Il mondo classico. Storia epica di Grecia e di Roma

773 Pages·2007·39.267 MB·Italian

by  Robin Lane Fox

RobLiann Feo x
Imlo ndcol assico
Stoerpiiadc iGa r eecd iiRa o 1na
Einaudi
In copertina: Partico lare dal «Sarcofago di Alessan­
dro», marmo, fine del IV secolo a.C. Istambul, Museo
Archeologico. Foto Lessing / Contrasto.
Ilm ondcol asèis mlio cnodd oe galnit ichi
Greecd eilg ain tiRcohmiav niis,ms oult­i
tvei ptriem dain oim,ac o nnoaino crcaa ­
pacdiico ndivliasd teerusemas nai Ltaà .
civcillatsàgsr iececar ao maand omiinlò
mondpeors e coeal ncio org cgoin taidn ua
affaseca ii nsapripcreiatr ru ctcitic oòh e
hal ascii nearteod- fi itolàfo ipsao,l itica,
teaattrloe,st ciicepaon,ez sapie,ra f,li en o
corispep iche.
DaO mer(oci ll asprsei-ccol paesersc icceol ­
lenfziaan)lo l e'riamAtpdorriesa onnnooo,­
ves ecdosilt iioaa re sserriep eric nqoures­i
stloi bSrooc.rA altees,sG ainudClreaiosro,e ,
AuugtsoAn,t oenC iloe opPaalttorenAra ei, ­
stotEerloed,Co itcoe,rS oanffieop ,,ir mi
martcriirsit iglasinfo ir,t uanbaainttdtiii
Pompeme oil atlipt erris odnepalag sgsia to
parlaamanonoc,,o mbaoit ntq ounepsat­e
ginSeeu.ge nidfilol r oo sdseoal ltnei cnoh­e
ziodinl ii bgeirutsàetl, iu zsuisn taoe ,sa tvo­
vincees nctrceio tpnat sos isroiin vece olsai
unsai ceusrpal ordaetzlii toamnnoein cdoo
greoec r oamneou n viagngeilrola edd iic i
cicòh neo sit essisaeims e on tiamo.
Persosntaogarguiitcc oilr,ai st selisecttiit, e ­
ravreir,ps oie tgiuceeira ,rv ev enrtiuvir­e
vonuona v oldtipa is oùt atnioo tsroicch i
graprzoipera ilpola es isg,ilo oidne gi l aim o­
rich el hia nrneogsr ia ncdiio «,èc lassici»,
comveu oll'ee tidmeotlle orgmdii«ianp er,i ­
mac lases»P.e r arcconRotbaLiranln Foiex ,
profesdsiSo troear tniiaac O ax foers dt u­
diodsfioa amn,o snia ccontednuitn a' ana­
litseim acthiseec,ba b eacncaet tirvia-nte,
schiedraiep bpbieae ft otrbisarene a l izzare
irla gionmaams ecnetlgoval,i ip aeir ui cca
delsltoud dini uoo dvoic umdeenltli',i nda­
gidneelp lreod veefi,r ammdeepnlat si s ato
ed elmluet erveollaidz piio otnreiar cec,h iu­
denidtlou titunon 'avvcionrncinecanert ­e
ratcihvpeaa gina dnooplnoa spi caligai na
letntm oornedc.ol asèsc iocusoni s aggio
serebi roi leldia nnstiueen bm erela cc onto
chleca r ihtaid ceaf i«niimtmoe ns amente
piacee«v poeilpuei »dc qiou alksoilao ssis al
inc ostume».
Robin FoLixann see Sgtnoaar nitaai lca
NewC olldeiOg xefo rPdr.e Esisnoa huad i
pubblAilcesastMaoagn ndor(« o S ag1g9i8»1 ,
«EinTaausdcia1 b9i9rl9ii)e»,nd ei2lt0 o0 4
icno ncomciotlna' nuzsdaec lilt'ao monimo
fidliOm l ivera lcSlutasio c neen eg giatura
LanFeoh xac ollacboomrceao tnos u lente
sto rico.
