Il Quarto Vangelo come storia

85 Pages·2012·2.03 MB·Italian

by  Giuseppe Segalla

+ IlQ uartVoa ngelcoo mes toria+
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opiniolnaer gamenctoen divitrsaga l sit udicohseii lQ uartVoa n­
gelvoa dal etstuod uep iansit oriqcuie:l dleol lsat oroirai gindairG iea­
sù,s uc uia preu naf inester qau,e ldleol lcao munità giovpaenrcn ueia ,
è scriet tdoic uiè unos pecchio.
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dac omprensidoinq eu ell'ev(eGnvt2 o, 20-2122;, 16).
La presente riscise orfcfae ramnaz itustut qou ellsat oroirai ginaria,
perv ederceo me,a ttravelrats roa dizisoinape e,r venuat uan ar eda­
zionien c uis ir ifleltact oem unigtiào vanneesaa;m inpao iq ualsio noi
garandtiiq uestsat oriqau,a lliec oordinsaptaez io-tempeo rqaulail i
quelcluel turali.
Ilv olumetctoos tituliasp crei mpaa rtdeiu n'ampIinat roduzailoV naen ­
gelos econdGoi ovananlil,qa u alGei useppSee galsltaa vlaa vorando
perl eE DB.V ienep ubbliccaotmoe t itoal poa rtpee rr ispettare un'e­
spliciintdai cazidoenlel 'autore. iAllle lt'tiotnrrieoz vlia'o i,n tiemrpoi anto
dellrai cerpcrao gettata.
• ••••
• GIUSEPPSEE GALLhAa d edicato lv'iitnaatl elsrota u ddieol lSaa crSac rittura:
pert anatnin èi statdoo centdeiN uovoT estamenatlolF aa colTteào logidcealT rivene­
toe allFaa colTteào logidceal l'ISteatltiean triÈond aeicee.d u1t'o1 l1u gl2i0o1 1P.r esso
leE DB hac ollaboarlas teom estrdaille e ttura bPiabrolliaSc pai riet Voi thaa;p ubblica­
toE vangeleo V angelQiu.a tterov angeliqsutait,tV roa ngelqiu,a ttdroe stina3t2a0r0i3,
e,i nc ollaborazGieosnùde i,N azarettr sa torei fae de2,2 009l.il ettotrreo vnae llPar e­
sentazidoenlve o lumuen p rofciolmop ledteol lsau ao perea d ellsau ap erso.n a
•••••
ISBN9 78-88-10-40275-7
Inc opertina
DoNATEGLiLoOv,ae nvnain gelista,
1428-1F4i4r3e,n ze,
BasidliSi acnaL orenzo 9 7888104 0275>7
collLaABn Ia BBNIEAL LAS TORIA
dirdetaGt iuas epBpareb aglio
La collsacina ar aitztpzeeaurr n lae ttruirgoaosr amesnttoerd ieclSalc er istatcurree,
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ranpnroe secnotmeaest pir esdsidi eotneerm ianmabtisiet notrii cop-ucnudtliaitr urriavloi ,
diu n lcuanmgmoi dnieo s persiiegnnzief edi ivc iatvtrei avdei tzeiisontnici e,s santemente
rileer tet-ii ntedraep brreeed tiaca rtiis tiani.
Sip resupcpholenar e e ligbiiobnlseiie casa s enzilaelgmaaeu tnnatsa et oerc ihae
is uloiisb arcinr esi i apneodr,e finilzteie osntei,m osnciraiPnitdzùtave e i .c isneom,b rcai
fecocnrdiot erio ilnact oemrpprreentsaitoinveo, critiBcbiabmiieann ­te vagliata, della
tecsoam fer udtetlosl tao driIi sar aede ellepl rei miscsomiumneci rttiiàsa snues citate
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pegnoof fdrviio rleuc maip daiac ib binaalsrleear isectiàen utndi eftitcpaait aeona oc ­
cessaiu bnvi alsept uob blico.
