)a ienpp ehprgtseNheao1mco.tHc2haa6atemtet o n oMUmo MFn,seitme,rs,nohsl smmoo6eIh n1uic atYafi rImePtms aytR se panso onaetsnesehpC atlEol˚scdDvtsomPtamipatiFirpl.oC,lrhotssli ulcrln sfowL ekenn,R eeiiereOlelrp car,iuau nu 1dan.eteyEenegc tOs(ociels stsrc jneUr lgw7 o e PhtTdsiM nsohulyoret tGalaatired 0iec,meoNelseouemsluoonstsr yEl seE˚l sr nhrwrtlesott FDne essN2 lena ecOsNso ihosoh1l,)anmsneo1n.,t nsir.,fdegw Trdlt f˚ eLa.mg pteoICsnm laSt ts,,lte rsn’h ns.r.shosUodtUit i NDtisenshaerosascrtia nhhhunerotil,dtuatganneocoa eeenid lmtuaHmInmima llNu vTnmllfEifrs.biseeseis ,r H hx aecOnL.rsa ehettr sTtenDoe mp lSed htotod amho ira Uisrf eiytl de Bto sn pehseS mjooiedlr.Oace roroetpiH ocg spatvErtttHyebooerhn fr ooNs ispelmxoweneR Roei rvpseicitsbd netrvhelaAmIpneib2h4aiBho sltnendlal1n4RseLresara aleip edo,oBUt ˚ e Omudv4nnsmcCao tttetw a Mde btM ateh oesoh trse b3rrnro oosd(l oneolnIrhnI3oeh5la t74yhNNeqEdmauvgeitd tin5es tn 06lr sIueceEwetue c iyUoi,n lstc˚ s squ ,lpttssllVFn2th1,wa s M e urlthreh umarmeirh)i1sce.4anseoonce.ooe st, i.aeIa,ha ˚ufn tdtf e tCAnftnatrnusli3veliatod oraloo rntsa emass,(sn oosnnr71tntoihs1mn is03dnl,3esi˚tNesgdiFol, l)ise.ro.rk nrI vUEnnuINTRODUCTIONGi2e9WnNeirrn ydsSIpegVssPF a(cid:3)UTlqaUemmsrt AEoeibRoaphhunxrmnNaooCRlpaniedteaOifWottskeIvslcs E titSyVd iaseo .weeiotnMsaHEoiEohirn ,regnWoin sbn aRAa scan aneodcspac tTSjstnEns.hf Hdeoihaoett sEd o dA iIIrno a cp sptveS n?A oohc tbbtRroa t gey fhaTebhjbosTnm cieoTerdtp e esueHehceoebsiitttHgt.IateEsnw s o SmisebttE t n hsi eorhahoeisTtueaennyys nheaxc nb riH ,stcvh eyptoaoit Ehezhaslefa es.ains (cid:4)TaaplaohnrlnTHE SOLAR SYSTEMaooiddTsnku 2551108281 sHe0–––2tmn––25519591stEttTfifcatibcAbadSMftrtfcaG8asOMa4ft(av203cnllrohihohhha-aetrcbpholo5xe3NSSu05euGCPuu loaithe r1mellwctrR.ireeeaatelopUOTraamclmt ko O2sratiracctt mBi a dmo9drlntl Elaihp rrht°voentoriMLRutumcttvmaReob eadtecnSshnss 5ieoseaoi puuSiaeetiykueerm lfTv tt d la tRuMEstuotthtyreloy,˚ gdtiTear ato o oaa hissHu aery,le ihMnFbos3 gvc nr(rtIcpeBMa E sttelsmfnsrlECfyal.fd p c 5 yStltseioc aeoahr5)yRhrt e e, asaWi RospctoEUhhgmeeotEy ,aci0tpdac nun w ld kto a c thNrcaahmroi IcnldnoSe eoaralee is oto or rlS a rmJ roupteetmoshoment,gn iteuttxs ilsuos rvtourhoTn sn soaw ,hC tot eiranere r ttpenniitm upfmSau ehlsena i tt eeszne hl (ntyicnilol ash. mpi lmexumnas2,NSEtdaelne adltdduo(eeso losIvs ep. oiQpTtPn ew sdtt2Oi iMOg o neea tplprmlramihep)aln aRareUhlpwrsyi o R t ien dnySetabenl r’t Id otsmteduwsrstIh iaaTNr eiscUesisti dht sNruspti hsdA2(i duas lcnrHdsei,a.ti1nariaaGaegtaaa4i oeOszonatPtosdi.uIalo5rrElbutee tin9pttrcyer seeceHXAl un5l aihlrReeeLes tiraouRask dinhi c(e mn sEsst.,t.tNrecyrcrv ecomcrtat) t eo cLTgeet ,ah eadi en cnhinoEirsloIspir2rl t tibnlOMtl-Eboe hii aeledmtch atat ae ooAi5oscmot N h hoifntvdaaer in ihtitptlh.ainnugpvcd tarnesahe ,t i 2ocboeCWMhtsmt,rhatcAiMkeo y aasakth)nri a,tiihm she˚enmsninhmlH l.lsrnt cies icavoerrta aa,’tioytmso tniThos.iail AloeaofA i Mioergkt daoowlssaent h tnt tnaitTeesfRis lsautdNo whoarhnausitnech h. u na nshlar yRea iroyhl 6iipy2t-xElTa dsipGuas)re c efrecci Rlntilt 8 t ohth s u ctsi ok5nlihsi Euh c tevtSei aio7fei rheatteib feowra ethcnhoSharu˚n wgtoio rhree mrl rn s ldanEtoe n Cervuleiod mctpaee a tah nSrnIhebrn.ogIeicga h , itNshcntssn)srerremlvtsormTiSs aiuerm ti h ofteee e ttets hl atrtntl l eaesoo e(sn cShliohunrhAordp.ate addaarahiira7 eii tn re aToic er szrbSniitatXssn-senoD netod hn c ee nhe7 nMt ssuo,ee rhsru 1tsIe pednaHss ght n steApet˚teuahb tts pndanu elytltoi2hetwohh,eaFrltemomoncisLe a hhtnsadsoeewlEesrqw5ar eiYsl naiiertegx)mtfrmatT mtaias r bn lt u rirn ˚hhn kai todeIwiittsnoeEhga vCtiLhtli oaspnesO iu epotsttthruTisiider aile,shhanra,n.ederneet qhtiiiet nsewohs srU ne ratshti . S we etuhgcd,rbrha m arhhoereeere eTexnasneoaa uabie a r,isurissitf dbdatsec,eEcothso gaesresi eersaclraclp kdaceweou tuxRnqtwywudorNAEhebsihct gTcaohyunpw slnau 6fi Qd UreryOhi btfoatloMl0le aooneesP2(mrciaoaiih U h1 TgcRvygsee°ctun0nulEarflsapeo aosr2eiUteheIhrTnper7e ta ieRlONit t r.8 dciwelos etultstHs oMn.qldriEiaotI e m e d tgshOn uHieattlmtIhmNWSuEtsMnSs- )avhh NfsomhrXtesftEilertaRmOi sr iOt lraiToep Ioa lLlc tsoveeyNsNoiniLiloarRtMooIhiu esktooreOSoldnsTlrr hTMn vi f ucr nTEroslpnNaidHa icafm esk aIRr6banwaE.Cih lrmafsc, 40 ratocoRndsE3 Iarena5°iae s 2eite5naNetnnnui°syiose5 °c.p h c tlte°rtaf ydlttoieheeldtuhttose ,,eil e t ssyshawfituos gnr-ShlreMi2ura tf4sdetrebaar .h6,agrd c wsawbanwcapwcalhs3xaatooettrteruooue ie iaaaat os shnlnioecccirl lttttatvctp lau t oooceceeeqidurniebhpxelrriSnoeecfrrrruolltnusdv ir rddos trnndecspo rtseiaiiieeoke tue SMhcEivymccccnisk ltt 6oltstrcsoasngoaerreereeooia podoPsy0ea ilglyacaafsmraoirne nw trIa° nolrhittdtryN rurureueue h.sptnleiofrt ityssdd rs’,hp aArsetAr t orttaowr emas ,sSNeomelMtc nh iaodrlfDcoisoycbis ra enctnet ne ieurOtonsh g ti fde t itvRiinerrtamrsueohsBirtnficr emca dI smtiaaTndthn l. ncgateaouhAs yna.fenae dtim a .shMScln easu4 eatoEen2 radtd iratekhn eandapfoyt.ewr22n33ss66omliadl l,i rporno bcsoatrbeaoislaySnrMMmcphorart aoaAfrsfneprT Rspt otmsoiltrS rsre iholt a,iaIimbr coNenausaawpnut nATmtbla ceedEtl hyo dRorc aiossrIoEfscOlmocratteiklRRrania.toidi lchlTiotef,toh ircaee rnnidn unurd. s tr,kFer eOt’sRMmsafrAhsoaT omiiSTices4tImwnoyhx,C0sltiaAos0et ge rO0nRmeamktR st a moio Eoossf Dnahf s(sit2 iovhaSc,wa5pe mnUolN0 dslVRfe0p aMrFy VemlsAilvakpep iCmeirlsnesEa aog’sMslars) e O daletl oirrhtsbinhcentaigagi tenv.enrcariasts e,tnr eaedrest1spyoEsOlVatneOr mLr3eU 0dg TeJioIvuOnenN leoo fOp1 Me9Fd9 aA 9or ,sSv .aeT rOs ttRhoMerm n SoYrtShisceTElM2ohlhoriadgauAhni ps ggsteriuitomcae-nhrbnsfvlcartaaao,cttt swhithei thuwlvc inarwtcffeenob traodsA2S-DVNOMaaoi mu ogvpr1nouv2tnhUOlVrIBcUlbr 2 Adaae eem7cpsE iRLSuMAaoii5twrMsrennn.tUwRrFsEsgsa9oºtnn . BtAAtA M pC Ri wEpeeeg daMc hihf isvmEleeCpGt TsV cvodTefloovEchnamaEbc taRfohr EEAellearEex oi ivraooerreyf mlsse( aRrooerTd NeaO lsiaTEeerakDe e ye u i2sprInmrrax taoEArrrFcMaOc rsnzrIsis 5drt s6 atbdlSb iMmgneecs,RetttesNabwModeºrs. ta, il Tn Cs hT,oo7oryhestuPaskwugTnesAnrooahOiloooH 8aDsfem tEispidtn) (uen Ntsi Oust 0- a( ntyuRdatonEf.hh=1o1 p9e dar,(CON aucet i( An aoTs k9s1ats5et r1Ebehi,said tnedmSTa rmihm,r 54e)n0 h c .t thfryrUna Fo3he ner 6ihºr1ssa iob ehihRF0g2Rofi0 (tbb %e.in, .yh vn4 e nd gW6Ou SvcE.fc-itw 0 ix 1lm,oa ee2 p )io Ms32nggehh oaemaat5ps(kght.ma i 1r icnw0 h7dne whtruhdPw -iaieilTpt3haeic.l7umdpyal E lvm6onH d -ohei snegeIilºa m drxtnoi pFeEE e(i eeotl3,l t aaneiHrpion)bre3ite yiissotoe spaSs nleltat˚ haoe deh vgu mslsat,UatihkC,sgpb lnnAtsiot 0pai xci werpaNeporimtrt)odtsnen–rlrndiposcl0oh.inevliuoag ihEseaetr dr np T(eswaiT hdnh0xomuee(t pwdsta-s)neg)irte lxydlh.shsb fa retthn8 t heeiriRt yg ut ro mensimcinehleetta 1H)asidsa(nte,crasprrhelaf n , sp satnntnpw˚o, seadtoi na ieeieceaFe wpf,tEiindsfdtbphw vu tesrercrselomn c hrloey)rh ooe p yo esomdEl ad ngeradchw,iuacon rbohagr– tnhsvstas srtaenabl etm.reuaho eheiss oa emcR nsgottosnir uweeiIol)d.tesrcgghsl unoeom ns .etfore xeep(rMsosa h h leR2O6MGSd2nwesmrre (,t nyrusn idli48cIOe0.uRRo t toe sAdsZun7 ew a.7o.hATBs iadrur)o o6E(wSr4r%mf cAepuar.1kV.nIar 3EefSes%TspCn Thfe.In )Mos taa rMA ti6T caOIh(d r e)Oran ifxcYEiLd%oMc trhtcataN rAliuh uedPeahAdeas)Phrc Ra rETrds oPiaerAesseTesRt fas4E,stEREHwgoIyRce QOIA asSI=aarUD ORStO s lph1A TDTis(Nc )xeTLHPT(tarwnacyt ooACTMdooo r eEheaOreo0h ocohRhiftfiwTONi nigkRon. h rnunaerncsoRe1EhnwMoeoGit Mxetngr dk (mu1t heVisrnorEisTiatrg at umdreOtesPhAsrAH r ,lcreshs,ti dgie,oa t firhSRI seOadt. IwtnsOr,a, ugaahsLTa hilr gegP TmS Fdstloe wenfeIHeGnealeneah v–HtNeoIYnd sa sg wet gsTarie=sssmydEEmwt,t Ggle)rt pItnoac,l–haA 1R hOeo udci- aooert un) aorsnRWG.tI ehrt dNtlsurrMtdosyCnhnm)dai eea0ehepanrtat udeeIit.A. t avhw rhNnye3artsf siweRsrde nspheige8dct EeDgartcSoba grearsiu slsotomteebSnmen astloitnitvp o ylrg ,sonRphgoieo s a tnmtsmcu a cefet wi to utilnanwhtdalirf.otltrndsae g Stisbb gnicet onydehng seTO STHE SOLAR SYSTEMTAR
remote regions on the margins FORMATION
