II Bacteriology III Mycology IV Virology V Parasitology VI Organ System Infections

724 Pages·2005·31.43 MB·English

I Basic Principles General Aspects of Medical 1
Microbiology
Basic Principles of Immunology 2
II Bacteriology General Bacteriology 3
Bacteria as Human Pathogens 4
III Mycology General Mycology 5
Fungi as Human Pathogens 6
IV Virology General Virology 7
Viruses as Human Pathogens 8
V Parasitology Protozoa 9
Helminths 10
Arthropods 11
VI Organ System Etiological and Laboratory 12
Infections Diagnostic Summaries in
Tabular Form
Kayser, Medical Microbiology © 2005 Thieme
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II
At a Glance…
Thebookisdividedintosixmainsections.Thecolor-codedreferenceguide
onthefirstpagewillhelpyoufindwhatyouneed.
Theaspectsofeachpathogenarecoveredsystematically,usingthefollowing
orderwhereverpracticable:
& Classification & PathogenesisandClinicalPicture
& Localization & Diagnosis
& MorphologyandCulturing & Therapy
& DevelopmentalCycle & EpidemiologyandProphylaxis
& Asummaryatthebeginningofachapterorsectionprovidesaquickover-
viewofwhatthemaintextcovers.Studentscanusethesummariestoobtain
aquickrecapitulationofthemainpoints. &
TheMainSectionsataGlance
a The many colored illustrations
serve to clarify complex topics or
provide definitive impressions of
pathogenmorphology.
bTheheadercaptionaboveeach
illustrationgivesthereaderthees-
senceofwhatisshown.
cThedetailedlegendsexplainthe
illustrations independently of the
maintext.
Additionalinformation
In-depth expositions and supplementary knowledge are framed in boxes inter-
spersedthroughoutthemainbodyoftext.Theheadingsoutlinethetopiccovered,
enablingthereadertodecidewhetherthespecificmaterialisneededatthepresent
time.
Kayser, Medical Microbiology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Medical Microbiology
Fritz H. Kayser, M.D.
EmeritusProfessorofMedicalMicrobiology
InstituteofMedicalMicrobiology
UniversityofZurich
Zurich,Switzerland
Kurt A. Bienz, Ph.D.
EmeritusProfessorofVirology
InstituteofMedicalMicrobiology
UniversityofBasle
Basle,Switzerland
Johannes Eckert, D.V.M.
EmeritusProfessorofParasitology
InstituteofParasitology
UniversityofZurich
Zurich,Switzerland
Rolf M. Zinkernagel, M.D.
Professor
InstituteofExperimentalImmunology
DepartmentofPathology
Zurich,Switzerland
177illustrations
97tables
Thieme
Stuttgart New York
!
Kayser, Medical Microbiology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in- Importantnote:Medicineisanever-chan-
PublicationData gingscienceundergoingcontinualdevelop-
MedizinischeMikrobiologie.English. ment. Research and clinical experience are
Medicalmicrobiology/FritzH.Kayser... continually expanding our knowledge, in
[etal.]. p.;cm. particular our knowledge of proper treat-
ISBN3-13-131991-7(GTV:alk.paper)– ment and drug therapy. Insofar as this
ISBN1-58890-245-5(TNY;alk.paper) book mentions any dosage or application,
1.Medicalmicrobiology. readers may rest assured that the authors,
[DNLM: 1. Microbiology. QW 4 M491 editors, and publishers have made every
2005a]I.Kayser,F.H.(FritzH.)II.Title. efforttoensurethatsuchreferencesarein
QR46.M488132005 accordance with the state of knowledge
616.9’041–dc22 2004021965 atthetimeofproductionofthebook.