Quesitt iit porloig rammati:
l.L 'ambienstteo rico-cudletlulSreca rliet tEubrrea ic(hMeC .i mo2s00a1:)
2.L et radizsitoonrii dcihI es raeDlae M.o sèa Esdr(a EC.o rt2e2s00e1:)
3.lp rofedt'iI sraveolcede:e lD iov iven(tGeS .av o1c9a8:5 )
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5.lc antdiiI sraePlree.g hieev riat daiu np opol(o GR.av a1s9i8:6 )
6.L al etteraitnutrear testam(eMntC.ai rmioa1 s9a9:2 )
7.L' ambienstteo rico-cudletlulorera ilgeic nrii stiUannaed .o cumentazione
ragion(atRaP. e nn5a2:00 6)
8.L ep rimceo munictrài stiTarnaed.i zieot nein dennzeelc ristiandeeslilomero i ­
gin(iV F.us c1o9:9 7)
9.L at eolodgiiP aa oloA.b bozziinf ormeap isto(laGrBe.a r ba3g2l00i8o):
9bIl. p ensadreel l'apoPsatooll(oo GB.ar ba2g2l00i5o):
10E.v angeelV oa ngeQluia.t tervoa ngelqiusattit,Vr aon geqluia,t tdreos tina(tGar.i
Seg al3l2a0:0 3)
11G.e sùe bredoi G alilIenad.a gisnteo ri(cGaB .ar ba2g2l00i5o):
llbGe.s ùd iN azareeP ta oldoi T arsCoo.n fronsttoo ri(cGoB .ar ba3g2l00i9o):
12L.a t radizipoanoel i(nRaF .a br1i9s9:5 )
13O.m elieec atechcersiis tinaenles/ e co(loac urdaiG .Ma rconi: 21998)
14L.'A policaleil s'saep ocalnietlNt uiocvao T estame(ntBCo. o rs1a9n9i7:)
15L.a B ibbinae ll'antcircihsittià(a acn au rdaiE .N orelli)
l.D a Gesùa Orige(ne1 993)
IlD.a glsic oladriOi r igeanleV secolo
16L.a B ibbinae lM edioev(oac urdaiG .Cr emas-cCo.Ll eiona1r9d9i6:)
17L.a B ibbinae ll'epmoocdae rnae c ontempora(nace au rdaiR .F abr1i9s9:2 )
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21D.o nnee BibbiSat.o reidae sege(saci urdaiA . V ale2r00i6o):
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23Il. Q uartVoa ngecloom es tor(iaGS .eg a2l0l1a2:)
GiusepSpeeg alla
ILQ UARTO VANGELO
COME STORIA
EDIZIDOENHIO NIABNOEL OGNA
RealizzeadziitoonPreri oahleeemi:do i tosrriFlai,lr ee nze
e2 01C2e nterdoi todreihaolnei ano
viNao sad6e-l4l0a1,B2 o3l ogna
www.dehoniane.it
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ISBN9 78-88-10-40275-7
StamTippao:g rGaifiaam marFiroals(icR,aM t2)i0 12
Presentazione
DonG iupspeSeeg alaluat,o rbeivbollsieps etcais,au Vllani gsetlao
diG iovaesn unlisl tao rdiecviia tenàglè im ,o r1t'1ol1 ug2l10i1aoP a­
dova.
Quesstupooi ccolpoi ctcesosoltplooeom ,r o lvei,e dnale o ntano
ev iendea almli'acA.ilz alim'iGciou pseeS pegasrliil vaso pltosnaen ea­
menGtieu seBpapreb aagfilfdiaon,dl osagt leisd uiur nIaatn orduizone
auotrevaoVlla en gseelcoo Gnidoov aanmlno im,e nitncou p ir endeva
corpproe lsEesD oB l'articcoollal«zaLinaoa n Beni ebdlbesliltaalo a­
ria».
Triad uce' eurnasa o laimda'i acci,oz niddiilt iab reerctiàp drio ca,
stiemd aic ompetreinczocani ounste'a f:tu eis tidmiorneaetlm t oo­
menitcnou Bia rbapgulbiboilp lio cdòe rGoesseoùb rdeiGo a liIln­ea.
dagsitnoer (i22c00)as; uq uestteoses t uol sltao rdiecViain tgàeid l uie
Gisuepmpies uralr'couonnlno ' alldati rvoe erl ssaio tlàid diii mtpào ­
stazdieolrnliees pertitcieMvriecc hoelp.po ìfi,ro, t emieplnrt oef ondo
tradtiut moa nciotcnàu i Gdiouns eSpepgeaf lupl rae saelnclteael e­
brazifnuoenbedr iBe a rbagnleilcolh ai deesclai midtiAe rrsoi ero
(VI):v i esppireensasmele ann etcee sdseilvtliàac inead neszlea n ti­
mendtiao m ico.