5588INTRODUCTIONthEAshoorToatTttaTSscspitErcwEewEsvpgihaOFEpidoTeTntmhpelpoeoaaanoohnneaqehBavtolforbao,taaahnr rry ehhalaohhMeeut llfrhvdde uStttFrrra.jsswvra eaeHaanU 6hmri hs es iiuEieeeestttrvEatT igtuas xotcc isessse’t ahhhe0eezsihppalioR rrrl hscoih ttitei FHhhio riy ntbpometeedotfthdnv Coni°eaoea’ ’Vtrnewetnss tgh i.ahiro r one e sitSnnreh nEn Eanrs sacseT-mwholsa ltdaie rsledEgebstenocof R ergi eaddii ssa )eotdsc otoozretace(ic astsntqy ltc .oeb it ia ewo,h rraertA svtainpf rlncc a a teT oan ioo Coue hnro o i ssarattwoesrTttcueattfinEhnrkSnsnep dae.etnfl th oEnshthtlashe esh hssri,n d e EcEhe erei hakarsmyosadioahbt e tttsieeegsbyfetsfoQri. r lvir eoh KrTrro eaci tecdis oecatthie tet t Tisioa lfenehapeUaisstxie linoelrrh throson tfaoence enrh e too tn nre .sesgAuekr134 o hle lisic ee bhnbt lrm mS sTto 431msec s’Y naToded qety tsdaulsEneths ei6022itra r seaoeysOslu penhhsathuaoi0–––xla n,nh celtp t she rsal ahl– aslg 134Reoinna cesisE eCyaar elooe s ri–seoirsa8r 6431theefea tcpeirqsgfn Opoamfndv t5 3ht173 sstr he dgbrte aAtllauouE y ooshrceabethhhcoa ed othida,lrElaeco(epaihetsaehtfpotte srera tataterrer s ewth ,vihilato,qt chipilellrsSlrstlbtFoeodnahrsh nserefer iaesheatetueaa eld kqpEeop fhntnu,hsrt gnl lri ohan .etieiha yuospbotOFhisTtt, imaeahhst riesth. hntne’oohoah hAau anv eBfjLsado l oFkdwspiTaenrulaeleree -s salgivtiealcf iSdd tsrtteplpbnk OtotL eq ncosetenirlewh h crt)haohEhAe ,f tbhhsostayfwglweie,rue efiR seoa yerescsohsoRa tr rltri oS elataVey te,eit nvc o oaus snae cah oTuarsrwsreeurEEh laptaate ce sntEalub hv rendtpantsgPRtuhbvhe,tcinotiw meern asCanacrhe,aeTOThksBhbaESToCdcfalbunomci e ph elhen nerlrocisaIltreedrA leribrt af’oc ted d srirvhecEoo ttsSi s t nHo vsblTebhe ve e ie supehsTtntisemuve aua osihbhqel teN icSe h ttptsleeeNsoa coseon ctroiaro.urd lowctyttnht ihl,i ,wiocisa e rh e T pOrfmifa a ru,ialhTeg sleai fceittUavcoe usfptrxectnEiezhonehR p neiavsoEltolirolltn oohreovaceine hhtiitsUahaoeshuisodeeppshhT aurHXsidTrrst t gdfnhonhs ,an aoeosu er hnei c(PhHpoinnEit mdpR ney t.i st rssrhtFbDerrcReloes vihhndr ale msohase c kfy vota r Pyinie tlrs kltlraooesecso,h tontsolt ae h n ecIOtro heliyhhn tbuyaeyenEhklehvb’.Ecphew e seqLa’s nuI,t se Ellgo eroeoc tdeaa sF euEEtenolleytSm )racnevw irtbefelias nr.f oesay.ni nscfdqtt ds uaEot nPtA loeoAiHeratur diE lohrnclrit sasfah ,nii kaa askrt o –ftnttt lUesrue hioo OFcvaoolt .rraihoEbaT cithtoeirslntf lnBens Igst ewhMh cprlsdtaei.mnpe mp ShoLaehe bh ethogs ioEttrhhE leherHsrbAt oct eoh,eafi iRp iv,tcnee Ls sit,atasaerodr ae VNiu CsetaterhalUcmelorovhr r E einenr ltsitb ’cpscueestHsRS.sze pf,wsfs aoB e iisst hofckeiorefASnnratnoitoleeo rttanraHeiebTexmttv ttrev cao ii arlOrnee sonnssvha dMoe low tt eAro evs i, iatainseod tsipPnIgrva EihnVaene hD nalvnlareah wiveo ytn p-eetleEb,eEo.Lsewa aEprwrrfrffpeoAaEn rsrit o a nrvtsTtHehnlor t ay igp rah oIss sastesTsit’tfRiins oosnbea Uisr w atmtil ectahmdDe ua ax ee,lE ililada srmehw iG(cid:2)tteev E,i iaodd Esstis y,gopuoafUe ntoir dsEIindmEtstnlEt oihs eaheaoRtat ’orsoestrrr etehtt Uatho dthehde iNSmhth’’ fistef sricIupe i eoir’m ee aKsnsvsvssvpoohhmnn6lnctraexliiittto’boob EiEoesssstoosaaan0iemlNssrssrYiiisey.rrrnebibbt.°eier ss ztnf Nth;e aillliaormr risNeeeaoay o nlvtvsbn wp lftintee emo s opnii Ealrrvtvtolor’eseyeseeeaeos ftGls ss errds ont hrhaba t it stm2Iaepcau3qoiNSSt .uipn 5udiiemoint°m i Vooev ncxft.ta teg rhL(llfoiieiibrssleoarait a tn rfcefioooa) elieEIlilusnp appnoEtrieo hdrIicatithrl n behip Sp’WWNENs EEeBcula aonondtsntrds rdcsr)tretsbahEeiepahc i’qa(lht sRuceptPruneilstlraotaa e arhhcetretlnis’u eaostte milor e GponaanhorelgtadsboiSaNNnrsobefeeeulotwhITisAdidtornmtMAoataaMArswocMAocoapMhh hheetshi fclsckiedtpnnbbvnoeehlsEtttarefsae theeOOOyAle pddjjtlecsi era pcetmt gseee ne i lprol ure TTT cehhGrrceoretseicc,htsieroot oineir nna. lsIIIeennahb tch sIbtt edEe ocfidOOOscoilbtNtarss S esel a’siaet laiciho epsteimn uaNNNorltt ApltnocqthAlkscnsda Bfeyiqoiel,loagt itcseno m oe u weot eee,epy.t ulRsptrfm kAAA ioc g n eicinse lhserraaovwotTaatentoewYieusTTTietossilt osueemhllrlsphts tlsayifa l ti e,l e ei(aovd sire euGt,sh oeeEMPteodopwlsxcw csau v, rahde i lre tp sh risa aeleiQefrateeL,O aoewnv iopdl ml rii seevIo,ehtlnt ldtaOsoltfncbssre UDt Loiie a,heec b eessect edcra ou ctvthd jretBEl(sit tiA-resamprejraarsrueiti hea eltcmtso n exLmnorhetSoe pioscENithhccrTrtael(cid:2)ericcp oaoaocA.tsssanhef eterptuhtefeOillae i oltslc nssh i lnTceetls csnsoAreyrr ssaalryett lR. n eoeeveseiti ilIntsoleeia . ltirn nnfzypstqieTanetycqssshieari.thdee d gdouuc rlt U s tu peicile,t.)fsahb upn ri ,aotehonDoe,rmuttigtn iot ersoihnlonEotcynox. rtr) tfD .ahge Bke st.vs iE g e tTtNwaoonht8DGUIDE TO THE UNIVERSE2CUoaaasaptoao1YAolbmfcSfmJDAoaeotaehSINTRODUCTIONthiGUIDE TO THE UNIVERSEorhofnqptU nsnrehtoEe5agerffroi e s sce upmirs eEmel NC msogdpcoaf hs yEdWimaosse i ivacrsa pEEdEtbniinEolsott ntocstsitseiird-cnedenpcMs aaoiea tnmt iepnlggaam ns AlbtneeeoehAree rsrrfrsmhatetghLirlg Be i rsro’inNslecqssE sgmshgsle(e tvltotoeeiDrt .eetoEshr ehahmtifqreDhauhbie oeaht.sesetARaRa nrmetredSEtu rTulhrtt uT. 566 nei eaee l lvcs oa ohbohaivp i vv od804SoSsrnre er nssdtaelldt ineicdeo–––nefxhs saaotsoS,Kc,ipum rt q lL s566,ituarte xhi tfertlth nhbbeIeictDb935ou h p hfnaoaseicunbEhsheWACAiaomoatcsteCEwtgpli lo naTieeecn eesbgneeSYtete bf ctTCPeHiqrl svlteaeoe trodto riaeh–noicsbhsa sotheldlmnjuts or tIa uuaicnoyr2we er SeynNln att p seropoesen r Itlwt(eeY l 1r tiaeatccidyuMoutcpmunbselEy rvh6 axaaoreb)hrimt d tftqteESt Nreo seASistrnC etl ioreoa 0iet re cl alnctoa dm enhipCeuoEteaotrpeitrasldaol b tns r at.ey,t s aals o .aKey c,emnShn r.aenpa to StrouS2eLlumCtta pnyitsestivcS toroaeauhrU he iiucrusthhtnf4sotoictLodaaltcenniiaagens,, pnl usNuahnieeteuesYr lm.dltrndrgtneiv, vdlldrtatopllsheasnri De,wht a ieidm eeiC lhedECesnahdn.aetn a a,e, (iI ostidsieieds esalonotarA senl Ols emhdoats h sr pn a ut .pcneRf hL etdfoSanauawi Me ocets srlt eipoOneRrnndiisMhsa a oeehbae tt nrlsmcistte 33 tanntehSae lgegtrklma jeeh33pcio rrhoteIresymoacy 02ubsmgehrap Oe.itelo h ––s crleoOe6mO F e wflhn=te tato833ca uas gvesto.eop fi1d417i atb ttksAhniEmklaae rissE r cutas hse.)ts1elFa ysseeay ,a elp. irs isRVravectacmianhl sT egbA cewsa slnti cdnaaiofproaedPsia emilonidcuoet nssdetsoent hNdvhrn nor EtDew L arieeun4 go y sn(idee cgdoehsltliionoao d fyptseer6eiTytwotonrhnqanb renoitriMIINTRODUCTIONotecboeueaahhosoededootuco feihorHbftnIee r n ij ftrfsa Fm i n ireloenpaeiosaoh .) miabmve.escN ntoE fttnc,rone SlrfneTyeaaxo iDihnac E Etetdnno coi sa ugulAo m na’rhreoanehfsEtkSacacs(smrEitt,E uevnv oomchaklu bat rnvshbshslegnearrutnNtaAceugerlatosceA h, rtmbp tyhiijeilct ylB ieeretekacorilnerrph reeyemdhloet1rtgl234enfo us dih g gyoee ao Rstiia822hwyr0tancsnpfl petspTtdf qncdtoedh g–––dbolehth.ega ae e,un -nohtiooe rbot4yeer334hhdTatlplasnu3iLiai pi o.ej)a t153kAithareai voer yuunfa tartesSst attenerITowBtgfp“itDmtaeibSPpwsIIsbttdpeaeaaeTttaTidirgsiEfEpdnI fiutn N hatehlrmnMRTnhn ollhahmhvnnepc’Egnirhreeaf xpeemhh osn oinEn.oso Eisreotsfoahpe Saloewar emafSoetithrdnpapn3aNissaaFCycrtpnhaiatuaff.ecea l neeoPertadcse rb egrponognsiesticnl sfwtyigf,wlsSvnli’lsacoa yLeeSibreslhrnn eTtstepalvtOaevso0e cAedndsyGFars ioafonrhehama deeButei gie erpuoAt,rmn rdcimt arxeentes s es tlensTeUrcinloertS N i c sina tiiRBe)tctrSpteueutggtdCSodcodseiDAtichstsrepmsdh wi auronos-utg,ahneiipanr“Tdl toerRTohaoaihoakatolnng-iBr oHoiea ii . neosuntthnsghhheUooonesihiesrtnehytdAa iferuxalDrmhdtovctIeemy ny n Iflnnonoilehnebf erhf o’tnoc sg aEnalroef ei nteeng i aecRttefess op nOg iMfeij fsrt acefpdBsadaT soeeets.ie ae uoeorit hfmSgsdeSe loe rodnsemf ur nt pn–atBCniustog e s htrntnf iintadhiirsTcwod rlre.ESCtppdgsee gorioittnoadnnh InN gmas beo nent so u,isu eepmelts vBoe,tori a ohbaeahhmonrt f vrmOOf,aei eUnbgshhiip en m Ata.oa uig unUdmwdEhgpe, l iBnbtTsnrd sr es dmfhdosEroitntMismos aohm et wy eoidU ezdsa seorofdnutatfso lietbrletr lr th URtadN twtos TtpBn e egyatp.piin ee,ibn MtcrseEra rsymr tiinl”tn aeh 4ua. eptsdoeetnoohtoeafsrl eah afitoGaEbla aiH ewogbyn mhsgmoi ,h hwiilcrirafhn Dihersil toevI tsieiaoa t ae s snaffa e5tn1vke eryei sciT“tgsn ro (wmysvrhiEo tatnresyseiilp ty ssorOero evIiih sPoidan hpstye eisehlcfcoth ,t ppin –grsnpigliIor en0fhsaef°R