RobLiannF eo x
Imlo ndcol assico
StoerpiidaciG a r eecd iiRa o ma
TradudziDi aovniTeda er izzo
GiuEliinoa euddiit ore
Soldou,n qiuplea ,d trreo nveòvl e rzoiredrien ato,
az appuanrpaei anvteas;tu invtaau nsipcoar ca,
rappeziznadteac,eei nntteo;ar lngloae m baev elveag ate
gambideipr eelc luic iptereri, p adraagirr saif fi;
es ulmlaena iv egvuaa nctoin tlreso p isnoep:lr ata e sta
aveuvnab errdeitp teold lice a parc ar,e slcape ern a.
Comleov idOed iscsoesat agnltoer,i oso
oppredsaslvole ac chcioatnia an,pt eann aec lu ore,
stanndaos cdoisetutonr p oe rfor ondloassoc,ci oarvria el re
pianto.
Uliisnsceo fnitnraal mseupona tdeLr aee rte:
OMEROOd,i s2s4e.a22,6 -34.
È dim armaod ,o vesrceo lpliatt oom.,b. a.
chde' uenr oceo spirciucood pertleu tltaso a lma:
diZ enòdIontc oi.el làdo o,v dei morano Orfeo
eP latroangeg,i cuonlns' ea niislme ag dgiivoi no.
Fuc avalrieeagrlaeeg ,l idaifr odrocz oas,t ui;
fug lorifoascoo,nf dupo a,ra igd lèini e;si u odie tti,
presgslo' ItaaplpiardcviieS ocriamtmea gviinvea .
Ais uofii glleigl òap r opaivziirtaia c chezza,
inu nvae rvdeéc chmioarsiica,o nfdionlaotroe
aic ittaadliplnaait l,ra isac iaainn odboai,ml iic i.
AntoPlaolagti7ia3.n 6 a3,,
forastet ribaAu dirbiisaltneeo s so.
Adrieai nmloo ndcol assico
[Fdue ciqsuoa]ns teog( u..)e. d all'aseds alep mob­lea
podleoci i ttdaiTd iiantiii srcar:qi uveedsreteco r seuut noa
stedlipe i eetr riap osrullol 'A[carAdot peonalefi]f inché
foscsheia at ruotiG t rie ci quanto Tidaatli ra avesse ricevuto
pigur anrdede is em(p r.ee.g.[l Ai)d rifaendcoeeb] le nae
tutigt rie qcuia nldcioo nvoccoòmd,eo npoe tru tept eir
ciasciunan sos,e mnbellceliaatp tisàup lenddite untt tee ,
AtelnBaee ,n efa(.t .)t. qr eui acnesduso u,pa r opo[Rsiot ­a,
manaip]p rovqàureosvnteoon erPaanndeol [lceounnni o
decrdeetsloe ]n aeqt uoa,n ddipo e rsona egli [diede] spazio
altlreie ab lu.cl ieti tnqà u eosntoar evoAlsissesm.ib.ml.ae a
Iscri(zcii1or1nc9ea- d1.2C0r. i)t raodvA attean e,
concerinPlea nnteeld liAe dnriioa no.
I«lm ondcol asèsi imlco on»dd oe galnit iGcrheeicR io mani,
vismsoultvtiie pt rei dmina o mia, cnooanin cocrapada icc oin ­
divildsaet reeus msaan Liatp àa.r« ocllaa sèsa inccoh»'d eios rsia­
giannet idceard:ia vllaa tcilansosi cchusesri i fearlrileveca ld uite
«pricmlaa slsafe a»n,tp eersiadane tlel 'ersoemraIcn«lioct .lo a s­
sicdou»n qèdu ie« pricmlaa sasnecs»h,ene o pni aur mapteos an­
temeInG treee.c Riio mapnrie smeorlcoto eis npe r esdtami otlo­
tea ltcruel tlu'rier,al nfaie annilac',ie age,li 'zeibarp aeciric taa,r ­
nea lcuLnale o.r o ssriti ocroailt alr eaagqt aut eiss ttoepr airea llele,
mas onloal oarroet l eal olreot teirllao tprueorn as,il ealr o or,o
filoesl oalfo ivraio pt oal iteiscscaeo rnaes iderate , giustamente,
dip ricmlaa nseslleo e rn oe nlo smtornod o.