Nevertheless,thisdoesnotinvolve,imply,
1st Germanedition1969 orexpressanyguaranteeorresponsibilityon
2nd Germanedition1971 thepartofthepublishersinrespecttoany
3rd Germanedition1974 dosage instructions and forms of applica-
4th Germanedition1978 tionsstatedin the book. Every user is re-
5th Germanedition1982 questedtoexaminecarefullythemanufac-
6th Germanedition1986 turers’leafletsaccompanyingeachdrugand
7th Germanedition1989 tocheck,ifnecessaryinconsultationwitha
8th Germanedition1993 physicianorspecialist,whetherthedosage
9th Germanedition1998 schedulesmentionedthereinorthecontra-
1st Greekedition1995 indicationsstatedbythemanufacturersdif-
ferfromthestatementsmadeinthepresent
1st Italianedition1996
book. Such examination is particularly im-
1st Japaneseedition1980 portant with drugs that are either rarely
1st Spanishedition1974 used or have been newly released on the
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Kayser, Medical Microbiology © 2005 Thieme
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All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license
V
Preface
Medical Microbiology comprises and integrates the fields of immunology,
bacteriology, virology, mycology, and parasitology, each of which has seen
considerable independentdevelopmentinthepastfewdecades.Thecom-
mon bond between them is the focus on the causes of infectious diseases
and on the reactions of the host tothe pathogens. Although the adventof
antibioticsandvaccineshascertainlytakenthedreadoutofmanyinfectious
diseases,thethreatofinfectionisstillafactoflife:Newpathogensarecon-
stantlybeingdiscovered;strainsof„old“oneshavedevelopedresistanceto
antibiotics,makingtherapymoreandmoredifficult;incurableinfectiousdis-
eases(AIDS,rabies)arestillwithus.
Theobjectiveofthistextbookofmedicalmicrobiologyistoinstillabroad-
basedknowledgeoftheetiologicorganismscausingdiseaseandthepatho-
genetic mechanisms leading to clinically manifest infections into its users.
This knowledge is a necessary prerequisite for the diagnosis, therapy, and
prevention of infectious diseases. This book addresses primarily students
ofmedicine,dentistry,andpharmacy.Beyondthisacademicpurpose,itsuse-
fulnessextendstoallmedicalprofessionsandmostparticularlytophysicians
workinginbothclinicalandprivatepracticesettings.
Thisbookmakesthevastandcomplexfieldofmedicalmicrobiologymore
accessiblebytheuseoffour-colorgraphicsandnumerousillustrationswith
detailedexplanatorylegends.Themanytablespresentknowledgeinacogent
andusefulform.Mostchaptersbeginwithaconcisesummary,andin-depth
andsupplementaryknowledgeareprovidedinboxesseparatingthemfrom
themainbodyoftext.
This textbook has doubtless benefited from the extensive academic
teachingand the profound researchexperienceof its authors,allof whom
arerecognizedauthoritiesintheirfields.
Theauthorswouldliketothankallcolleagueswhosecontributionsand
advicehavebeenagreathelp andwhoweresogenerouswith illustration
material. The authors are also grateful to the specialists at Thieme Verlag
andtothegraphicdesignstafffortheircooperation.