qeosd,a hlateehaahue tnbu Et1ef enkIeafnfgveatEn eotsrpnrltelim1uNhh-neoew hm rdenaiFperO uot iptn rns r iof-e N lutdaiente,rheuih3nStebtTta etd Nt yttre s r3orosina,oererigLhdbha3res r y rpfl e rng r v cer en6nrraoahhgcimno0tahi ruerG nRthrhTnoiski eeLh aa’a aJecdSSnltea(fFerHa o i tgzt s cy enDra st6eouos.heoaittp Eiefp or aiei J msniaSvoire–tawaolt6ueathoratsvdsrt–Adoaisthrae59tswci lihO,stnvs wEsid0ue orce negeha aadTttrNmitih’enhe Ei oo suoauiod he tnst0A)gs44shtncuoealnolmeYu mtnneidEtowoe rerst arln emo eeoenhglh0maclU Reegnh le gt n rptaclRilaeeita–– w0rtt n dl lorosllaen i i eaiv ehtoa rrh td efUofCe l r egGi ettai o hiiustharr.hnas gheisntydy,uaefrr59rh sbaateb tw l ,ntdosE° ted leuScClI iukfea mrte B e henn mm noi ora,,nhde SnatsooeU 57rai nb rxeisO soeln.het3 e aopstetpl pt eRli gahnianNoe ctt vdaadnneti atde vnaB TlsEgapBipt,ihttricte q rgsavr”sipr Nt2rttTrTcaat igoras”hpe nnnobaharsgsh aeeespuesN cn accn A6 toefnehnapt hArcvp.ne oaBr, S pse ideOoaosrsueeo-hsi hRCA 1eiot dt,l sfs1ldeoeisgi Slueyert eoreooh t sorteiiaicn etfaGeosh toa e rvNabs Ddd otowro5Bnhgitgt Rhbhneapo t),edvixftiirifa5arlsien rRpn mete hsalsn,t urr-rsoiagpret .ad rt hvoeftotEn,rahUnnte ipi nlraho oSd’tueceeD ts1°t y donambyfanoseienoeteiet; em osyeS ,oln h SeeehSrgslewreK⁄Igls po4lt haefhhnoseooenwe.d ooyeMeacs eslasgt d dgathM n, t ilr tni utef tstdn a fi’ lsnepinfre tUisg eh .il,hrate 1ieecso nPrb(teedifeodaeSesisslGfthl tn npastfe r v tss nt trapTiBpeseA,nrrufdieue ,tIxenc ,ioasdl0hoicsT uahrviauNsc ttiam qad Oehret ahdoec eu ineae cdnauorfrr sercroa iswtrsee lc Y-emsta ksnh hednnesuhawb(pUssSPrEmEAUcwmpdUG(ear 1enPierludc c,opcaiteoIexrlIpthShlsiyeiui esneeiapN2e eocefdnl’ht aa Ape3osaleenaordSiFsotml ehdgroninnveysoyo oMaue tlahtr o umdXdkecnaettme a reSIasll fc isrleooss oaymvtiwaaracI rIaesnG.8onnnahDa niet uRnaeonflcT’bostitao,nlocipan fse o npidrlEywvnn. lt on as ePiowr wafo Espnestaadicpemamienttrefnody ugm ete ltpcnWs4teveIzfmcttiiocexetit sto ntl oileu csssD.Mthmnons dttiEe aot eCtt, NOhsnvv’ae bLaornei.ibineisgee rothe.ssh oyetb tMto8ntyahlnbcuscIareighrniuabe –diaegtaeesreigsatucoloaasaoipl uikaeb6 n cMahcaomeeOeamdge ag ntncnsoedormNeos ertnhb O,esLsfeni;reieTs ,rens5n hntrtaancovoitedr rS3eslefolev.allo er e tttrnntnanetp ,lltki rratlWrnarao.pelsr 2ee csrNc wabc, ecv ovvaHt btlciedelinysigsssRfefyb–ecc eet latohi idoraptl xftt2s assdl gEa yehcoseaal iteectoiarbAusdSdfoeaheTohtIoeho t beir tetaiurgtrgh)fon slna treetDe reexd En tvnmreOjx.Rr 1Iet2wwen eslu henNeo nhl2cki csi yt’iruiadwenlresenvj.atthvsraoon hsuiiatno ie ussl lsyo P ea,ehrto,’ OoOernabmvcsfaso ieSu ,nilihtlipvpnI4 6 lonsfiNpane tcygMnO iT cdh pig(noae e srr gtrriootddh gdsuNewretda nurdo eSp todese14Aasr svh ll fnedoBRstdnoouul:uhnneoisr’oha5c tth aongsg,lhs fcGoayanhsgwiaerorsta c ,tseetauevsc0t roi5ia esfrnspKleltee hnaho 7 nhmrYenCtetlitioataBeeec ,ttnme num,ioosvi o ateeh dmk ewnCcifpnprea xvd ee°sifyniTff0 s ofec va,t iLhsIi np irow ltta efhhte a eeb tiasttn Ntde)froideri lr s t ebfSo,iaVndotesnaeeEahmiabfeherlnhsshoodaiflE.hlnnSytef par te rs nrhibi tebeoe emnseb(grn ctEoiedngamoeeeot huu)epreirLlRin pmuout.aneTNhnomc pdD scjwdars ,ltaacel ai Pfg oa .meooareenhresroMnreen e ordei snrftetnncccnwdqsetwhcA,e.e,lpSposccnche altetety n eh taayfleEvtlortnf ApP q.. lhe unuEnayuee weyinceeeiib apiedelpesetutsounodhne,ei nAlt gset..nsuMosfeiectearvCaEhns rntaprshiorr atteh.tl .t’rsrs o ucksfvcsl s ,ididaea erlteevee8iiShgh dAesno rtrsrGvh ete oegEtuyti oatp tPeeNMyttIeghcseh Atrcrso fy,edeseeeun 1ihb5 aof r ewlfao,uEcrnoafcpeetr yptm,tnoao,catstht orbloddrnuearporsr )trarlillraro hhoe t bSeihEem er3bloaeilsa.csen ayfyyz nom ipottrncaceh.eaiso ,ttoNmeoe le uosetisAeelo renRe n P tatcieeau.hiY sftdedtnrnnvtoebidn hlnbtbtaAaEvs or cbro,cme7rhm’iadsronhnannrissiy TNpwtttt tothsaHteerDsGetupnneoirdahhoyt hc ueetts brh heHas,dt sfoalyhfht,t ideiah ,tgtthhNsned ss teyerceikssh pbhYEeb d ,a anamrSd r esn ocstdce cEt eeiaUeitot p duialctek thdeEMeeiusttePoy,gtr vaci dic adhrnwdninh ruhlmRrslve lnrtPAdTcGLresa.oeheeree b.O,riio.aaehAtarleane Tve eA ee rnneYesrseoidgn)iyecvtppeiieO HegnsjnroEtsdscntmtcld.N deRti.aqNo odpr sihe rthr1nitxtts0veaoeT sDeTTtgons– Auure.eCo tFSstn,fS d8atlo h6Htspesaeit nn niririuaennersDF iMSKmhpanndia:olheinm t:i o nE akeade0 eril,sedoo0 yo emntrnrat oamymterEMIerRdscnst0 louaxpsfnuso0Dt ety eti R e t ft w e rh yrcriretAMstin ae poa c6AStMh yicnsreencAtrPemesOirrhnsaD xaaotne iktesRgooaaiw emioebo.aag,hia ,dFuilerrai hAcnIrntn sy iorre fIn0 .SniocaupcssuoettotbTt,sarn a ltn, tsyT)Tlr.l,teo hsaH e 0vtUab eoe stcnOiTomsaeenrbh3sosulEleTed fTsamrree u06,tu ero d tah ea Es AsfshNin5A1hinA111rnS aEiflTPbpsrsLp n rrVxitr g0et000si ueoh IpoirIhairHneis cs vttsRxhzCAiedl uE–2–n of–aee idlrhl23oi7e.ouo4urvuEes,ur65ieHcKuNttsRor3mv tn omroe e o tn V hedasrgi enodsY4-o,E oe(Imgnfms(n(detMyvtereaiN fh/e 1f 5fShr o ni s s3dntoe ri a rncs iiaS dec,eh°tepeOlrFao tgEFwctnuxf0frrl otn o oaolzheehsinMoLntdra fs1 eeDoQut i0tooSMsfwtnuewa m fehn ootcoeetu,ieAa-onih0osnh 0u nEehm smdbUOnnRTaawsTenodrmf n sM ntlitruSn oTn–aat L c9iUtn esiitie2iht ilbdO slcehIAhat0slenOttme7hmosrI mnueeh i gsltteDsrre fhhweOeniin Otb s ° NdThhEsi oirvteyn lrmTpo,drhlde em pDiyuhsefrnoaloeFclat eeON nlRvp’sieyfErtlseHeuissstuthos on-aarfsau Lg ddeteaTauphoonhr iRltrn H t rartni shgs lollaaEhesgEte ytrHeheiprmr itsl aIsgiiea syhern hE,smn1 u pmehnmny elqRrtr ehAnvn toEcap oboeOotets taegohtityNgr3co oredacua N fAyo xo eeaihaiiLehbebas .wnv c Ut eftil Fto ceAs droea ateilGecnoa.r obusaleradafohsfsoca.rm.siInn te nNd tNlau tiopo 2trtsoy etetxWtTsn omdfecreri eb rE anoogoi o ity s u rtcnSso erb6frtp Il BooueISHsomirdhtblttrstfcesaA(beemViehroioeoanteoGtv fwssh0th 1au ra,neerf afcyltoin°ir sE-ents ocEgEhfersanene a cne e0 e nndE gEsHnPtcCsu ah k numetgcaetStthM R cttlusutsryridsstssp u idh oae—litoSarXloasbtguh/h’Trloenoheowr lutoBaS ios,mr e net1lewnneeeor osnpilhnto aihTaraegehanTCwenu nreltcnEs , oesore,ddnc isu vt htoa n h ltts8,ros Otn o s rRnis s tisaelts“ nSptJ . s ,shcti sS–enseats tv ’e0 ffwwie pf ephStetspafNhks.Eouhf rfeo guero Twt t eruehrhAt0howioRothiptdyhltteatrp elnexsMe noelen rheE hnraeot hoo,ainslnelrN iye eisbe ts t dmrihitel)gSrih1se,ornneenwailsor orEederned stdr yteDihe5 rfe gMeoeilrrm .L ees”–o ls,dht a°.iN ehhldaY,eoin n,Fs)iolt ,ecen i tL i1oegSraA1unipmao ntA0cTSveontn0sgM ilvlnrehmicah Tnt,Heioe–eeigc 3 thl,tsueeO2olmdd h,Eahu/iseeatr n3orrs ilt Er Oe eegrt cde3nQn ee sonmhty cTmrfn ucd,tUttiBg°et amaidHoam aFoiomldAvhranain)n er-bensieRerdnmemdINTRODUCTIONs..esgrssdKy erietc,l,s hlxaEi55e oeoolRnln99tfeAit cdhqa unptoahnqafAPUoTaapcpaahh(Hir hmeiurofhsnaansaaaAhkbnity a g n edrrtvrpiiefoiRppgyrcalttidvguses aktdt1TTsm1rUhUlapuiioolalTnae ehretsccne euhrr0h0itHattnncitirbdIniscr tlliofidol tsoohte1crCeebtsns iige–lEew1tt un3ipt oa mvvi6nwre° a oressocgLlardoie0 eiotppeeuosmecsCssFt .hnlr sE iqalennsn sewieei–erroiwml bse rIiot Tcsc3u ese ss(t teRtel–(crdnio2aScsstpeaona ehastseeeqaeinsc ortS a ooeeocsrOcl s trcelr : auiflhaton oett keenen l(kmeiwndTtra,osgdkaholaUopntn d o fs cdt d i , hlnea– rtir ee neusope pditM emPoe asaomokptit rplo t bgne p snhsin)iirm v pedtcoai(a n nlImaha aap .eoq1htedailaaCevi3dnriqrc utiecttr,aans u et sbteeftonry 0e RtelhumUaikt iitmhethatr uteo c-nn cre–tgdeyaha hO oltccnararsdihlrutlplt erprhr.r3glifkei uyae odsit Spke eelsst athotvoafs1 yio rtrs ee s e eonEofprae.rd1rhe)rtt)ppqfa o g tr, eyr.hs norCaa vru0enG si ae aups mtrris)ancett OeinooOr3 enhm etsrgapllrhhe4lB(cid:3)ETssaIastinttt iuoidfims°rt egeenerNrloliboe n’ edfghisoyln c,koCos t sgg o ed gaed pD yep hasnagaexB.wf) b tore n. . (a ratelBisnee xcs fg itafoab,t mhntmhAgTrrr e ieradrmparie snoas1111tostwe oi phasnm aw aniae ceoBeatd000 mnb cptcmoaitmtcCAs(EadWTFaWTtBwcbebaawmtBtfeev yt ahhriekfg rhxnnr a25–odaslnboethhhhotser“tfiierhn cXo2sntn2mvhpdaovtei y.i oeeottrseAi te4tKaarenniaacrsth sEsh oete idiieccos-tttoarqierees ltire Oa dhqdvsnr sbshoggtrrsi tmdthlcabbeennEisoltnt a.ot n)qruvn((ie t mN aieueerecEhtroopto vu l,se11eouiht deroTKimeeu aasuyylre aaetMoer ihyrans luc.eyslpAspmspt00enoch prlr nxlr arwbaoL sntle mr ho lle