Allmao rdtieB arbalgadl iiroe,z dieolcnloeal lfauan sas uinnt a
totdoaR omaPneon nefa u,l aco ntziinoudnaiel adtea'latlmai ac.i zi
ProparP ienon cah,ge lr ii coradtlae ovlnaeio fl ismupoe egdniot oriale,
doSne gadlilsdase eld liiafc fodlipt oàr taat reer miivlno el u«mMea.,
ino gncia s-coo ncelsupsree ss-ahmofen initlteapo r ipmaar ets ei
pupòu bblcioccsaoìrm eèep , e rcèuh néa rmgeonctoom piuto».
Las tecsossdaai sasm eel 'ulvtoilcmthaale oi nconnteSrlea mii ­
nardiiPo a dvoae;f eccee nensop laimlca ilt«eoN. ec la snoor ni uscissi
af inliapr ree szeinotcnaoeml pedtiGa i ov,aq nuneisItnat roduzione
storpiuecòsa s peurbeb lciocmaleti ab raep tatrotE edè» q .u anftaoc ­
ciacmooqn u esltiob retto.
DonG iuseupspaesv car iivs euroaeip puanm tains ou qdueai­
derens ioa llofl ialn riei elambeotrtaevanacld o omlpiuD teevlro .l ume
5
protgtea-tIVola ngseelcoo Gnidoov aInnontdirui.zo -nheal asciato
correer tiitnfaip tusare,c o ins egdneilf lrtaetn ae gullitp iarmaig rafi,
lpar ipmaar; nt uella deledl eal lsaec cootmnepdrllazne' att,ieo ir no­
didceell ao vro.
Pubblicqaunedsloti ob rpeotsttoul meEo D,Be cio llegShei­ del
minadrPiia od orvias peutnt'paelnsioic nidtiac dadiz oiGnoin ues eppe
Segaeol nloar laa'nmoi ccihzheia an anvuot coo lnu «id,oB nep pino»,
comleoc hiamlagave and teesl u poa ese.
Ina pervtiuerrnaie p aotrpote irn tleI'rnod idce'elpo lercao,m e
la'utloar'vee avrat icnoellsalutmaaoe ntÈu en.e loquienndtiec atore
delvlaas dtioi rtiàz czoocnnu tGiii useSpepgeas lailc scato aavtlae sto
biblIilltce too.cr oen stiapnta errtài ccoomlpeae rrVe an iglleso e condo
Giovalan'untiro irtee nnegcae susnalare itate u unri'an terpretazione
at rleei vl«lIQilu: a trVoa ngeclooms et o»r«,i1 Qa1u arVtanog ecloom e
opelreat t»e«,rI aQlru iaarVtanog ecloom tee oldoeglnilaaa r razione
stordiiGc esaù ».
Unafa rsdee slu Toes tamento msihp aic roiltpquiuatalorle,ie ­
felssdoeu lmla'neid teàlp lraoo nfdidetslàu soe ntedi erlesl uaa ri­
cer:«c Iahoo a vueth oos emppriefù i duicnLi uaein eslu ion finito
mistdeiar moo rmei sericdoicr udmiiis o esnot o cieri cnco unid ato
soniom merPsiaoùv .a nnzeolv liapt iavù,e dmoi stoesrciiun rtio ar no
mec he snoso pni eSgoap reerc.òh eM iislot i,en r cuiim mseorèns oo ,
unM istdeiar moo crheie os tehsoss opi emernta(toot»t 2o00b9)r.e
* * *
Petrr asmepticùto emrpei utiarlmi ecnodtridedo oGn i useSpep­e
galrliap,oi rpltr oo fcihnleeo h ansntoe ics oorn aftperlelsib dietle ri
SemindaiPra idoo. v1a
«Al1l5de il unì1e d1l ugdloiGnoi useSpepgeas lèisl pae natlo­
lO'spedaPlaed odvia , naeslpslriaes gthdiiatelsorlu aap erdieSoler ­a
minaerd iauo n sau odrea'l IdlniPao.c ihsit daonptèogi i uinrlte ot tore
deSle miniantr eimopp,eo ur n l'tuifmarat ebrennaie zdidoian ded io
verlscaoa sdaeP la d[r. e). ..
Simbolilcdeaum seeu notrrceieh iamida un"eoma or"fi nodamen­
taclhihe a npniol oeti altlou mlie'nsaitsotd eidn oGznia u pseelp:n' ­i
segnamdeenlstlaoac ra ScSreimtitnu(ariranmi neonur eelnv iodliia te
1L e ErDiBn grasziinacneor admoeGnni taem paDoilaonr ient,td oeSrlee minario
diP adoevd ao,nC arBlroo ccadrocdeonn,et lel o stesspoel racS o elmlianbaorriaoz,i one
e pleacr o rtesia.