Zurich,fallof2004 Onbehalfoftheauthors
FritzH.Kayser
Kayser, Medical Microbiology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license
Kayser, Medical Microbiology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
VII
Abbreviations
&ABC: antigen-bindingcell CCC: covalentlyclosedcircular
ABS: antigen-bindingsite (DNA)
ADA: adenosinedeaminase CD: clusterofdifferentiation/
ADCC: antibody-dependent clusterdeterminant
cellularcytotoxicity CDR: complementarity-deter-
ADE: antibody-dependent miningregions
enhancement(ofviral CE: cysticechinococcosis
infection) CEA: carcinoembryonicantigen
AE: alveolarechinococcosis CFA: colonizingfactorantigen
AFC: antibody-formingcell CFT: complementfixationtest
AFP: alpha-fetoprotein CFU: colonyformingunits
AIDS: acquiredimmune CJD: Creutzfeldt-Jakobdisease
deficiencysyndrome CLIP: classII-inhibitingprotein
ANA: antinuclearantibodies CMI: cell-mediatedimmunity
APC: antigen-presentingcell CMV: cytomegalyvirus
APO: apoptosisantigen (cytomegalovirus)
aPV: acellularpertussisvaccine CNS: central nervous system/
ASLtiter:antistreptolysintiter coagulase-negative
AZT: azidothymidine staphylococci
ConA: concanavalinA
&BAL: bronchoalveolarlavage CPE: cytopathiceffect
BALT: bronchus-associated CPH: chronicpersistent
lymphoidtissue hepatitis
BCG: bacillusCalmette-Guerin CR: cistronregion
BCGF: B-cellgrowthfactor CSF: colony-stimulatingfactor
Bcl2: B-cellleukemia2antigen CTA: choleratoxinA
BSE: bovinespongiformence- CTB: choleratoxinB
phalopathy CTL: cytotoxicCD8+Tcell
CTX: choleratoxin(element)
&C: complement
CAH: chronicaggressive &DAF: decayacceleratingfactor
hepatitis DAG: diacylglycerol
CAM: celladhesionmolecules DARC: Duffyantigenreceptor
CAPD: continuousambulant forchemokines
peritonealdialysis DC: dendriticcells
Kayser, Medical Microbiology © 2005 Thieme
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VIII Abbreviations
DHF: denguehemorrhagic virus
fever EPEC: enteropathogenic
DHPG: dihydroxypropoxy- E.coli
methylguanine EPS: extracellularpolymer
Dvaccine: substance
diphtheriatoxoidvaccine ETEC: enterotoxicE.coli
DNA: deoxyribonucleicacid EU: EuropeanUnion
DNP: dinitrophenol
DR: directrepeats &Ffactor: fertilityfactor
ds: double-strandednucleic FA: Freund’sadjuvant
acid FACS: fluorescence-activated
DSS: dengueshocksyndrome cellsorter
DTH: delayedtypehypersensi- Fas: Fantigen
tivity FcR: Fcreceptor
DtxR: diphtheriatoxinrepressor FDC: folliculardendriticcell
FHA: filamentoushemagglutin
&EA: earlyantigen FITC: fluoresceinisothiocyanate
EAE: experimentalallergic FTA-ABS: fluorescenttreponemal
encephalitis antibodyabsorptiontest
EAF: EPECadhesionfactor
EaggEC: enteroaggregative &G6PDD: glucose-6-phosphate
Escherichiacoli dehydrogenasedeficiency
EB: elementarybody GAE: granulomatousamebic
EBNA: Epstein-Barrnuclear encephalitis
antigen gag: group-specificantigen
EBV: Epstein-Barrvirus GALT: gut-associatedlymphoid
EDTA: ethylenediaminetetra- tissue
aceticacid GC: guanine-cytosine/gas
eEF2: eucaryoticelongation chromatography
factor2 GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage
EF: edemafactorinspotted colony-stimulatingfactor
fevers GP: glycoprotein
EHEC: enterohemorrhagic GSS: Gerstmann-Stra¨ussler-
E.coli Scheinker(syndrome)
EIA: enzymeimmunoassay GVH: graft-versus-host(reaction)
EIEC: enteroinvasiveE.coli
EITB: enzyme-linkedimmuno- &H: heavychain
electrotransferblot HACEK: Haemophilus, Actinoba-
ELISA: enzyme-linkedimmuno- cillus,Cardiobacterium,
sorbentassay Eikenella,Kingella
EM: electronmicroscopy HAT: hypoxanthine,
EMB: ethambutol aminopterin,thymidine
EMCV: encephalomyocarditis Hb: hemoglobin