ooiurgr aoiu”ekhli0 niBe etaomgYkmaroam.oornl.agdLonabcenocri ngsny n–ykee ko8 asrsexpst ednrohweioddtaydnua nneymCnNleevmr,on rltd4onipvdcesyinot m asesYEac ooeiiiest/ndn,ieut)eitd snaaat6eynvp,hCoi ngncbhie, sw 2Rypcnnbso itT e ’LootactetnScr s btsi ehiDnaar seEtossvemrln ntyoenii rohht ii oul l leeh1dolpdiSl uo ior sigdit–fn Trn“oolapn ttrw2k eesihp vun3k tn nn 1 senrebas sdcmiu E e tylEpo0s y ntfai)ang,cse3eo°hcyoiw Iarseete g0Co 0u lgspuo paeo5use wnle n G crld RH/0iiww0t htgsAlTaap1ncrrR0n trahgjawh t0odta8rc–sShtouihelt.t0aselts e see y c gsoa T1u itbetbydnIlmrr r aLdt oo.ods e u,ia1hrffaerB 0csnleandGcthloSuurflede4 nNe ittrosyhCo0fl t e dihbe et esiay sanlorsignrwtShsnead0 ,ssk so c.e te ieso M-odruc srtH tpviMtd tetceyae Ieeorn.f naoar iihEhTBaeeGie .So nnecusvlnb, vktiIselfsmnnm Cli eohvtEapeut olnMc iryior rstcahierAlt ysoaentu lc eiHiinAt ife soahaa f oetabsn nranegar zif wSpofpts °aosypntuno tcosle ens yrFn,anhgEgcti”GnulioSanentit tottatcc)c rmaaotropGLigaTnP dini , hetiae,otuaanagdmSoclicatehitis nnrnhotEnwdeho Ibrkn kbwo I l reehestTddhrcoZehel u erplnaep. eR senpowe ra .tdatseoumeah nn Aeitnrertaaae hMthdonh gterTstrtt pdmmold r,scgnr loy stet –ss sMoht ao ArfoPisaal,,p ieiVa rl tS,CX(i g( wB nofotyhsrcoeie thvhaoaaepyiEseatmaYbiabM-emdhr l-odsuaieuncty eyiicrndbTrcfannengeaonrscRctnhghtuhsaraygs rtiogspH(nepexeRvohoo mad es t had petersd A lefIta ms msaodisiooe Ehimsn.oyisidaihrwpltun yAecwntn reagp,n rncit,eaoMtetto p opgc irt o npd11toeMpcthu11ehRri ogsasnlhddtsdaiatnsh onhyeaccdyohnS,onei00syaeao e 0 eyusnrkIevtucs.mtnnplabstzd e eiiDxuat.sa26 tieatK se–ttrceei i 1mlht dmeehistaa2labybr Iiiiinra awe,maK rhanstet1 ca eSct,aaeTh (dcIotpb dp eaenaonlon rypt,t -tmMeeainn eaannsasaa lStnmlseoedn tlto((bseogrt e ncm.a lehlyewtG yepao11oidcrtldtgnb)i)niIshscoetriutd Aaemvatsreniowqcisls, liag es i oH ootalhip e n0lbM adsv ,yoczancao teatneu,snea hhpadselINc u tGas0–ihEs)-ml lte een macnp alpit eghlnpnrnwtwcl ,hbtaeoeu d0alw–neoitcobfrdl hnehroocyodriptyo.utkkire i,dddlMenessllmshneaoi8gneelelaeavn,eeym1i etd oeigo iketdsndil eitvH( stnstsludlet nn9eoGtnasen hnct a5ds enl/itOyia e o-irtil1mry.ro ,.t tekp)c,glgtinoat, ,pa0inilzl,vaepnhst.y logAvoafw8amnilt sia om,roo–Eol soeesihd0 eallnWmiD annadtsse a wa1dedcF0ndhgse b eiy“c o,eef nd t°mbdtea0scFdtaoOTptt3SEhafiefotyedm ts1eosCerl aiubahehotae d saepn2xiiPli dt0e 0aoidiipsr /nr4tfceihccrrotoimrmpeejenao1rTCTpiimweell Ietn8acie h el0renscdeaiutARAsrfoERAnsN e eded0.yatlhrHmiarveO it aBerinfrr s,8sliar ut o so fpRaslcnhas0Ee )meoNrfXpec h llm1miNceuc e .c )Eieopt Dtlan rCrdtpsuttomr taCEotmb ilc2Prupms–vogethsoaPthCl e noboh emyhhoIsisDMcunlahsErSDehlieit”.Oi0Neremo fra l ,nisi leI2 nLmvtteco Ceot lnXtd nnae iTIM e0ErfaisR–Odw(buaaowp–eaaaMoepasRbnomglasotigmzeGion ie snsfr aws o0Otd tsna – n Nvesnuonnnfrannli xaTrye sE oEnitrDudnn ofaw hsaheplltqfao thnlw eaEtvttOgic nirRgap–Rma01rsstdcndno aeu SoctiSntrseie tTdhi.ihpennsesguuScertr1iipncn dhttgoilothrechnsd2tW i R enrgta r npnhIt Ta0aabDe oenornmnnhhak oaopirtIto9oeokm ehyoe sh ntn (adi5tigeEotR ilygadiEAsheshttesNio pd slirb iinbNortnE m ototf u-h flsh tyo)adse ace r0sk lrte r ttieb c rhi eiiao.Xpi mRvBl isasywoadesihNtnt kMmtsmricGAmk u 3–a rl c tteesbfltasneol f-amtuhb,tei.iboeTlf- (t11eonaaehS eesgentCahp ce,rcteia tioy rb essrdp ,antiteTri eOonhAotFt0 l utaryarepTdauyh(dn tqeoolcfe0inamy wianoid°ioddoahoo,at,re h haiaooeTfn ns–S nneh Tet natsnrmFot-ett1bl tnrnudunnsso,ph nas tni0seedptkm 8 ig fsnh ietttddsrheI qaTltii)PahaoaaXoaha dtleidoa slpa lcn tondofr hutsierisil t i0ubuEe–ra1axuar ndissNu.ng nvoso csAae-d horoa nnALs aerc loP(al cdltceu beRrn t1 t loa tae hytyS e ai eogae eatocoCeqinsr ohpr asgol uogiesoaody0c r v c ykcf-bt hlcktnaoptettooelwmu sudnfTmntinlrrmrfhE.GesaO S 0sleyetonfe hexaTunaeot mRha rHnio nauea8 He dgop ebphi. dpntdndepcsoygc a taeredegoassp,B rrdaauok neeS i soii4Atu d, neaomlsmiekePlisreoCt slrs cll aitstirlaesia tecoltttneeyrirtidrtscrnsIh.wNn)dttars , isToenmrntah eoltwaehsppt Goahu c,ala iy,Salfair nr sueotcroinp leilndeercthnandinrewreiOsa .slnApooitlttudnnhrHslftpsuteaifr lpyot inte xmenuection gces gao ec.tNaeittg drn1,apgonAugtta ir)vthtd n pistc aenhtrltW ni. h biociYtraa nosTivhaep7oe ss esrhlaaqeeoErohtmcutosgdatgIoOfctreorynI i)Nanseteeuot rllnt heeittarmM csa.lrvadne tedlnte ehier ot rhai e, clhoidanpthc eAtttpo,nueueU e pne ebEerAoai einwl gtserreiatececk tl,eprhseni fcnbas c .hTs peah en pewlrsaaetaauPms Atann Biip a etlealeeTveaht,hpvadesnaae ga rwvr so iai nmyosrecagEo ene leeare gAtiilslcife;snReXindreaustin byfblseRri r,ldee lgtsa ppirgmh.a s-e tBl rdsyeiecueittuitlbais rca esfrnecLalalh ac xiieatn ,daNeMloeoaraenle.atrntit –lire annnaitidirpeiYss nleiyl nanen stisnu sotgwttttc sctohsXet ea noyeco ds eneECCaEdoal nino aoote d-ecri b ttdsecgaGdnnaAs hntUa orDa,sud f,sAr tosyyyelnhYd Lni adaceei,ipsn11v r11o ndtEPvvftnse rN t ia ech00bt0 iii tNatitodTtpehpafoinlhe19tacio t–areu8mh gpea1gI D eb Kpnsroeo5reAsmnebcsIsrratseeef N Attsuasorols ewrn cN(( Vtatrhaaoek11rdcm Ao)sRalotvriepPTMwwoctom r,c i Imihwol vs mmyonsn hketaLoesXdp(aCzciElnoehtttp Umenep tu,aeeeientoAn sunnrreEto-ot AiifroechlsradLkllobonhobbt isRetaes Rnddllc ecN T ocemciirnisi ridodpcilu Pooaoe paesNaltyusmnisctR ecrn tpuopogEouism actnnynos ia ViircrStsd ,addXpadArsfiy afaoorncT yto lsrE rsimnvsl owE ttoeu e taektic-t-,litnliAvrooheg eaEihapbirl rai eHas caoepnmrscoossnicrcieiiVmcuremyeRbo soltmpdnlegpaIn u vIfnnlletsreie nhhimteaihGp/gosiiYaeyrt ohyiorure c6earuoshdcnnuc citcsoaeqpoe HhiatGeantninl und2ten eniotaiu)dneMfnalinp ucll i ao.es oag- enntd a0lpebgeay oieoistcs°d aMEfIonyapCnsednu er mflctc,mno C vifiOrc, tcnn wNrenru ad0sia t n antsoh etvdakoceulaanHCIbVHouo/Moe oeeiTciil0 Alh E n r1auatenaafcafrsnneeloople ndenl ik cH rniguII0 nteRnttg t di.toecpin nysdatderNOrrlgndyaad8truhtiee ittglram yAiteG ihtadetelh std crncm qse eaaeae yininTsNaecar rDnloiat ee-s dedcsmYraeipaRtuimsdu(l osrbuneh,n porhnsit,pn ecin ewaagrdUtd tadfe anl.ita yiT int( , masPi evr c chgrJetyr a h l4aodonr agrct ctfaT hi Slee fiIosa RthtaipgohsakosihPutdona, baslnbNouhtioen hshr ea at)0h stesca-t O tetprhiciisdpigo nwoiersoeoet i ordO.nbn0 lsgsoal eorensisiTiecee tsdhBny stsaruentteio sl e0 frl ly t H dONu atnr s lwoeete it rlaauratrrse nstewfde cwvvhitomyc ierNera roihhycsrton)nlnmgcrtaei, egpe lacro u io.etdmefa mn istha o 11cASeN nyt oedcdHglaf xrCvpouistep .aseeCiacaniswBs 0 st nlnao oretr O piPartpcpalqtbiFipa opeerri otn thtlearlamf –entehhm1 tanspesrpdnsvron1raRetanoonueaiiaqEsotL°ne teleisc2osesmadhotetee,s go rs tuetFoLsno0rtiotagayefE a n auutottSrr sssvtnviRaunaeti i IwtiClr)tostIlrarnrdcqpEtqrat ogs,ngirsS0reudieahrt )trngoarkioeorc ennnnoeni o eu aeleuZafoeceocIc ,emtNsaprsmRpiEl0fwso cimer ggiOond fu arceao sE,r d mhasnk ntrcp.abgh,l p ttL asoat leoeNhrRurn–rhanel p wflgia hersdiialieaaiyna tok.kBOiycs nrnr elttoetdnskn ae an hilrrnsgsoss rseelneeh mtdethtcdos aNgbUCtmdurseenree e.g,,.tocssrhiaiUrer m raa eni netcpttrrt,iseTaeca aaotsw c.er tSspe IEga ietclgofsa iaeir tdi tairvHf epe npsu ulonrnnao(sa y,nhAal echciooeprrcncosil caga ethaa Eree.r. gafisle rnireitltsr iem eahotoNgr n crhdmtnsbyrlavfp qs, aeiMtli n eir utlr if sct.l..rs.tlals)nsrpeDurn esi iwawr 1gnoeototat uytloc,esriTtnpodnetreIaIsearilr5tynnsr cednoiglgatho tooyhnAfsaminrsx.r esrga n0ih iuddau oltiCdouklhptie ccen nrFo Ncn0 lcisl udrspgtlo.eee ct etofloteahemd.osce ay fNlreabilhfsnvrfdosfl.ae ooctp li i s rey Iofedentretshnmoelo H svhseefo aaesz v “,e reIrfet cpnateLfania hh ranvnrAfpotnoer iricuTiteuehtzt dlyalibeIruteiyclpOl la yd a lpaloepyfeN citatoau n akis odr nrnttgrg.tmhf11”r tg11ni r Aoic eq00SNiptpo,0 cGUIDE TO THE UNIVERSEiiINTRODUCTION–nhp nlhsn 11u.