Nellluan sgtao driqi uae smtoon ddou,pe e riedo udleiu o ghi
posseosnsoce ornes ipdaerrtaitcio cllaarsmAsetinecntnieeev:l e
IVs ecao.leCoR . o mdaa Isl e cao.laCol1. 4 d .Ci.ml,o nddoiG iu­
liCoe saepr oedi iA ugusilpt roi,im mop eraAtnocrghelea.i n ti­
chlipa e nsacvoasAnilot. e mdpiAo l essMaangdnreoosg siirà i ­
conoscceovmafena oc,c nioaoimg ogc ih,ae l cdurnaim ma turghi
adA teanvee vsacnroni etvlts oe coopleo«r cel assIinec tehàle ­».
leni(s3t3i0ca-a.3 Cc0.i racrat)ei a srtcih iatdeotpteiru anvoa no
stcillaes sicchigezu zaarnditanedv iae trod,ev ls aellc'oIa lnrot.e
seguRiotmoa , lvfaei rdnseeosl e colod ivae.uCnnc.n e,en dt iro
I
6 Adrieai nmloo ndcol as sico
aretd eig usctloa ssicmieznztiarglner t eecc,lo a sssoipcroa,t ­
tutqtuoe altleon vieensieev,saa l ctoanttgorle oic cesstsiil istici
«orienIst uaclciei»sm.sp ievrriao tmoafrneiic ero lposr toepsr­io
sog usctloa sesa,mi acnoao m ancoh ietl e mppaos scarveaa,r ono
un'aeltt«àrc al asls'iedcreaal» l:' imApuegruasitftlooo rn,ed ato­
red ell'impero.
Lam isat odreimlao ndcol asisniidczaoi acu lna ssico pre-clas­
sicipolo, e etpaiO cmoe rcoh,ge la in tiacplha idr,eim i o derrin­i,
conosccoomunenoc aass oé Is. u pooie smoinl ope r itmrea dc ice
lettegrraetscuoarp ar avvPioesiss pultoelr.'e ervòo lduez liloane
Grecia dcevlleaI Vss seiccopalec ore, r cdaicr aepc ihrceeo essa­
sar appresentlòca,h idrneiqaisu aaltsetenrcdcoooh ld eii vi dono
quepsetroi doadlol 'iencp uvoiic saps reo babilOmmeenr(toce i r­
ca7 3a0. CP.o)s.ie nsr eòg ulisotg ou asruRd oom eas uplr ismvoi ­
lupdpeolls aue atc àl asdsaGi icuaCl,ei soaa drA eu gu(sctiodr acla
50a .aCl1. 4 d .Ce.l )ma,i s at otreiram icnoienrlr e àg dniAo d ria­
noi,m perraotmoardneao l al giupsrtiocm hase ii n co­
117 138,
minciaau sssaiertl ee rm«icnlea spseierct oi»c hgeltaitu at roer i
miglcioomraeit ,t eisntu anctaoo n versdaiFz rioonntpeor nee­,
cettdoefriie dg elisl u ccedsiAs dorrieaaR noom1 a
•
Map ercdheéc iddife errem caorAnsd ir i?aL napo r irmaag io­
neè c hlea« letteratura ccolinsal su rsoei gccnaoo» s, i finisce
com'erac oiOnnm iezriioanl:t a at iiplno oe,t a Gsiaotvireincao­
lnee èc onsidle'rualettsoip moon Meanq tuee.ès u tnaga i ustifi­
caziaobnbea satrabniztair sapriairu aanc,t a an ocnhèeed ifficile
acceptetqrau raeln etgig golaniuo t poorsit eesr aiic ocroisa tg alnio
scridtetIlVoe r sive cdo.lCco.o u nn mae nte dsipp roeggliiuad i­
ziU.n sae condaa rsaspgaipiiue o rntei,ènc ehlnesto te e,s so Adria­
nof ul 'impecrhaeetb obgreue sp timiua rcatacmleanstsei cizzan­
tiL.os vie ddeas iu poiia pnelirca i tdtiAà t eend eam io letdii fi­
ccih pea trooclitcnrhòdee,ad ivaesrpsdeiet sltu siot pielres o nale.