6
dia lunnlior icordadnooc entdeil etteragtiuorvaa nnae Paa dovea a
) (
Milanoel 'interpeesrls 'eI ndpieard ecenunnia p attugdligi iao vani
suorsep,e ciales abatvoi,s itavialtn eor zpoi andoe lS eminarfiion ao
)
dues ettimafnape,e ru ni nconter uon ap arol.aP erq uestdou plice
ministdeornoG iusepphaeg enerosamernetgea laitlso u ot empoe i
suorii sparmi.
Las uaa ttivdiist tàu dioes doid ocentè est atmao lteplciacrea,t te­
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rizzadtaau nac ospicpurao duziosncei entifsitcaat.po r ofessdoir e
NuovoT estamenatlolF aa coltteào logdieclal 'Isteatltiean trinoenlallee
seddii M ilaneod iP adovDai.q uest'ulsteizmiao èns et atpor esiddael
1971a l1983C.o na mmirevofleed elpteàrd ecenongi nmia rtedì mat­
tinpar endeivlpa r imtor enpoe rM ilaneo i lg iovepdoìm eriggriioe n­
travaa PadovaD.a l1 975è membrod ellSaN TS (SocieNtoavsi
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èm embrod ellPao ntifciocmimai ssiboinbel icchaei, n q ueple riohdao
prodotitldo o cumenftoor spei ùi nteresssauLn 'tien terpretdaezliloan e
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Bibbinae llCah ies1a9 93:l 'apprezzamdeenlpt roo fS.e galvlear so
quelplaeg insee gnalcahveaq ualcshuea g occdiias udorveia vevfar ut­
tificato.
Nellrai cerdcoan G iusepspieè dedicaitnpo a rticoallalrlaee tte­
raturgai ovannaelal,ta e ologbiiab liaclal,' edteilcN aT ,a l" Gesùs to­
ricos"u:q uest'ulvteirmsoa nstièe impegnaptuor,g iàs eriamente
ammalationu, n a pprezz"aGtioo rnadlite e ologdieal"lQ au eriniea na
inu nu ltimaor ticsoulC or edereoHgag cio.l laborpaetrao l trrei viste
qualTie ologdiiMa i lanBoi,b liec Rai visbtiab lidceaib ibliisttail iani.
Inp articoèlr aerdea tt(odrae1l 968)e p erd odiacnin dii rett(1o9r8e9-
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2001diS tudPiaat avirniav,i cshteap eris ettant'daimn onnis S.e galla
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gldie dicuan f ascicsoeltot embre-di2c0e0m3bdraelt itosliog nifica­
tiv"oI:Vl a ngelo secondo GNiuoovvaepn rnoip.o sdtiee segees dii
teologia".
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Tral eo perpei ùi mportavnatnin roi cordSa.tG ei ovannMia estri
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dis piritu,aE lsipteàrieFnozses,a 1n9o7 2;C ristoldoegNliu ao voT esta­
mentdoe 1l973r,i editdaatP oa ideniea1l 981e ne1l991e tradotitno
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portoghese-braislti elsitaponi oùf; o rtunaGtioo vannNiu ovissima
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versiodneel lBai bbidaellPea olinceo,nt rediecdii ziodna1il9 76a l
2010;q uasail trettfaonrttou nialtt or iplPiacneo ram(as torico-lettera­
rio-teolodgeilNc uoo)v oT estamednetlol Qau erinidainB ar esccioan,
treed iziaonncih ien l ingua spaEgvnaonlgae;el V oa ngeqluia:t tervoa n­
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trceo munitLà'.e tidciGa e sùi nM atteMoa,r coeL ucae,d itdoaP aideia
diB rescniea2l 0 00.
7
Il Spreogf.an lolsnèai d ediscoaaltolor l iac earcdcceaam ieac la­
li'nsegnaQmueancstoiom ".evs ago aalmaeit"ct encdoegnvi aoi ila
quindiicnicnooad nlet"elrGr updpeoVl a gnelcoh"pe e trrn eta'nnail
sabsaetsroèia r iunaitttooa lr unnioe lplaar roccicthtidaaed liSlnSaa.