–aluEsee25et3 9e eaigmKaotronPtslan0ns shtao 8rqfie m. dUArmiad)e oo(ktet cun .1(ahtnn3es c sRtr1eylmaeh,oFnmhee–odied0 Arvrrefbde, nck,e0goieTein o dl0dymerallIginse s iOonnaat decfnrtddNtsrith e l owrlk ateolioOymohmnnfem ne Ftr rt/ie yoe ea6qh°T tnnq Cg2uemruHa,eun0a /r sq1Eertnare uP ghkm,uBe rittt8AnEykeQhiatOn0ci,g–LR lher lU f0aa kUEifyToot nn onAoC tNrIneeadtCrrcTRi ricrDqlem aLRileeKiusb, Eo n OiI Sa lnaNntSeoirWh on ks fBT°ggeBwd )FOnEEp Y)e taAaC eh lHitbhGeOKrxeuEcp L raMFtweAeeUrO rnIVoeaaNiORweaInEGNCndgkdeRc ES aiepnkdh11t e.fy0 mors–6ariiccscceaetroi lco ssloneaen4 pwc(daso7ssern aeidnted opsaSTTTtncspa(iiansmsfcthnlouhTeuohflrhearHKchlao eeernoebructtroeHcmEnf Ya t Hhrtwo ua aoMfi eo sasnrectoEeMlclpt ntmuaisnhtu rreitnsGrawS blsmoeoIldh, hkasdeCacL,Eo j f,Uay.eeep istieKrh rh l anOar n eiarcdPrgalIpWYtcctscetnoni y ytrD.aydotgNcuiooel damfup ugNoWdoa Sdilnc hE orroiloeodSefyepyptette dntt )uoAis e saTosslfhtcosns a rara e hi sdtcY- enn n(oihsoEn eInco teosir.,st rssuftsidohotLmet(cid:2)f raf hs b hc Gcr h r fditra Lseriefmet.ehesoleoneef eh ,lteA a Ffeiddo thmscentaienhordtsvTMhhir o Hto sruv psraoitssae ienw I oreooitnaagTaIttthpOmdntOesm tnahnwt titnfuc hsaaioo oronp eN hltNTeiasintaiesssalolwslsil,lsihitTesSialerndsg tl ) -sin Hddp i gohn sbtotSei aide Lhfthgvsysnatr Ysci tesiKet-tva atd.hs THE MILKY WAYiii r.csneodegToYo29222d42233 n–802eu––M2I733ncubSAnThgcwtrba15htetCanulteeeultFWalbcbtshpephsoSLhmeeonenrhohTotcOb trriri nstrlfwdae eieocb iaewic etogvRutacernses da brsost heuaahsoensMcthilm teerkahleoElrair.iprt andayalsani b iin eSlmnn iaeDAc elrorggle Sltelce tsdglrtyirus tOMtTsoaaateLiit gthftdl g ,a.asssorfIsstrsb ecotaffaeeeyoTEilmdc Oe kr As r ojaCngl ro s ed fgoe ut oigLErNr nohlsnlgatesgccioSlfubsemahl nnuealoefod f sts tsetd t nremttsI oge aabwi.o htmtshhsANenr aecalere aut riefOg aloeiHssgosaral t en eoeslhiogyvs i A na hl nn ttnasu o ne gloha sR feo Cucyteeeflset2Nfer h gf sg aho eTyt 8pbs ahnw tdnaieGrf-e4tpf huInutcsrer eoyuaymO– s Cy rtlcsiwmoe rsfles8ar Eoseed–Na maeelttoout5rssN2 b aaolaah rlte arulynisea4a l mhrruoi nrhvntgaret s6 td fsnaitiar ds goe.lrgy7tnnugottosb.a p i khlrht t ntrUebtn uaamtloewiiRtaenhi.mmtgunnr,cre r r se heAa c Ca itrrtoasb aaredltostaentneoo emhnRiietSdocibte t wmtynrht saalidrde ssthc. ehtoem o, ahyrtc esfkToy ar spsyensn lbIt,els .eoni rSnal fln fsyA ooarpmoetOMyu oolt yttnetlscsoorfrRa h E ahdtc orkmu etuetfaco pi hssce e dSlbnsnli m dsfrlRy see slofuiieeodaciteomre srnenaAvNaw aco ,lilmsac ooolseumrldeIothmlRetno aw euuy dte.ugmeh siEad pfrw dE tefdrcfrll suttb asuibaaossais,hhufursn SyttolrnsaeneStrFsa e.e rmta ueided n ow ,rf rh t OgohtIb heiys holib,otivfmfetfhaal eennhneoRoajoya iarpvlmpe iwdn esiraerirlT tbeedarrc nm-Metu tmsdnregabtr otfme m egrhyredta sostcartcrretweEdio d m l hats nrinonli ialploigtuDtl nntgmgacoeE gl,ef vnlasitslp il tmi,io.errlrohtoluietraoitlinilg8,vTa un bahe,av tnn ua c clrdettl saveaggpeeshprryksasdaalL sm , o s hs ityraneeisr(si ogacsnu .gaiht , sbt-es etaaaolgfnsnTtensa eabkumeh l hnhh8ss elttblrdoiytpLnentdiesetvo rrrnoheiuaea n accouoorieeaod r rmscal no iaoewurs ttaragpl cikrnr gun ibgseme sasgaAv lesal. he no ,osic rie s wsta h2en,prv.yeawsp sdanuatoh t il seesa 2alLrvdhasvirlntcp dtrdisetssvilyoahael r8 , bettss illxtrlanerT bpm u te ao, taaplt-s )s rfsiooiasbnrurotypfrcfu.naaougesrhhbrboopks tdpstoArog seses.esrytaeii.rdm r eieb tesesmItdfionsm ubotor rta smhi hs ocaclsun hnnnc ae nrpeuintet.eraeeOctnasontar.seolTenayhAsd,er gorlv grned 3le orn e sweaa. busct o.t rTtcauiisx illeaudrmhcclooNdlgstesthp3 lc ooehiar lnusiehctelut.rtm rahmdhha fnertcpurrmos,s2e opf ae sSivai,oatingearasnonoircr mtsior e–edcgeteo libi edrnd eaetshtoarienbenl a(cid:2)e lm frt3wytltiSWGoic olsrn torfTdcas te hilaafetEoseietll ohsa hersgLiisesepiuao3eLntnot gsiuAaeE ipltsnlaRleothnlsy g,agsG seorE rl l.te sGEoomt vbGne afauleoSltpalbfereromur sSThlrrEilae aa aheT(GsngtEleaAt ieGiGian tosRsyirSgGnn os-ogsSF.uf O)n ou,dgRfpu M psstothtIa seNars snGni bde3i lnR bes5 Eu tmshTHE NIGHT SKY2GlBSagslbatoaeoonlaImO owlO mNkdrlsKb a N etBfGegugl aorlGo llC-a roroemck Lms bfcso 2O, agul, aot8u kBsllthatleo1sns ieUrocb tho pHAcre beslenuLoMweo nEertp.EtnlTObibaMlATnticiAsScr adueAenvhhnrsshitIesrrrHAoonreqrdoliCs saiimDie1 hlt osgksegnnlrmNsEtapenns ur r1y c m yre.nisahgae 1d ( olT stDuh s0ssdcaβA lm.orpat ntarh5e. a ttO rWmo, rRhodae BBt)rfNtceei reddt9eeT,ug w y e Ok eiee eelloTntadatD0o(r fhta illthnnMedslhhlo αOuio knaanruny honeRhtneeietdiau ttsthse'sEfsswdEl en)oinb Osaiiueg r . se.spc t Dooeo Peso2 bArhtrM khn IrCaM MrnAeteatnnfmife ey iblesCnunteEtdpe r..g3 o 3cleeaDe aQADadbTls lLo1 a2er dite b brrleArf esn sietldiohfuo e omiyguxpssst tsclgen neGt ehht’ m hsdassofeo poaa te,eagAoer gtscfneeh nhnhi en oihe eLatonorsctMn eeiasdt nsAi asatrSBAMGAAHOF9to arettga Ci t a(Ust3ri0IseIREBXssgnfwdlcnγaiiZdGoz eipLe° N m1iIogButlriEtd)Yn tGtauLHe N hanl,id.ao( I R chYhhrta(HTαasRoEp aro–eAracb Eo–hh l4 eoIsSAtTnsVge pbrVrVlfhew)m3t i i TEeoI Na,ler ae EsIohswoS ro7G SpAet( dteIK–m hfsrpI°iβsNzTpThelSnuBr IdhtN Sehai i NIre) tath(SrLereOeaiS rir uαehhoGEae2i rmTlosNKeii cl iAav.rlk)graneYpts1 1 f.eahRdAa2h, h 9dgArSmth.t nj w1eTzitahidbn , e s1c) eeh wr0c etrP o–e hnoMassetfsTSWtaiictnbtSOpiwApsAgohsTfesttWMtmmgsmesohiheaptksHNolaPipoo afil alhlnoih lvhbawugta iyeaenlaEm3s.annOerhtsEretaergege3dntos hib shss hao1sstWaBx nedcneobct i Can0recg ot lmu rb e tnoshnslyoL , kepaindoss2iduabthBgiua nc plUIvf a hblemmnsatiee hefp–seFitAel–esillstk Eeeeauutca e erotsa por t,he3 LI c tieaounldec t t2acnuliahAwoow l,a ChNLto0ihlvh Ctptpogw(tcpdddat,turao. uohtsns eslyckhhr isesreu3l5G 5 r;ihiMuoa e orn atatairogfefps olne“sedsnt idie aFearul) m Ccid meeeswceas l gosnhtEgonuhl ott,mGt eyeit4ve saeas a o.Eorklds e nhhi msPguhtn 7g fea-eseognataptis l u ixIhefsllr aogaiteAhi6eeogdeteo v i eyrr nnoposowosp i luestlhhMas6sirasdn t g lettre-oaduaTr os.semuei hh thg ,ra2cstm csurnirvani xao2oskntmzte spent trUaa.otse3osa aeo g nhoagyr h n oihs mss2u.ln.Cscnur1reo rnalaepeo l arml Reot secssugeCadiIdn7n(.pO,0l ttilrnwfea t,edt saia nahsnhDnve ˚it d unt)fgeE.’tpwrAallyhs3aapengaeei ro.leTi ne,dh mioeSsn0rerbiSr ss rnnAhrs s stotn˚.hc sg nbapatviiatty-ehaesthrbnaaleeehsryveatirih re lke ie reeot eraga,t4 rscsteaiyrat ahlhstxtafo0 h,to”sihd atrtlt ˚y ts ie u s.reea e– ro.t me,g’oeAm r ss ls g ify tml eaaifwsR wtairhaemtr lwvigarher5aiIn akeaEn hi0oxtpevPlmevtn˚hSttsyieldeeEe ee eNr asbostrRs a s Gth naefdtpreShCl ees eflMtaiImaiuar y?isiEa htt8kll g ?le 5is stholv9sacr aUh30acoelhsaho1tmgdeG oceuo,l2 r ted5Suen oa. γa tn tlnaol8onTgasp iahblmm1hndmst figunghgAieuah lsee tsdTpvbda r mnaiehdsteul yaobsaa ilms sRtNe Mrde ee Mgnptae vseosorn wG I mt t ami2adA suriif(feioaaC 1titgb .γ srcig,aakolτ3a a Nnmaa1 a)o7khylr htln nt it,l20f5ll AfroGa mhnJDEtNfgtkwsmatnkswbdo yi t, od2hpai,crhhiatptnoiot nrteneLnnienebm eo emf cugoaU hee oswWusodieee r tυAnttds dblldroojirtatmmcdorrgωat eEmdhm beeerttLeraiaar u ee“awwotnuholaNcs5i ilae oc icaumni slhUepr ocec Cl asdtlngh1 orssore .ytDromf wwla spnnlotoal degDenhie isaiotaAaiMil ,tr. efnSfgnknr β.spinoi wila cautee fresshiart rran”dyitgξitSieaocuectelh cshdeegwPfa oocs hpgRaihtot i. e lyleolaNtla cSnalm ucae rnoGxyIua eaiie (einenfsnesSnonmhtnrbnslhonsfl cIiiE dctr t,Gh tMeldlcgOeertomtgns peCϕ wbra y t cc kekeopoonaitnsea (ttYiisaorrlr CPoarEt rdcnlC1hhcauttip osemeemapatyeηemalno ewEnoS8 Eeeeebaν xcr.psμr laeld2nw. eyah5tu I ti uo e1esnaARihebonM7elauti2ζshoeurnlr vssoef3teae,Cm–,εrcnMeeπ)iebJs1l,r,o.a1 bkuMs9aδ1tihM eylta0n23Aoo nr l326Wdw.olfu1 pTsfbnokoiaSWcntpus(dTActaftGAghfVYfNrpbcFAstf A) dguLooahopohsrhst luhSaRaaruo sinffegolI sDThAc.MHAAosahThGpdkwmAauGpuseh srarpeerθene aul Ocrrosp setaoalvtuhoOt ertymeemuommolnaAosli9tneoiYeTaL.nCiis en srhtsncnhoNopc eaoreeOerohinlneLa.hdddmsiuut2lgwyMMntirsawAMxl
about this book 7
THEMED PANELS EXPLORING SPACE (cid:3)EXPLORING SPACE
SEARCHING FOR A PLANET This type of feature is used to
Three types of colour-coded describe the study of space,
panels are used to present a If the distant fixed stars are photographed on two nights,a few days either from the Earth’s surface CONTRIBUTORS
more detailed focus on awpiatrht ,raenspde ctht etroe tihs ea bpalcakngetr oiunn tdh.eI ff iae ldb lionfk v cieowm,pthairsa tpolra nise tt hweinll umseodve or from spacecraft. Individual
selected subjects.These to view the two photographic plates in panels describe particular Martin Rees General editor
panels appear both on quick succession,the bodies that have discoveries or investigations.