Adrisatneogs usaori dnòd iaemlto rnodc,ol ascsoipnci oec,no an ­
sapevoalnecszheazes ia u ,to eim qpuie clhlceoh iamili« ammoon ­
dor omaenrosa»t aotromp aaic ifesi eicr aeats ot eensoor memen­
teA.d rièau nnpo u ndtiso v oalntcaph eer cfhucé o lcuhdiei e de
un'occdhipi eartsaaoq nuae msotnod uon,' occchhaieva rte ab be
volcuotnod ivcioadnle trTreri ia.l ei l viagagl iuòn go
12 0 130
nell'icmhpseeei rs ot enddaMelav rRa o sasloBl rai taPnansisaò.
Adrieai nmloo ndcol assico 7
moltteom apdoA tenicele, n ctlraos psedirec foi niVziiaogngei.ò
inn aveea c avafluul noc ,a valsiteargeic ooninas tuooq iu a­
rant'saenmnpairt,et idraalptlooes sidbici alcicStiisàa p .ia nss­e
salio ntiantn eorf riens iottietgl oo verronmoac nhnoee ssautne ­
nieasver embabcieo nsid«ecrlaatsosE ia cnhcneho»eai. n, c ora
oggpio,s sisaemgoui silur poee rcgorrasazoli slepe e cmioanleit e
conipaectroe m memoorganrudene soiu voiia gAgnic.ihn el uo­
ghnio cnl ascsoimqceui e lsmeto in,e sttea ant neos timlao'mn ­iare
mirazidoiAn der iead nesoiu cooin temppoeirrpla a nsescial taos ­
si2.c o
Lem onemtoes truann'oi mmpaegrisnoen diicf iiacsactuan a
providneclila' IrmopmeadrniAoo d ricahnaeov ,e asvsueot n Òo
un'celtaàs Msoisctaru.an nnaoo cn l asGseircmaan neilvale esd tii
donna-gaup eertnrtuiode ooru ,on nao cnl asSspiacgnàne alv lee­
stdiid oncnhai pnet_rea r crhtaei einnme a nuong ranradmedo ' u­
livsoi,m bdoellol 'ecoclseiploal gennehot alea o c,c aunnct oon i­
gl(icioo nisgplaige nroalifn aom opseliral o prroo liDfeilcliat à).
Spagedn eal Glear maiGn rieadc eilp lraie mtacà l asnsoisnca a­
pevagnroa nmcahl ére,a ffiimnmaatgdeii qn uie msotnee ltreei ­
colleegnatnroaa mmlbo en dcol asrsiitcroa,ie nunn dsoot lciell aes ­
sicizDziaenittglreu o.s d tiAo d riead neol« lsac uaodlrai adnie a»
artcihsdeti is egnqaureoisnmtome a gsciien ulina m ondcol assico
chleo srtoe sstsaiva alnloco ornao scEernuadn mo o.n dboa sato
sullc'laarsdtseeGii rc eadc iqi u atotc rion queacnenpnirt iom a,
dic uiRi o mapnoit evaamnmoi rdaipr eer saolncaeu sneim spaic,­
chegigniG arteicep i oapi o rtianct iite ct aàrs oem ane.