Kayser, Medical Microbiology © 2005 Thieme
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Abbreviations IX
HBs: hepatitisBsurfaceantigen &IB: initialbody
HBV: hepatitisBvirus IEP: immunoelectrophoresis
HBvaccine: hepatitisBvaccine IFAT: indirect immunofluores-
HCC: hepatocellularcarcinoma centantibodytest
HCV: hepatitisCvirus/ IFN: interferon
(humancoronavirus) Ig: immunoglobulin
HDCV: humandiploidcell IHA: indirecthemagglutina-
vaccine tion
HDV: hepatitisDvirus (I)IF: (indirect)immunofluor-
HEV: hepatitisEvirus/high escence
endothelialvenules IL: interleukin
Hfr: highfrequencyofrecom- In: integron
bination INH: isoniazid(isonicotinic
HGE: humangranulocytic acidhydrazide)
ehrlichiosis IP : inositoltrisphosphate
3
HGV: hepatitisGvirus IPV: inactivatedpoliovaccine
HHV: humanherpesvirus IR: invertedrepeats
HI: hemagglutination Irgenes: immuneresponsegenes
inhibition IS: insertionsequence/inter-
Hib: Haemophilusinfluenzae, cistronspace
typebserovar
HIV: humanimmunodefi- &Kcells: killercells
ciencyvirus
&L: lightchain
HME: humanmonocytic
LA: latexagglutination
ehrlichiosis
lacoperon: lactoseoperon
HPLC: high-pressureliquid
LAK: lymphokine-activated
chromatography
killercells
HPS: hantaviruspulmonary
LB: leprosybacterium
syndrome
LCA: leukocytecommon
HRF: homologousrestriction
antigen
factor(alsohistamine
LCM(V): lymphocyticchorio-
releasingfactor)
meningitis(virus)
HFRS: hemorrhagicfeverwith
LE: lupuserythematosus
renalsyndrome
LFA: lymphocytefunction
hsp70: heatshockprotein70
antigen
HSV: herpessimplexvirus
LGL: largegranular
HTLV: humanTcellleukemia
lymphocyte
virus
LIF: leukemiainhibitory
HuCV: humancalicivirus
factor
HUS: hemolytic-uremic
LL: lepromatousleprosy
syndrome
LM: lightmicroscopy
HVG: host-versus-graft
LMC: larvamigranscutanea
(reaction)
Kayser, Medical Microbiology © 2005 Thieme
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X Abbreviations
LMV: larvamigransvisceralis MZM: marginalzonemacro-
LOS: lipo-oligosaccharide phages
LPS: lipopolysaccharide
LT: heat-labileE.colientero- &NANB: nonA,nonBhepatitis
toxin NCVP: noncapsidicviralprotein
LTR: longterminalrepeats NE: Nephropathicaepidemica
Nfa: nonfimbrialadhesin
&MAC: membraneattack NGU: nongonococcalurethritis
complex NIDEP: Germanstudyonassess-
MAF: macrophageactivating mentandpreventionof
factor nosocomialinfections
MALT: mucosa-associated NKcells: naturalkillercells
lymphoidtissue NTM: nontuberculous
MBC: minimalbactericidal (atypical)mycobateria
concentration (seeMOTT)
MBP: majorbasicprotein/ NTR: nontranslatedregion
myelinbasicprotein
MCP: membranecofactor &OC: opencircular(DNA)
protein OM: opportunisticmycosis
M-CSF: macrophagecolony- OMP,Omp: outermembrane
stimulatingfactor protein
MF: merthiolate-formalin OPV: oralpoliovaccine
Mf: microfilaria OSP,Osp:outersurfaceprotein
MHC: major histocompatibility
complex &P: promoter
MIC: minimalinhibitory PAE: postantibioticeffect
concentration PAIR: puncture, aspiration, in-
MIF: migrationinhibitory jection,respiration
factor/microimmune- PAS: para-aminosalicylic acid/
fluorescence periodicacid-Schiffstain
MLC: mixedlymphocyte PAM: primaryamebic
culture meningoencephalitis
MLR: mixedlymphocyte PAP: pyelonephritis-associated
reaction pili
MMR: live,attenuated,trivalent PBL: peripheral blood lym-
measles,mumps,and phocytes
rubellavaccine PC: phosphoryl choline/pri-
MMTV: murinemammarytumor mary(tuberculous)
virus complex,Ghon’scomplex
MOMP: majoroutermembrane PCA: passivecutaneous
protein anaphylaxis
MOTT: mycobacteriaotherthan PCR: polymerasechainreaction
TB(seeNTM)
Kayser, Medical Microbiology © 2005 Thieme
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