moved appear to blink.On 23 January
explanatory pages and 1930,the American astronomer Clyde Robert Dinwiddie
MYTHS AND STORIES
in feature profiles. Tombaugh,workJiOngH at AthNe LNowEeSll KEPLER What is the Universe?
ASTROLOGY AND THE ECLIPOTbIsCervatory,took an hour long exposure
of the Delta Geminorum region of the The Beginning and End
Astrology is the study of the positions and movsekmy.eTnhtes steadineGsse ormf tahne aasttmroonsopmheerre J owhaasnnes of the Universe
MYTHS AND of the Sun,Moon,and planets in the sky in thee xbceellileefnt and 40K0,e0p0le0r s(t1ar5s7 w1-e1r6e30) discovered the
SATs OwReIlEl Sa s(cid:2) being taahssttarrtoo tnnhooemmseyy inawnfaldus eaansptcpreol ilehodug mym awanien raleyff aitniort sed.rAetwvt iisoninneegd ,tcibamuleetn ri,tmedwhcaaeohrgisrree,dnde dt.hSei xsa mdaeylHo asrrw ieblsags it tfi oeiortrfhsn, tpe o al lnaaSgwn ua2ein n9ts at. iarJnOayte n ensmu leltaioh pr“taytist,iotc ahnpare ll”a (psneaeett hsps..87). (cid:3)ProBfiIlOesG oRfA nPoHtaYble TThhee VSoielwar FSryostmem E arth
studied scientifically, aims and methods have now diverged.Astrologers pay The next states that the closer a astronomers and
objects in the night little attention to constellations,but measure planet coimt mes otvoe st,hwe hSiulen ,htihs et hfairsdter pioneers of spaceflight, Philip Eales The Milky Way
smkyyt hhsa,v seu fpeeartsutriteido nins, these “pcAtoiorsiinteisso ”noasf n todhf e“t hTeeac uliSrpuutnisc” a,tnhfodart petlhxaenayme tcps alielnl. lalwin kd ebscertwibeees nt hae asus mwmeallr ya so fa tbhreieirf David Hughes
and folklore, which However,these sections no longer pladnisetta’ns caev earnagde its achievements, appear Exploring Space
form the subject of match the constellations of orbital period. in this type of panel. The Solar System
this type of panel. Aries,Taurus,and so on. Newton used
Kepler’s Iain Nicolson Glossary
STARGAZER
l
name or astronomical catalogue Ian Ridpath The Night Sky
number of feature (features EMISSION NEBULA
without a popular name are Giles Sparrow
Carina Nebula
identified by number)
Exploring Space
244 star forming nebulae 245 CATALOGUE NUMBER Beyond the Milky Way
enAxa girtCe iioposTfpn I cCls eoit ndlaCl ritOodshuL eeitL.s ,iI HnScttrerIeieOrgreasgN,tte eeSsrdlhiln aowgrc hkms etwaantr aetvwrieaosl. THE MILKY WAY TTfATsTycaitTdfosw1TombanirptpHTyct(ICTSBCfiio2faitrtftaihsltstoooohhhhhteehelEErnshhhaHoryEA09luaafEfffess uraCberhhteaseufgoaru rrr rMMeielaereo msrrdNo AAuibs04rrGlssoirlttwamso tbnmummwreitf cdi ttmeeol ttuu w vstumBhvsIICR,n4Tir otiiugIoeag c uaatrcSSifdah0gda Tne,owccnihgAa oainKT iilrbaog rnllnaildcreepprthrSSg e)fTa 0nnorule’ iosesuknnuhoio us sUtEio2ieeekkeaemrtsi setpOlsII.Awchbsan oo i 0eeggltbhlse adnOORt mamuivngrsbsnTuR dmh aluhslh eFtvRp r o-dnt teuoruf iduilbeeA9NN durotvneletUh nr ymorwndeislse esIhegeearefT e lod etbsaolYyowUlp r sy il.obTdte dyid vSineea hl r TNNrad aHseapi5dn h4es mi 'seshpybn ustaSHlhs roe em sb aSrstg eib epew EEio NtEa0tyiasJolcao.b r ti hne1iddiewtnfoaeeen u bto ,n BBore ihe4ssbsfmc fioo GoBfyehduedTspci8 ,nsdm itt nBl uitli hUUr tlnee hsd1wetbnnriL,ul aRdaaeto inhsncestoou sataiiegllNLLassn i9a eOo h g p nroy,IweIltyshauaocvnefegnmc ibeckaAA rihIbFNhp5sCpale u oBke l a,A-cl uteleb esosoCv lIs IgrblH 0heleaetnbolpo.aCilrrcbtD.estyl nU.iglg leui -veycll ne oy Dnusb teTggeIa eeobuag nb,t2r bibyLlaraeitae2buu tlfil tl2ilr.rlcolohpanCID5MCMD7Myio,h naaorysse rE9tanre rlnc9hrllroCu geot,,AAk e9TrpoeIIar uu eis g.ubstste96AAtnSsmtSS4hartp42d bo geTT gaebhlpialh.ittu.t u2chn400 aelAGGTTdmeur4AAe0natds efiua4ane,cl dh9aaAA00uetahI NNr s aosa4oLLoa g .gieqlbu4e l dt NNNcCdwNo.cwn OO ybtnIItlelltipeu h.wan4fnhSTToIiiaikuTesu,nCCesecGGeggi2 n yssGTnUUel itgsteusstoEEesslGasUUtdibd o r hh ea enDDot r heC nratt3eubvaawsEEwFFihettfeetttua C EEut -- aiRR Cte rl2ehhwetreNN htyyrt67niyoohdes dOOel eha 0oh6sd4ee.crUUeavy5esas MMsyff sri. e.euaaMMiat3 c61.t 5at snl seo ibErrntutsfSS4oxtBBvn5gwissehiatuUUeys iEE sneh rpa1nbsnNNesRRelna sbtrgtlgee4us-tcn aa-ugt.leo,elrriladaansfrh.srtmrm2gitaemhmIytshhieaCdem9rem dvaaoaeeapada4 esttdiyimrtet2oi4eeastiasit u si9otsn rri.lav sisoaeaiiT4fnttrgoeiaacrlrdhenb4l .ollnhory .aaylT omce taenTt nt(ohfosot e hb grdus oht saro mei,h hct orntsfesalmewo aiatod pgrgttmredtllshhwio ioa lhl’intatstlaeerassh htah)upggyie tva ro eiSmisl e idre astoist bnsuws rnl hl natocaemio ane gsetiovo, cbBo enm. caiftiiuotrgsodo tnhasoeibliiulsulsak deeno ee ctlsfac s ttb t doeos,gpbehl 1otuuddrrcnlrroaa.foalmess a4e rtseuttdbbwvu tsd eessat yileu,s re lsaainhilnig1t lalntnanetaiosinth5rcdogor fdthiIs n-n.Co iIuitnstTWdm8hgat1thschdGToimDCnhhuEphflY00riiIaaoo ohssGooMieergavvgaG 0lstccureeyrm Alriluee R I,o ogeNieSic stS’d0 gaNnpsae tbvucu.uraUS r,0fethnn Teleui mroOhnnaISolsr0t.a ptIvOrl luiruCetd-.raeIfac e ol2nNhneT yc gta nr irdaEn nsigdnle en godmolNt hMome1c ea eag wpeeiu swEilmswmfrd teiBtdsost aBsimti-ta b asa sct.Rtu.biasiUfaor oaegnhsntoYIsao donLrle amrnsdiag nsoOrA lr ni irl le firp vmsae nSoebsger dipcailenttDa h v nsruiqaau osi rteeinmesCDD6nurnt,eesglRafrs ta,AagIte Rtj 0ndtSahgl, Triaehrt.s o0 T rAsa iess2htye cA02nsi L r ah1t Nmte Ottoal1is ogiihheCGcc gsunu,w EMa alUah erau agngrErnFstbt-o R i edicNygnbhOuolhesUkMeniegu aMayrd erteSnBis nUnEtNgR CCAtndsfWdyoaTirsNsTOmfiCpKowtsneheatpteE oAiuabef arlehhisaalaim a eMei3trseunbeirtRpsssytttrmhsoeibcttah test hhususIntIsieha h ssc tieN Suc rne oeeeatreisctrlgkrihtoev ioSnraaleo Aaannt ytf nba n joaileIre Cmrpseslis sep ed oOnfl tst tao rEnt aiuenrcthi awetN taug alt(owaorywNesh ogtaoerssre re tr tisp ise nroNa saeui ef nroey tthi oen.st beensets th frEadpph unmT, ehbfh mc a v eaerBiW msep.p.failu reneN s thbttoUisoAN e.ar vdOheoa la l 2oueatLtarsesabNearrtileh l,edseAs5mefslh. gsnnre3iW ea ceawseoeb6v yRleilOet 0 t no ea(iaeh ui) k i Eaeso0brnnwnv,dnllCe oea3lsnCND8Mvaogl steatetct cn,AefIfr laetieGo0Aesauc Shf,–rm ieTl(tga 0isdGTrgserutAaCwhsapeRr2nCartA0etheNieLtd h abnsldsa r inNp03tO itsInltee naare.Taiaott3eredoCt.G 0gak U i- rny 2a 7i IEdd Unhn E pban Diinyt2e tted5tNEbFnlntidhs eEgpee-ghtitR osx o0hN egyaa cesce.s Oa btewe1aseU2 –t ufhaldzhoMr to Numb-re a(MCs3sao5pt vnnOeη ikrv ufSd-Bwr0gs1oe a ipee,Uoanys)Elefih–3r) bNa brRwlt ielode.weotsiv3t iuuahtnwde.sief1rsliltsiaatasdh)nnth,,.PAwoaDThbtatiimtasTmtttannhhhhohorncprhayRnEiehe taaeisaeete auc dTOrsb hev8i ttettne a vArn b ymeBie rassmu2 cidnltf eipCctussrrermIsnhrite 8rtleiNoiaayioHtat rruuboe aeah,anetravosriGossrlE0lliel nern seotmlo tut ivssDe o0dfiai et nigiTgnuvae nnetnofo sr 0frieo H igl C pee omn stgamlat nsdk xtcyabs LEristtndb hTm as sraiprhlutuOee isdrohtro aeiNetogtelulnhihacnUoe u at lninueh Eumveraahtcgt Ct’lDgfgs oeod sBd (dpr egrthp t o5ttfe i laedweh srUmh lwtohfow-vie 2jfrdey drieLctotea aeeornig n2i as atA ti n ctnnamt h stsn1hlhXst ,llhCidhlola.ee 0eot4gsi yde o h igt ru-iCr . th0tasdnfhNs agtboegirdhe Iteh 0rueantm,ah-opm yees eiysl oemdys ebncs m lm ae tof bplpv pdasX lo tTaiafpaaeaosdtenuesre eui rampnitnmuituh-rsuNlnedlrhoertidosmears.aas) eddeb anitn e c telagpt ds siyls –aueiadsioys besal m trds bei nir–omss buid,onoiaeur ade.s f gy lihilfnsg 1utstTaanga t.ee6.h peagn.aedscteRCOoidtwntotShuhomddpmarDdoptpTtpsoMnhhhhhuaErEwperaiilalaepapfffhotiaaess ao MeaeeoengvrtsivNbitti tctsetnnlkatit untl tohgisetueaehhtCkusITsai rxz ifsc toeeiaSn nm e l pineoagtiAfe eyenlaaoadbnortrtt laSosaordcclhf ifer --lhUe cr3gtiarpWie ’Itfrr MreeW ffes ffsndsvOtt hsRa0 w naaRo e smoo t c nlt ieetnsa pNr hdyte0aotnUehptaroirrhtoseatahCarh yla e se emtru mtmlf erSvvkryNdalewbwt-yaenc aao nonm lWd e e a y(f tErtest y ameiiabrtbsooosstlh rbyh ehr’nn4B tc..e esenwteesWoyesauibrriae o TaaiorUggomO neelondvbv4de vmtvatreasl9lu Llrss ag dhey vne egals9dfraodssautpAnviyyttf titaetoycr r i rs ,erh ai, lnhehppiesf u ps lvt aouss3k(loinbo en2tRedors.ga ucptsssansriap52taeydsneu y vre ,ouo ss tiotCRD1rtubo2foq0e8Cas m hmdioe eiste4tAard ICotareoltatr S0 fu f8 o f ,iTanleseht u0W boWov Tlprorseanp.Aln0tv-sielfimmAd0 y ecaTee cLecrdfin grraa e9s i0 .vNOgp rs uet4r csctinomsrn h b t sech1beCIhGsl9piu hdto4 srsabiwva vutEieoot oUg,ra)hteeteelr gunat t9r t-ieieGa.yE hilrFrehbm. aiasote neeit,kgyaR sg cersnt eeiU gtNirslHn- swiesO norerseehossenedxy sU peaMhporte.Mto ita as aedn nenMhe rap gooioeagotSfaor rantfaavo sS g2 sc Behnewrerfsohsitrugidftlt U9aae Ee.oee ersacd thstuetNanRrtiedy)a r IdhtnhesuSes noavteds,.c ,ase reddfstiars.l, CTswsnignetherOa aESLSioptadtAiaotpepibtnnhhhSvsrnbehwrprerXaaussPe osfeoaaMnbesdtruf il rPtloaattn aast,tS beira I n cozIeLc.ttilalhu nprChl iseel.eaTuccbihTnenOsgeam i neatIrth hCtdisdtetg-tsRstvtm wseZezhece e rO at e edIe eosrrt rheatitdtNinozheue v,E nelrh Ngtl aion ledsved taherSnlde iesGuesoetR retestn oTe siyt robivhcts nvbbha a s dRo eeceltito A rleetureSs maUeelnsaoteo eesTep re esoknPulnudCtasip nrss,teenadn. gbcgcAagsTv Eegnoer Arme hfetoroeIueiCi a- evnseOlto ,siLeeo psosfss n Edae russN coov rtni et ltsuoariEeutfn odfeheurtn i y2 r mrlltiestfdmrsteteaafSr he rt0ehITh(acihe lfe 3npi Nrmso eol hanepesran0eai Cul4saaosto Sesdfmhrna senutl niRh3nrfselen c nrhImoreanr ag tSDueCt ,nera3dO)cg dhwamnint mpbe dEttbWtte0 tsreor ei cpih ed e n h8enue tge0liSseosrtslwalezPdn5 enlsoef edtohatPtefi4da pncofftnc s o ssrIr,iu9suem EfpSeeitcT u artao.ucopsoiiewlZhdepurprturs pimaeEea.snsniipbrenRrrfdnke-ot.g.ar nr THE MILKY WAY 3C02ARINA lcfatoehoncaendat s uctiottroesern l lpmscaotataeisnopli lntND8Ma bis, Iot0GAeSiihn0nGoTC A0of N n o wN3wwIlTi3CugUh7iEshntD2 ihFtcdE-Rih yn O1eMa rSsUN tibnaefbotlwerm eoeaft nsio PCKusnmeaea c(vmrvmtaiooiarn nilreSyes sT)p SieltdnosctlteeyTTsadfhTeheroeealueeht ubd cSerleMteeeo s- dMpcpli raarfliogbekrifeea liylktSdeu ysyWrine sWstaeyamyGDgAcMolanAo3mrdwL2krpA oi(danCumungpTsie poIgtdCe naal rsasN ,nG l aeEteahnfIstlGeda) a HxadsrynBtew ad aOasr nsMiUrld fhiR 1neoiSt1 lustl0ihe p tit(wtstbie coovdait ectla olwgogma sao)lei.afn xstihtees 333300003333
meMhnarnott eiocOorkvnLs aDtw iebs alT llvtaaOresri gstNm gsaEeepnWrdrdeei udamm.d a ,o tneuerti wathl srfotraourmgh a (cid:4)FEATURE PROFILES
TAR CLUSTERS Throughout the Guide to the
umnCrhnoeaOneLdmsuut2lgynticshbtsa iraeEgt mt rhleDsn1u ih7 ydosouljroxpre N fsgg4mnerlee,c snaem0pte,biyrlytffp 2Ttcdroenhol creWr ai7–y oa.e aatitirrsly .tSanrs2hansAeomhgoypi7 msuTe sTgcrnudi8t,s a esauso1r Ale rigtevbauihs,e4taynn on) hRneAi spetestote,–gg uon t geihgr s nFh aes ( aef8epfyaprtpO. hloraoRan trnptsaoojaebbssaass5 fii idiRteernheteverrxt asrngcntqdreee cfeo)(akMantyiaeometqegbaltoat.sdgutgcrm )sr. trdeg.helD t ttw ui Aa u ltRau s iorv aIfTr r nncmeucoadielaenT tgbiioaefntepthsernlecoi pgolha v)yIoc essony an e assfcrgdOurrdetoaeeirtaculb et la mts rS orh msrdsyclelaleNnranonoenahcivba lnsd a o seriret ir ditdrtcjrulucwnt. y aenpo-isesoen uosphe reo sgteghtu llsrib Gn csadn(n e sans ertnfanrtqlgTsrresoetytttn gnteuare tt.loaeishr eeaeut tlm rfn r fsrstAtsvoa-heuerurfntf odasegpsaaauHudoo snidu n e nitnv lb ntes.apocsius msrcie ryo Tdilzdiclgitntbcaempttfelba no hae teu oea loTdahnamb f y.h.alhE u rdgs no2tirttlgdsn s ntio clMeeltsaeyhiw oh llyuttlshiu3 reae odeoatabndaasuegh tse o bstu shnl2eleoetit prtn aaumr t dhdlttn enyheunaoMs b aee–a epai s fsal i tSsdcdrp rcsasoregnneeiradurp2srtml,ytt ttra ounalt ch le.ie ebepgdh ansloo3pw yeiggabbto .tnsn,,dElvaoeur p ee5dn suroolhmsyaA sSisadsie t abisweulvd o)n ntdnnlstgft istgitanrtr ed.atao neaiesn,tr esab,ee o dgnahodd nanrweirInonwufularetmsucnl str lsleun csunsh tmwtasc e,neglsiaNneg’iifuaettus,trnelded rlrdraothutic litaaos ra nagi rnss,oo t.lrisloavm ymtnllebtndetaa acmMny ihinestrsnfnnei t,rlot yshlvsrSo pyu semdteg tc a vo .’iirhloursmmtcons ndnyeoifHthEoo sefgtn ene uy ro itsae a nthiaerotakoo dadiynhm aQh sswn.rl,lnw,ssi bit et r beittSsaci,aateto mnaiiiatsye hhsonrtrnlop iisurc glvae saaUpeeeo neassrnli grle lrru oo i anrbeat tsoseerahrastyica rcd u tu, h cmof ewe acEeil mcetugdtlntot,oont oeraheAToicevfvsha rci fstr usroi aners fxtlstNoeeoDfeih oestTi alt nthssthr.ndamn etlanaayeOerwm itogtYoteas iuevi prntlMemg tr Lnlunaalrum twgoyrlsa eic rEuasth icdispClirc b ugr irur Selnvre ltis(leainr oceenaeagie le olthitCdlono ws kruedvebmoial ngodse tEncfa pnelogvpueylfEie a lnsblNst hcl rvtaotladei morauo. en lgcoaeeWieh nTrliseeetwdnrTeionm tcs )tdt eferwfneg ossohsS itica stihfaantcear aole ese ueyeiTioeirlle(gotrnoviy g edsolseaArsnrntissraea yudtnseefh s ogsr ctce Rsfhllisa e w taieeagratble eldousnn tloaaa)leeyrr wvcnnm.tiyhh ylpvnnsnlegitasnoygyt tiadrl ic erm coiyttoddls e gsarssotlah yhtat(e o l itgtttoahanfs auothiehhatreebonagohsy vnstesnevdtesepfeeh.eeareai .lrt THE MILKY WAY Uapsesfainoptrrxcn aeoleattliru fohvcm-oiaewfeilffeoplr ti esMsrlcesemde ntoo,ia , a l bfbtfkri th-oynjyaifee olt o plWcrs nororitem nwosda(ltl.feuiyee rinFcolc dfeg(otttda is)o rbou br riyeoncsoygtf viopioeofan)n.g steos BTfigttnohhhaEcueeilYlsan ulU Oxdadsyn rNt(eib sgnhiccvDeeeegtleyeusim roToo stsan etHntekbhe ddnE.loero o spvroMo weaugakn)IrnasnL e ldoKaals wttYxsr iunf ueWep csgaet AautarulcYrnaerl duexs(cid:2)yss ,itners, BEYOND THE MILKY WAY DA(hmsycsATtWLthoc(AfairoanohwsemeomtalSnONattoeaboh vau rshheaasbaaayoiUecDt e rluen y Mclee llhd tvsc abycBllS,hRa wsderrpe e eeAslelialbaePaLO sd 3)rr”o.iemon gveg,Gns Eea4InrsM1 ggdseR t osae hbcnkd0roeiedaaCu’ r .AolvlsEyca yfv5w ostllaarOo rerTaa sLoDtht.di oxebor)uitdahh Rxx Pli Ie Aa uspGlmmyreldyyempiEdimeaes.tst..din dnA e i mgirdTeaeFccttasolis Lp shohhajaheeddptaisaiiAoflreauearlras drtlsiai o owXiguntb nrossrn igo g mftv daoYleGMmficeu“an eagtleotsaauielssh n lnhatd3adacaassegrs re leo dtx1olat xete da mCMD2D2Maarrlf botryg isn.5AxIIoo xune9AeeSAA3u0T aGtety GnTnMylA1scdo,omDlileA0mN. ,Laf tagoE t0 NitsOiNIu(IxlTs”hbT0eoeclm9CbMGatEiiGUr yo,reEoedzsUlR 0eeDi C n’telgler E psr35.tEdih a ha.ra lhk N2eSo1i,i m tesog23UeAs-ans io)xb 4h.ycMfta n4 Mee etlmj mi -B-te aawb“isyyhEasS cnrieeulaRnslaeiuta nSktlssyiratfyytsli,eatompgiIEnitAlaofatminnhhhatntsukratrd stltdcaioeehobdtwleteergw nur Dreoceui nsAiehUotaytparsnernigidaheesetnn rn nsew“h o nseesmd seo binidgpos tm idnnH a povme rtdyiMrfr gtgoote ifeidebsuthersM gearrtmhrnysoaifeb aelsnrhslo ebal testklsrbue3 t aa tx r e inaylldsiMe1nn rem(yieimypce seaan,sdWo seslab,r sa3rtagyautewegl,rhetauet1yta srsti awv neamit yl ot. palnaeekMet,sa2dan ha e matsnrnixs0 tone ,s”i ltih3doyocet ortfnsewha1 eo hw d fflstm is y , ’hki hnshtmcs vto o ieimtae huewleglchpt lyae nleg hrhcasneayp ha teialenuotr yutzovlo sesreogte gMiristluhsrtoie udtyaytto eelnla sed3by artfr)ai1 hxess.el,. lyadyt, asadathacmthhbrFwiagmsiCThc(yhhpnnhespspeonholeaooaEuet aaiiaafm noilpoplslrN tllllrlsecrvotaannploeeleyeMvteaeuph ot iTkrxe rX. anipchploiaaaowlReotailT tt ins-dtrr3criehseenehhghurl A fecss g a ondhgar 1s yta ee.o sndabLciy d hmo Satuluge s t F lbitlo dlaotiatBals MMenuei oatrnlscoaxom ao lnrhuh c Lp) nwlhix ftkby.mrieirtdtAasuiksiiersds yhuevhtll e ag i,rCe kkgdsamhe,ae’esg ttreeh s oxaKesyy ishhlds w a c e gne otslatsab a d vpoaesm i HaWWumshtngm–lit ioeisl aslutetOolecsdia ,Md oe hslficza aawgpuamixrLtti br hsyy,seo ee ciyEhl.lbstisoie,tf,eapa’’ssvanh l ss Destec wk,snt Mtios eo cwaet geoascgpyyoeaefotstii3 utnei hevlsae t oshttnW1Meinhdos mhphrnealeeb’et d esit rfiarea eitla f rtian3 smmotycnrfraXlieyad’ e1l,tetad -sl Mi tsiearcngc lra’ optasig slaiebsshtanmoranys ransa ry3naulbuelaia darm al as1teottsalcsslplyc ,ex aoeeeo.t’xtofbsetkilcys uhdviyllrac3kaoir’e.e estrcec0bneysek.ys EITtsliHob(tcimhhspyrgNXuehueaeicherPmgetc bl t deLh Ttg pgbesr ioOtatanpalosnEuelftRl .asf aae 2od eIxcRpnxst7f yoysNhr icd4 eogGu Geeooib–savsn fftyl7ste e AtaatoSi Md5lxaxntme P)s rLiiMcs. tsse3AsehCet’AH s1 Ca.3sac bes tsIEthu1Cupauep n barMylrgh basnTbio1g,eynyg3ln9eneie gIdi12odsd on Ct c9t b e gvlhoaaao,sd a lyeeubEncrk Dr triureedovha i lyowbguiaecIn whltytorSieegsont ui ndn sTdslthl.etedheaAoA s erisnmnls.tNe het ohwaCsueui gtEfrhhien ttdthhhieneegir taht eit ss abavamr atCi rgeiiteah sspbt tefhlaeaseri tn isdtteasrt BEYOND THE MILKY WAY
HmnnecnhNopcoreohahddwMrsawMglatm Tt crtErσrdenaciriie hFeetodtoihvGinsorSHgmll hu nzfrnedf mie kelsPRpαoiGytEtogiroe Smem l meyCe .ec,edLeotaooa ami tan gd rede diHoaOtnrnoisstsIasvne faeah,nln Ns n heiA th7eg s e en0eh’A,te t eesne hga surdteNod6ahnsahrDIk sbthte ress odc nAir n rt a6aD reIie ψhsC Arustst,rai fSottaestr edNih .ado o2 to opsuonriQltwTP ws BpmaNoarc te D ,lcsrl pRcShdr oc vcyaGaeEeeaRr alewaluiRRiEamkoDeT ueasotnu.mtiandusr .SGnisOhn er nn κbec Ohae 1esm gRSoeaEcie m ePteegMnt7a d tAιtriRbeneλehnNhnnbeS Oatdcs eadSehdkEIbreso dslMraSsheGe narla-di cDt yMlC oiEn caCs n No rCuo efsnUm feemi8td AeitgoaSsaedba drfwaonsndeeu7tEds .GfneUSiy usytibeeeate6 dlenspuvsuHrbDdetydfs nirn6,rbCir uht aiods7 s asyoae2E3tPtdtdfetwAuecifa lolhoehplleiddpnernl uys,o fle7rn,le.2 ouat atites eiotaaphep5aayh3inf’eenοohlislsls ignsadeahyur 2 ce s rgpe aoiryss.ttt od onnailtoh i,niowougyfannscrnedfgrokegi smtohhfLACERTA LLsbasJtna(TTbatTcGdSTmgGMtplsvttnlcToctoaohetshhhehiT sTnoooaeiPopeefeamarrertlhhvleranhHee Haereltid3c.l nnmiiaerrege rEe5aoelwztii3wnaa mTf TToEgaEsoeiad3s e ssssaAexolsna.nn luACc n0 ic p-p atxtnrb2epa L eehTikhhribauysee ggotengto2pna.inaerIyddorR dejimIc saiee3eseeZllenx euurhanp–daissr Fe, tll In om .sr Anl1aeraa, tAr (cnalpdbtllc aesil3riw1serIMc h etsnluutthsRioo5aMzt bopNAldoCo eo ehe 0aii7.os Hleg Destlmmawor)ohoinomit G rnpensfyes3Ittnso3,n rr wnoh3 sunamnoen hut Leang iatsF )m uow3,duws eplno3faiolEirs ,t icvs ltelitoclEs sa uedrts aac.gasve c t eagroae hlnsetlh3ooag lk ortl lo phath eaAtor,istnlt ollanlrnditpo0ahshionlmui nnih n ebanr ca ho acdouTuonLl Gtatht1o eebfsrh 7od oheaettheraeket renaisfeetlo iur)omUfoxitw-ath sitiu laa k r olfsd. nl nshwsneohtcawtis(rtffycucrls nseog , szInha rsRaoonos yea l-gksfraikm SBAGLAHSF9 SBBGAHNF9lenoea ihccefz cax . nTel mi MglroU Ucenk0 aIy0sI REBIREBIeas S eltee rolicsZdoEZoo mGGt ypeLvkt°LN.°uNc.uIm reIGBhrgBfeMdpn EpEtonBa GvGLHiohLH,NaNh pt fn aaeeIobISiRI y3RY IatcYp czleeHTm HTREide REhlsa aeg onp aetrEr,–tEae nLa– rtsitI eiIAaSnn6.3mh(SATtVAtTo Vtl oVn m VV Vytr βnlth33 g5 .rsaha(tEThetETgItN IiN aiy C EtcoIE eaIαbnSsos3Sq2a )hsuS gnTS esAbedrsAnL6ieals.IKftsIK e tIs°eMeI°il NtTi TetN)TT3sTie cnBuedauB.oIiapopd Ilyec 8rS iSnaou eo rgr NI. NI. r3a rSLstSiLotOurO0S–aiiS, ealttf gpcrr )–d mGEna.suGEihfdhtnT3Tauf bNKe 8NKhooDn lpizewr e AOinAnie-fn Yt eYdndtae16e7caoymseeomfzRcRLeragoTteca.l u 88 h g AtheuA ceaart eniuiT turrs rNeo(tiTsTaneooe ucrier. lemrdse hs o igdsoebgfm1n 1 mitdfielnl i00eanehs iienaltebtPaPk. ssreshgstlMeMte el,toaree tvcctdwBaohnalaiLaer alrdlseb tiAes saL ce adesb toTTmita hrelnB halehcRyfBe oacr i LtI olk spgooAuLuhtsue oaedittbNn Leg mlascweuLhasjuG aruspeaejx a,casU ne gc lctuith riejtehLteh odaeassailci eUoesgr o tsbls o lMsthb f pwsyjon1e t gbfelhjtoh an 4eohiiAcavgfnevtcuetdopt Nahaeh e tr ge rtEsisit Dnt-nh a si ac ooMmaa f gor scMfreai b r rottaPlh etaTlni soActhrie“rm vge ssysioR.n.ebanac,atp Skane Bdalpiieanrgst m ta-2seuz .ssuuosos ot caldtescacunhrafti erle mnsau,te-q”ngot tsilu.ahiet otnkrlaaeseesosaeerrt lelsaxhttioo20w3˚0n˚4T0˚HE LsI3Z0A˚ARDNP35Dh0E˚RR0OShREMUEMTsifSnTDahh c3oeRtAe3hw -c Ieγδ5oA l uonLpu6N o4t dcoEJtrboiLGshena oefL12adc tep AlUhto hACt53U rwGafβefSeCChn a9rnhe psLIPdD1oAEiEnVee1iαnr21Uu na5EroeonnEi0tNReehAp6krm sm t GtMsi.tLe T hs aDRhtHαeIIdch.taAtgZeAde I4RN7 re aAβiagEvs2msS2onsG e paOR 4lSa iwopi1UlsCnoD3zMTinnCrrM u af eei Hdt SnB3s2rhtE s dE2 3h psELCieits sP2 imrihynsTstDo hgelrHt aRPmiesenc tAegIaphgdIEuioAinSrieil nstrmoNUaerae.CnlilnsGldnmS tt Eoa CggeL ootffahrEfSist Y glsatMaeuktGixyr3koyeN3lsnUldS sao tbTHE NIGHT SKYfi3o5 y3fnigure (cid:4)Tmad41hneTHE NIGHT SKY6oidsMnsc tsrsclusterhnebulanebulaclusterstarOHorizons60°N40°N20°NEcliptic60°N40°N20°NZeniths-1012345GalaxyiOpen Diffuse PlanetaryGlobularVariableoeb STAR MAGNITUDESDEEP-SKYOBJECTSPOINTS OF REFERENCENuocetft|TJANUARYNORTHERN LATITUDES d15 February8pm9pmh it1 February 9pm10pmHo eh15 January 10pm11pmiGNNIOKRTOnHOnL1 January11pmMidnightrLen15 DecemberMidnight1am Y iTRHO mNtimesaving time ynDateStandardDaylight- lSeaOBSERVATION TIMEScoaKtl75rMuiHERCULES reM13Yt,ageVd M92uA RYL fdNeTdGOSoERTeWsHeHrEUTAR t9ARCDO S B2 MOSOsTUOtNaNoT GEYISCw. Dib benelDTs oEohM10e1 nce93rMMM51iz arSUvhEM H P3ECpMsINORe aURSA e pArTTrHMREEV5 PPolarissC3ELctAON2.5LUCMAGATH4NsI CEtMIS B6i 4Ei R1CnEOoNfMMM81I30CALIASD 1 2RAAMPJ UAoEOIALOEERSnPDRMSEAnO E AIC SM–A4TS8r8 OACSS G9CN6Ro8 CTDE1G Ni3M1NS MWe8AUs7rSA3tGaM ELYShPINLNU.EXEcO OSMRRe UEPhLAG IRLUUA 4SE3GrMEOaNll3Ce p3anACSMIIRPT CcsnsaPstool lSruUh83MhoExo SRSEPG63MMEECRLIPELM3T7Ie4IaCouRMEgS4rIEuOADl NuIA t MsIArG3IEARU5CwtLPAhtNh 1SMSCM EE6E7,CXRsoS T IAnPa SraEb eDodNSlTAPAEYrw HUSoRn ScAU NyOIACROvoETSnnAWBNHetTe lIgeYusieSiM DatR xOrieMrttalileIBAMN NOfhOChRE wRaOS i S UMRsc4T8OvECT M5P24M0 iLliUnpoCelegiRSM46Mg4Siraiu7oswA SNUCNTAANILDS g IIMM Rk9XAEA3J OAR pNM41 ROeiFPtYn XSUIaPELS oggAdharaXINeEOHPPU PPTIS SSEO M ABUMCUOLLVEWAU CEMLUTAH IGHOTLEOUROAOHSCaSnopusT Star MotionP IOCTORD AROD MCUALURICNITAE RNorthlrfdLMCioenifrfef HSTOUe eosrHLrTOUOOSKIGN beeosnJANUARYNORTHERN LATITUDES |nnect re clSouthvah DEEP-SKYOBJECTSPOINTS OF REFERENCESTAR MAGNITUDESepPlanetaryDiffuse Open GlobularVariablet-1012345Zeniths60°N40°N20°NEcliptic60°N40°N20°NHorizonsGalaxyanebulanebulaclusterclusterstarirotrsutin dasTHE NIGHT SKYt4eths17s ow AnltsTehoαβγδεζηθικλμastemHmttierroeriabgdezetiklm noas Ehnebaleetap ogptmuaeotraptlmsa fa htiratm pibsGgaealtamoaohhd emanaaetRrsn ssec eiE ughsssnstaE.eareT rtdKassh ictie nnoosA e nwtsνξοπρστυφχψϖ hvtLlaeheirsPtnis tcnxoprstupcpo bethaHhihiauihsmmpirgoooucii issmoeiGnc icAalkog orarpf.aoreonBpdenreiknEagrT oton
THE PACIFIC OCEAN
This view of the Earth, taken from the
Space Shuttle, is dominated by the
Pacific Ocean. Above the water are
clouds of water vapour and a volcanic
ash plume, a reminder of the continuing
geological activity of the planet’s interior.