Trinidtoàvl,ae' m icsia'zcicao mpaaglnlaov aes a tlupldraie og h.i era
DonG iuselporp aec cocrodna ivgnalc iiod netgarlning ii ovcaonni lii
Laurceaatttido Tilh iiecnqieu ,a npdeor ansenhiiai nsegtneaotloo gia
ede segbeisbila i"icrp aeef ttdie"l iSneamMriinoo re.
Vaa ggiuunnrati asg uasl e co"nmadoor" de im onSse.lg alDaa.l
1698 sheag u5i0st uoo irned icahnheea nfnroqe uenltFaaac tool dtià
medicailnlav' eUrnsdiiiPt aàd oevc ao nseigdluo itttoo arpaptoog,­
gianadCloU sAiM Mn;e h ac urlaa'tlgolg opiro ecsosmou ndisit uào re
dPi adolav'pap,r enddiemllelinanti gotu aal eli a'acncao mapmaegnnto
spirituhaaal lecl.caa itsCooo lsliìed giac molince h iiensdei faanveo,­
rendola 'lttcrroaom m,ee diattrioasr tedi itouctieil,s ra ae nzazlaizione
did ucee nmtirsis iondairoic deniMse eile lrUaun ts .e gdniqo u esta
attenèza inocnuhenev olumcehtneta orl ravai ceeni dmlaa rtdiir io
SrR.a nMia rF.iC a. ,Cu .nsau oirnad iuacncaii nos dai of eadelae ll al a
suoap edrciaa rsioitcaà:Sl aengsuluels at raUdnama.a r tdierlecl aar ità
Suor MRaarniFiaC ,C( QaudedrenliPl raod vevni1z5a,) .
Int utqtuae sattat iavcictaàd eecm airciat daotGnii vuas ehpap e
consenrevplar toof osned os,ui s apqruueòe sto utneiarn mgienneu,i tà
batitmeascloeen:s trdeimsai nvpoalstsduaarvlasal t aa dnizs at udio
strapdiilei nibanvr a ir liien aglucleaa p lpldeaep ir ofepseslropa rr ie ­
ghipeerras oecn oamlnuei taLrali uac.e iancc acpepsneael mile asi in ­
vernsaelgin ailplai dvùea l vloell tase u par eseonrzaanIp t uen.dt ii
domanidnac onntelriia btarili m,ea nlaolp 'parneonsnze am,b ravano
turbpairdùeit anltaso u fae de rdiacleflvaauml tiiiaganp , a rticolare
dalmlaam mcah gelh iai nsegln"aav tdioeaS l i gn"ao nrcenheels loaf ­
freen.Az lat ramolnamt aom mgalè iv enuitnac opnetarrc oocm pa­
gnarnleolv liaCa r ucdiesls ltae msaslaa ctotcniu aai n clheeèi
ritaotaraln claasd aePl a dre.
GrazdioeGn,i s uepppeelr,at ucao mpagnia tamlav olta ruvida
sempre gees nteirmooasllaasl npate era aR.ne zstiamo ancora uniti
nelcloam undioesniae ne tl iap aceS idgenlso icraoe n otreeap , e r
semp»r.e
ALFFIIOPL PII
diretetmoerrdeie tloEl DeB
8
Introduzione
alV angelsoe condGoi ovanni
IlV angeldioG iovanunnit ,e stmoe morabiLol el.e snseill ager
conl af amei,lf reddeo p ii doccEh mii.s embrtòu ttcoh iarissimo.
Perchgéle is egeet tiie olongeid iscuttoannot o?
MariRoi goSntie rn
IlV angeldioG iovanèni ilp iùm isterioso
scridtetloN uovoT estamento.
MartHienn gel
Sen onc ambiialQ uartVoa ngelcoa,m biapneor iòl ettori,
chel eggocnoon o cchsie mprneu ovi.
UdoS chnelle
IlV angelsoe condo Gioèv maonlntifo r equentdaatlolr ai cerca
negluil tiamnin iB.a stcio nsultlaerr eec enti bfiobnltiio gragfiioc­he
vanneee l 'ultniummoe rdoi E lenchuSsi.l 1e ggielQ uartVoa ngelo
(QV)c2o nm etodoloego icec hsie mprneu ovdii,m ostracnodsloìa r ic­
chezziane saurdieblsi uloep rofonsdiog nifitceaotloo gcircios,t ologico,
antropoloeg ciocsom iceod ,e lm istecrhoel oc irconda.
L'attuale pruirnc oenr caab,b andoniatlne dror eno della critica sto­
rico-lettcehreha ara ivau,ti ols uom assimroa ppresenitnaR n.Bt uel ­
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