Quesltuinv gihaiig nGg rie ceidEa g itstuolc,lo eso tcec iden­
tadleil l'eAp soaiina c,oi rnSa i ceiL liibadi iae,d aeA rdor iano
l'oppodriut nuvani istidào' nien sgileombceal laesL,s' iicmap·.e ra-
tasroes itnmò o ldtegiir alnudoidg ehplia ssmaatf ort,au tntui­
triuvna' ammirsapzeicpoienaArelt ee nVeis. c orugnecavi at tà
«libeel rfeae »sc ter aorddointnirac,aru u iin gar an«bd ieb liote­
cac»o,un nc entdinicao ilood nimn aer mpor ezCioomspol.ae nt­ò
chle' entoermmpdeie od iacdlai toool imZpeiuccsoo, m insceiia to
secporliiFm uas .i curaAmderniatai enn oc oralg'giisatriet uzione
duin s inpoadno- girPlea cnoe,ls luernciloa,cs ospsaeinr dfPoie n­o
ricilclel ,a ssstiactaoit setn3.aiD eesleedgata uttiit mloo ndgor e­
cos arebdboevrcuoot niv eandAi treeenc ee leborganqriuv ait tro
8 Adrieai nmloo ndcol assico
annuinf ae sdteala lreetd ie ll'aAtnlceahft eii gcauatr.ee n dieels i
passeartasont oaa ttit ripbruoigpteaitn teil mlaeq nuieclsisit,u o ­
pertauvtadt igi r alnu nga.
Colocrhioed ealiiplza zsastnaeotn oda on nòocn a pilrrale o­:
staurlaozu icocniaedn ecs,hec e o gne ntilAedzrziada.isn ioc uro
condivipi idaecdveearg ailr ii stoedc erriaeg t riedcceipil a ssato.
Amavaan daacr aec ccioaml,eo raom;a ivslau coa vaillp lroo,d e
Borisctuedine ed,ia clòcv uenrias lmi o mendteolm loar tnee,l la
Galmleirai d4i;so onparlaeatmtauilvts atu ogo i ovcaonmep agno
Antiensoeom,sp tiroa orddi«i anmaorgrireoe cQou»a.nA dnot i­
nomoo rpir,e maturAadmreicnaotneso,tu rncuaif ti tnsà uo on o­
rei,nE gitent eoi ,n coriaclgu glcitoòom ,fe o susnde i iont, u tto
l'impNeermom.eA nloe ssMaangdnarovo e fvaatt taonp teolr ' a­
mormea scdheillselu vaai tEaf,e stCioomnleesa .u t ai pbiacrab a,
queeslteim deenltvliiad t iaA drisarina od icnaevllavane oc chia
cultgurreMaca ae .g nloipn o tméai in carunnga rreecc loa ssico,
comunpqouietc,rh oépc poseee r acnaom bidaattlee m dpeoAl ­l'
tencel aspseinrco apn,a rldaetriee m pprie -cdliOa msesrioc.i
Icla mbiapmienuno ttoe evrolalda ei ffudseillolinane gC uiar.­
cam illea nnpir iqmuaa,n Odmoe reora an cogriao viaglnr ee,c o
eruan lai nsgouolaro a sleen,az nac ounra al faubseatetosa,c lusi­
vameinnGt ree ceni eall 'EAgnecoih.lle a teirnsaot aatl ou ngo
unlai nsgouplaao r lianut napa,i ccroelgaii otnaeli Lilac zaai,to ­,
toranR oo mMaa.A dripaanrole la evgag eenvtar almlebi en gue,
benclhsaéu f aa midgalp iaard,tie e n traigm ebnii ftoosrosire,i ­
ginadresilua dd e lSlpaa gein p ao sseddiemplea ndrfteoi s sseir­o
tuaatn io rdde ll'Saitvtiuagac llhieia l,oe mc ehtilroimd eidt ir­i
stadnazA at eend eaL la zGiloai.v d iiA drisaeinr oa innos ediati
inS pagcnoami et adlili icnilg autari incao,m ppeenirssl ae triv i­
zipor esnteallt'oe sreormcacinitorto cr saee cporliidm ealn laas ci­
tad iA driDaind oi.s cenldaetnAizdnara i,na onenor q au iunndoi
«spagnional locs»ue nn csuol tuErrasalt eaa.tl ol eavR aotmoa ,
derle setp or,e dilliosg telivalate ai rncoa Ciocmoae.l tRroim ani
acculptaurrlapatuvirila,ge r eecdeo r rai te«ngurteoc izaz ante»
caudseals lupaar ofopnadsasp ieolrnal e e ttegrraetLcuuarn.ag i
dall'sepsasgenironels oo,mA mdar,ie arnuaon p ar odvealc loam u­
nec ultculraas sicchieezr zoaar natmueant i r adtitsot idnetlilvao
clacsosldete al l'iLmebp aedsreiol s.lu caau ltpurroav endiavia no
Adriaeni oml o ndcol assico 9
luoogrhiig dienllaliranig g rueaedc iqa u ellaltami aen sass eias ten­
devbae onl tilr oecr oon fMianA id.r iaadn iof,f edriOe mnez­a
rop,o teavnaca htet ravleaSr isreali r'aeE gpiatrtloga rndeoc o,
compeo terveac ianrBs rii tapnanrilala antdion o.
