Table Of Content

life animal “A stunning pictorial essay . . . that serves as a key to the animal kingdom.” —New York Times Book review ANIMAL LIFE ANIMAL LIFE C H A R L O T T E U H L E N B R O E K LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI DORLING KINDERSLEY First American Edition, 2008 First paperback edition, 2011 Senior Art Editors Senior Editors Maxine Lea, Ina Stradins Peter Frances, Angeles Gavira Guerrero Published in the United States by US Senior Editor Jill Hamilton DK Publishing Project Art Editors Project Editors 375 Hudson Street Alison Gardner, Samantha Richiardi, Rob Houston, Nathan Joyce, Cathy Meeus, New York, New York 10014 Hugh Schermuly, Francis Wong, Ruth O’Rourke, Gill Pitts, David Summers, Steve Woosnam-Savage Rebecca Warren, Victoria Wiggins 11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 WD151—February 2011 Designers Editors Sonia Barbate, Julian Barford, Polly Boyd, Tamlyn Calitz, Salima Hirani, Copyright © 2008, 2011 Dorling Kindersley Limited Mark Lloyd Ben Hoare, Claire Tennant-Scull, All rights reserved Production Editor Miezan van Zyl, Ed Wilson Tony Phipps US Editor Jane Perlmutter Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, Creative Technical Support Researcher mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior Adam Brackenbury, John Goldsmid Verity Greenwood written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher Jacket Designers Indexers of this book. Lee Ellwood, Duncan Turner Hilary Bird, Richard Bird Illustrators Production Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. Peter Bull, Kevin Jones, Richard Tibbetts Inderjit Bhullar A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Cartographer Picture Researcher John Plumer Laura Barwick ISBN 978-0-7566-7221-8 Senior Managing Art Editor Managing Editor Philip Ormerod Sarah Larter DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, Art Director Reference Publisher contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New Bryn Walls Jonathan Metcalf York 10014 or [email protected] DK INDIA Art Director Editor Color reproduction by Media Development Printing Ltd, UK Shefali Upadhyay Aakriti Singhal Printed and bound in China by Leo Paper Products Designer DTP Neerja Rawat Dheeraj Arora Discover more at www.dk.com AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Project Coordinator Caitlin Roxby Editor in Chief Dr. Charlotte Uhlenbroek Contributors Richard Beatty Chris Mattison Dr. Sean Rands Glossary Reptiles Society Dr. Frances Dipper Dr. George C. McGavin Dr. Graham Scott Fishes, Defence Invertebrates, Predation, Scavenging Feeding, Feeding on Plants, Omnivores, Feeding Partnerships Dr. Kim Dennis-Bryan Dr. Sanjida O’Connell Mammals Intelligence Dr. Charlotte Uhlenbroek Communication Professor Tim Halliday Dr. Douglas Palmer Amphibians, Sex and Reproduction, Evolution Dr. Elizabeth White Reproducing without a Mate, Vision, Birth and Development, Steve Parker Finding a Mate, Sexual Rivalry, Raising Young Mating Skeletons and Muscles, Movement, Body Coverings, Body Systems John Woodward Rob Hume Courtship Dr. Katie Parsons Birds Senses, Living Space, Life Histories American Museum Animal data Consultants of Natural History The behavior profiles in this book contain summary information about the animals being described. This information usually covers a species, but in some cases it refers to a group, such as family or genus. Dr. Juliet Clutton-Brock Dr. Christopher J. Raxworthy The symbols used in the summary panel are as follows: Mammals Chief consultant a In most cases (and unless otherwise stated), this Dr. Frances Dipper Dr. George F. Barrowclough refers to the length of the adult animal, with the following dimensions given for different groups: Fishes Dr. Randall T. Schuh Mammals: head and body Professor Tim Halliday Birds: tip of bill to tip of tail Dr. Mark E. Siddall Amphibians Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fishes: head and body, Rob Hume Dr. John S. Sparks including tail Invertebrates: head and body, including tail but not Birds Dr. Robert S. Voss including antennae Chris Mattison f Occurrence, including both habitat and geographical distribution Reptiles c A brief description of the animal’s main physical Dr. George C. McGavin features Invertebrates d Cross-references to other behavioral profiles about the same species or group Foreword by Charlotte Uhlenbroek 8 10 78 Animals have lived on Earth Animals’ bodies allow them for more than a billion to maintain a stable shape, years, and have evolved a move around, and sense and staggering array of forms. react to their surroundings. M Y L 12 What is an animal? L 80 Skeletons and muscles 82 Water skeletons A A M 14 Evolution 83 Horny skeletons O M M 84 Chalky skeletons 16 Animal history 86 Bony skeletons O ID I N N 88 Movement 20 Classification T 90 Walking and running G A A 92 Climbing, leaping, 24 Animal groups A and jumping N 26 Invertebrates 94 Burrowing, slithering, and sliding 30 Arthropod groups N 96 Flying and gliding 32 Arthropods I 98 Swimming 36 Vertebrate groups K A 38 Fish groups 100 Body coverings 40 Fishes 102 Skin 44 Amphibian groups 104 Scales 46 Amphibians 106 Feathers 50 Reptile groups 107 Fur, hair, and bristles 52 Reptiles 56 Bird groups 108 Body systems 58 Birds 110 Breathing 68 Mammal groups 112 Circulation 70 Mammals 113 Digestion 114 Fluids and temperature control 116 Brains, nerves, and hormones 118 Senses 120 Touch and vibration 122 Taste and smell 124 Vision 126 Hearing 128 Echolocation 130 Electricity and magnetism c o n t e n t s 132 An animal’s behavior encompasses all the things it does, from competing for food to forming societies. LR 134 LIVING SPACE 376 BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENT 138 Home ranges 380 Life stories A and territories O 396 Raising young M 148 Migration 408 Play and learning 162 Animal architects I I V N A 176 HUNTING AND FEEDING 418 SOCIETY A 182 Feeding on plants H 194 Omnivores 202 Predation 250 Scavenging E 260 Feeding partnerships B 272 DEFENSE 440 COMMUNICATION 276 Weapons and threats 444 Pheromones and smell 296 Camouflage and deception 448 Visual signals 312 Group defense 456 Sound 462 Touch, vibration, electricity 322 SEX AND REPRODUCTION 468 INTELLIGENCE 328 Reproducing without a mate 332 Finding a mate 340 Sexual rivalry 352 Courtship 366 Mating 488 Glossary 494 Index 510 Acknowledgments