cosi
Las umae nctlea ssipcoitzezcvaoann ttee mdpallalru'ena lto
monddoid imencsoimopnlie tdaimveednraqts ueee dliOl moe ro.
Nelplraie mtacà l asAstiecnaamle,a , s sdiemslou s op lencdoonr­e,
tafvoar tsree cenrteosmiiidlntea un ttittiloe rriattotiriniccool ,u ­
sgil sic hiAaitv eim.dp iAi d risasint oi,cm hale ' Imrpoemraon o
avensiseen tecmhueenn paoo poladzisi eosnsmeai nltidaoia n bii ­
tandtiis,t rdiablSulciaot azili Slapa a gdnaalS,lp aa ganlAalr 'm e­
niNae.s saulnti rmop enrépo r,i nméda o phoag, o versnuua nt o
territaomrpiiaoon ,cs hele ' ammodnetlalrae. poeproal azione
cosi
pioum eneoq uivaaql ueendltelelo l 'aGtratBnur aelteaL gan a.
popolaezrdiaio snter aim baucictchaii reoc:ta mt iol iaobniit ava­
nop robabiilnEm gein5,ttd teoo viefl i uNmiele lo er accdoil te
grafnaov oruinvsaai nmoci olnec entmreanztiuronaen l etm,ri o­
liocniera cbai tnaevlmale ag aldoiRp oomlaain, c h'seuspspao rta­
taea limednatglar taeang oi zPieiorrl. e slt'oi,n etsetrean sio­
ned ell'aivmepuevnradao e nsdiipt oàp oladzaivovsnecera or sa,
sep aragaoq nuaetalatl tau Cailnòeo .n dimienon gonp,ir ovincia
c'ebrias odgign uoa rnriogmiaopnnemeira ntelnpaea rcAeed .r ia­
non,e siu voiia gpgrie,d illeci igtemtvadàa o, v eatntcegh oev er­
narvea satreie nec unio cn' enreap plu'roem dbicr iatc tlàa ssiciz­
zanEtd io.vo ec cororredvialn,caa o vsat rudzili uonngmehu er a­
gliuet,ia lf ir enlaepr oep olaczhipeor neim evaaicn oon fini
dell'iUmnpp reorgoce.et rtatoso sp aoicc ol asLsapi icfuoa .m osa
diq ueèsil tV ea ldliAo d rinaennloo ,rd de lBlrai tacnhnveiad a a,
Wallsneepnird e,ds iNs eiw caasB tolwen,eE srusan. ma a ssiccia
barrsipeercsais,rta cr maee tera ilp tiadu iq uatitnpr aor,rt iec o­
peritnpa i ector«nac ,a stealc lierotcgtanci ih» i lomdeutteor ro­,
retdtige u aridnmi eaz zeou ,nf osssaultlao st eot tentrionale,
profocnidrtocrm aee terl ia rdgioeC cifi u.r oannoca hle«t vrail ­
ldiiA driabneon»cm,he énf oa modsiqi u esItnNo o.r dafarli ca,
dil dàe mio nAtuir dèesl l'TautntiuAsadilraei, fa enccooe s truire
mureaf ospseagrte is itc iornetc aotlntpe io polanzoimoadndeiil
desesruut nofa,r onltuineqgruaaa sic hiloNmeeltlr'iE.u ro­
240
pan ord-occiinGd eernmtaacnlaiespa,ui, b iip teor incaoslcio sti: