IEEE Internet Computing (September/October 2004)

110 Pages·2004·7.111 MB·English

Shared-Storage Auctions • LDAP • Fuzzy Conceptual Indexing
S E P T E M B E R / O C T O B E R 2 0 0 4
Internet Measurement p. 30
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www.computer.org

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CTIA WIRELESS I.T. & Entertainment 2004 for everything that is Mobile Data.
V o l u m e 8
N u m b e r 5
CC OO LL UU MM NN SS
Networked
4 Interface Pains
Robert E.Filman
Toward Integration
94 Is Your Middleware Dead?
Steve Vinoski
Architectural Perspectives
97 Agents, Grids, and Middleware
Craig W.Thompson
Scaling the Web
100 Mapping Service-Level Agreements
in Distributed Applications
Daniel A.Menascé IInntteerrnneett
Peer to Peer
104 It’s China(town)
Li Gong MMeeaassuurreemmeenntt
TT UU TT OO RR II AA LL
Spotlight
66 LDAP: Framework, 30 Guest Editors’ Introduction:
Practices, and Trends
Internet Measurement
Vassiliki Koutsonikola and Athena Vakali
Nevil Brownlee and kc claffy
The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is a promising technology
34 Locating Available
that provides access to directory information using a data structure
similar to that of the X.500 protocol.
Bandwidth Bottlenecks
DD EE PP AA RR TT MM EE NN TT SS Vinay J.Ribeiro,Rudolf H.Riedi,and Richard G.Baraniuk
The Spatio-Temporal Available Bandwidth estimator, a new edge-based
probing tool, locates thin links on end-to-end network paths, thus
7 News & Trends facilitating network operations and troubleshooting.
42 Multicast Routing Instabilities
10 Elsewhere
Prashant Rajvaidya and Kevin C.Almeroth
Native multicast is critical for scaling the delivery of high-bandwidth
data, such as audio and video, to multiple receivers, but until recently,
29 Call for Papers 93 Ad/Product Index
multicast routing has been too unstable to ensure robust data delivery.
Editorial:IEEE Internet Computingtargets the technical and scientific Internet user communities as well as designers and right law for patrons’ private use those articles that carry a code at the bottom of the first page,provided the per-copy fee in the
developers of Internet-based applications and enabling technologies.Instructions to authors are at www.computer.org/internet/ code is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center,222 Rosewood Dr.,Danvers,Mass.01923.For copying,reprint,or repub-
author.htm.Articles are peer reviewed for technical merit and copy edited for clarity,style,and space.Unless otherwise lication permission,write to Copyright and Permissions Dept.,IEEE Service Center,445 Hoes Ln.,Piscataway,NJ 08855-1331.
stated,bylined articles and departments,as well as product and service descriptions,reflect the author’s or firm’s opinion;inclu- Circulation:IEEE Internet Computing(ISSN 1089-7801) is published bimonthly by the IEEE Computer Society.IEEE head-
sion in this publication does not necessarily constitute endorsement by the IEEE or the IEEEComputer Society. quarters:3 Park Avenue,17th Floor,New York,NY 10016-5997.IEEE Computer Society headquarters:1730 Massachusetts
Copyright and reprint permission:Copyright © 2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.All rights Ave.,Washington,DC 20036-1903.IEEEComputer Society Publications Office:10662 Los Vaqueros Circle,PO Box 3014,Los
reserved.Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source.Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits of U.S.copy- Alamitos,Calif.90720;[phone];fax [phone].
S E P T E M B E R / O C T O B E R 2 0 0 4
FF EE AA TT UU RR EE SS
14 Fuzzy Conceptual
Indexing for Concept-Based
Cross-Lingual Text Retrieval
Rowena Chau and Chung-Hsing Yeh
Fuzzy conceptual indexing extends cross-lingual text retrieval to
include documents that share concepts but don’t contain exact transla-
tions of query terms.
22 Shared-Storage Auction
Ensures Data Availability
Hady Wirawan Lauw,Siu Cheung Hui,
and Edmund Ming-Kit Lai
Decentralizing auction services among peers distributes the required
processing load and aggregates peers’ resources for common use.
TT RR AA CC KK SS
Middleware
74 A Portable CPU-Management
Framework for Java
Walter Binder and Jarle Hulaas
The Java resource accounting framework, second edition, uses
bytecode-level transformation techniques to facilitate resource man-
50 Comparing Probe- and Router- agement. It provides extensible runtime APIs for tailoring management
policies as needed.
Based Packet-Loss Measurement
Agent
Paul Barford and Joel Sommers
84 A Framework and Ontology for
Experiments from a laboratory case study and a wide-area network
reveal that common methods for active probing suffer from high vari- Dynamic Web Services Selection
ance and the effects of end-host interface loss. Passive Simple Network
Measurement Protocol measurements can prove very accurate however. E.Michael Maximilien and Munindar P.Singh
Using an agent framework coupled with a QoS ontology can let
57 Long-Range Dependence:
participants collaborate to determine each other’s service quality and
trustworthiness to dynamically select services.
Ten Years of Internet
Traffic Modeling For more information on these or any other computing topics,
please visit the IEEE Computer Society Digital Library at
Thomas Karagiannis,Mart Molle,and Michalis Faloutsos www.computer.org/publications/dlib.
Despite LRD’s widespread use in network traffic analysis, its utility is
constrained by the complexities and inaccuracies inherent in identify-
ing dependence and estimating parameters. The authors challenge the
community to reevaluate modeling assumptions and methodologies.
COVERADAPTEDFROMAWALRUSVISUALIZATIONCREATEDBYTHECOOPERATIVEASSOCIATIONFORINTERNET www.computer.org/internet/
DATAANALYSIS, COPYRIGHT© 2002 THEREGENTSOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA. ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.
Cover design:Rob Magiera, Studio Noumena
www.studionoumena.com
Subscription rates:IEEE Computer Society members get the lowest rates and choice of media option — US$37/30/48
for print/electronic/combination.For information on other prices or to order,go to www.computer.org/subscribe.Back issues:
$10 for members,$108 for nonmembers. This publication is indexed by ISI (Institute for
Postmaster:Send undelivered copies and address changes to IEEE Internet Computing,IEEEService Center,445 Hoes Ln., Scientific Information) in SciSearch, Research Alert,
Piscataway,NJ 08855-1331.Periodicals postage paid at New York,NY,and at additional mailing offices.Canadian GST
#125634188.Canada Post Publications Mail Agreement Number 40013885.Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to the CompuMath Citation Index, and Current
4960-2 Walker Rd.,Windsor,ON N9A 6J3.Printed in the USA. Contents/Engineering, Computing, and Technology.
2004
E d i t o r i a l C a l e n d a r
Engineering and Applying the Internet
JANUARY/FEBRUARY—BUSINESS PROCESSES ON THE WEB
Akhil Sahai and Charles Petrie
A complex infrastructure is usually a reality in virtual enterprises. To operate well, they need
JAN/FEB
notions of workflows, global and local business processes, service-level agreements, and business
transactions. Web service standards such as SOAP and the Web Services Description Language
(WSDL) make virtual enterprises increasingly practical by speeding up the flow of business and
reducing costs. These Web services must interface with internal business processes, thus creating
new distributed processes as existing business processes interact in new ways.
MARCH/APRIL—SEEDS OF INTERNET GROWTH
The Internet’s global spread has, in fairly short order, made it fundamental to modern life.
Despite that pervasiveness, however, the Internet’s architecture includes many unresolved issues
MAR/APR
that affect the network’s ability to handle the growing needs of mobile users, new applications,
and Web services. Researchers are exploring novel solutions to many key issues, looking for
fertile ground to see their work grow into something that can make the Internet truly
ubiquitous. This issue of ICpresents various proposals for improving mobile access, network
performance, quality-of-service, and other important topics.
For submission information
MAY/JUNE—DATA DISSEMINATION ON THE WEB
Elisa Bertino and Krithi Ramamritham
and author guidelines:
The Internet and World Wide Web have enabled different ways disseminating information to
MAY/JUN
consumers. In addition to the traditional approach, in which users explicitly request information
when needed, researchers have developed more proactive approaches in which information
sources automatically initiate the dissemination. Such new approaches, often combining aspects
of push-based dissemination, have generated a lot of research and commercial activities — as
well as controversy. www.computer.org/internet/
author.htm
JULY/AUGUST— WIRELESS GRIDS
Scott Bradner and Lee McKnight
A computer grid is a collection of distributed resources shared among a group of users. Wireless
JULgrids/ ranAge froUm lowG-power sensor networks to high-end mobile computers. The growth of
wireless services and technologies brings new challenges, including resource discovery, sharing
in dynamic ad hoc network environments, routing, business models, and policy infrastructure.
This special issue aims to introduce the technical, economic, business, and policy issues likely
to arise as wireless grids progress from laboratory theory to market reality.
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER—MEASURING PERFORMANCE
Nevil Brownlee and kc claffy
This special issue seeks submissions in all areas of network measurement, with an emphasis on
SEhPow m/eaOsuremCent hTas improved our understanding of Internet workload, topology, routing,
performance, and scaling behavior. We invite researchers and practitioners to submit original
work on Internet measurement, especially studies that involve open-source or freely available
tools and data from wide area or WAN access networks.
NOVEMBER/DECEMBER—HOMELAND SECURITY
Michael Reiter and Pankaj Rohatgi
"Homeland security" is a major concern for governments worldwide, which must protect their
NOpoVpulati/onsD and tEhe cCritical infrastructures that support them, including power systems,
There’s always more online…
communications, government and military functions, and food and water supplies. In this
special issue, we seek contributions describing the role of Internet and information technologies
in homeland security, both as an infrastructure to be protected and as a tool for enabling the
defense of other critical infrastructures.
oonnlliinnee
www.computer.org/internet/
V o l u m e 8
N u m b e r 5
CC OO LL UU MM NN SS
Networked
4 Interface Pains
Robert E.Filman
Toward Integration
94 Is Your Middleware Dead?
Steve Vinoski
Architectural Perspectives
97 Agents, Grids, and Middleware
Craig W.Thompson
Scaling the Web
100 Mapping Service-Level Agreements
in Distributed Applications
Daniel A.Menascé IInntteerrnneett
Peer to Peer
104 It’s China(town)
Li Gong MMeeaassuurreemmeenntt
TT UU TT OO RR II AA LL
Spotlight
66 LDAP: Framework, 30 Guest Editors’ Introduction:
Practices, and Trends
Internet Measurement
Vassiliki Koutsonikola and Athena Vakali
Nevil Brownlee and kc claffy
The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is a promising technology
34 Locating Available
that provides access to directory information using a data structure
similar to that of the X.500 protocol.
Bandwidth Bottlenecks
DD EE PP AA RR TT MM EE NN TT SS Vinay J.Ribeiro,Rudolf H.Riedi,and Richard G.Baraniuk
The Spatio-Temporal Available Bandwidth estimator, a new edge-based
probing tool, locates thin links on end-to-end network paths, thus
7 News & Trends facilitating network operations and troubleshooting.
42 Multicast Routing Instabilities
10 Elsewhere
Prashant Rajvaidya and Kevin C.Almeroth
Native multicast is critical for scaling the delivery of high-bandwidth
data, such as audio and video, to multiple receivers, but until recently,
29 Call for Papers 93 Ad/Product Index
multicast routing has been too unstable to ensure robust data delivery.
Editorial:IEEE Internet Computingtargets the technical and scientific Internet user communities as well as designers and right law for patrons’ private use those articles that carry a code at the bottom of the first page,provided the per-copy fee in the
developers of Internet-based applications and enabling technologies.Instructions to authors are at www.computer.org/internet/ code is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center,222 Rosewood Dr.,Danvers,Mass.01923.For copying,reprint,or repub-
author.htm.Articles are peer reviewed for technical merit and copy edited for clarity,style,and space.Unless otherwise lication permission,write to Copyright and Permissions Dept.,IEEE Service Center,445 Hoes Ln.,Piscataway,NJ 08855-1331.
stated,bylined articles and departments,as well as product and service descriptions,reflect the author’s or firm’s opinion;inclu- Circulation:IEEE Internet Computing(ISSN 1089-7801) is published bimonthly by the IEEE Computer Society.IEEE head-
sion in this publication does not necessarily constitute endorsement by the IEEE or the IEEEComputer Society. quarters:3 Park Avenue,17th Floor,New York,NY 10016-5997.IEEE Computer Society headquarters:1730 Massachusetts
Copyright and reprint permission:Copyright © 2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.All rights Ave.,Washington,DC 20036-1903.IEEEComputer Society Publications Office:10662 Los Vaqueros Circle,PO Box 3014,Los
reserved.Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source.Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits of U.S.copy- Alamitos,Calif.90720;[phone];fax [phone].
S E P T E M B E R / O C T O B E R 2 0 0 4
FF EE AA TT UU RR EE SS
14 Fuzzy Conceptual
Indexing for Concept-Based
Cross-Lingual Text Retrieval
Rowena Chau and Chung-Hsing Yeh
Fuzzy conceptual indexing extends cross-lingual text retrieval to
include documents that share concepts but don’t contain exact transla-
tions of query terms.
22 Shared-Storage Auction
Ensures Data Availability
Hady Wirawan Lauw,Siu Cheung Hui,
and Edmund Ming-Kit Lai
Decentralizing auction services among peers distributes the required
processing load and aggregates peers’ resources for common use.
TT RR AA CC KK SS
Middleware
74 A Portable CPU-Management
Framework for Java
Walter Binder and Jarle Hulaas
The Java resource accounting framework, second edition, uses
bytecode-level transformation techniques to facilitate resource man-
50 Comparing Probe- and Router- agement. It provides extensible runtime APIs for tailoring management
policies as needed.
Based Packet-Loss Measurement
Agent
Paul Barford and Joel Sommers
84 A Framework and Ontology for
Experiments from a laboratory case study and a wide-area network
reveal that common methods for active probing suffer from high vari- Dynamic Web Services Selection
ance and the effects of end-host interface loss. Passive Simple Network
Measurement Protocol measurements can prove very accurate however. E.Michael Maximilien and Munindar P.Singh
Using an agent framework coupled with a QoS ontology can let
57 Long-Range Dependence:
participants collaborate to determine each other’s service quality and
trustworthiness to dynamically select services.
Ten Years of Internet
Traffic Modeling For more information on these or any other computing topics,
please visit the IEEE Computer Society Digital Library at
Thomas Karagiannis,Mart Molle,and Michalis Faloutsos www.computer.org/publications/dlib.
Despite LRD’s widespread use in network traffic analysis, its utility is
constrained by the complexities and inaccuracies inherent in identify-
ing dependence and estimating parameters. The authors challenge the
community to reevaluate modeling assumptions and methodologies.
COVERADAPTEDFROMAWALRUSVISUALIZATIONCREATEDBYTHECOOPERATIVEASSOCIATIONFORINTERNET www.computer.org/internet/
DATAANALYSIS, COPYRIGHT© 2002 THEREGENTSOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA. ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.
Cover design:Rob Magiera, Studio Noumena
www.studionoumena.com
Subscription rates:IEEE Computer Society members get the lowest rates and choice of media option — US$37/30/48
for print/electronic/combination.For information on other prices or to order,go to www.computer.org/subscribe.Back issues:
$10 for members,$108 for nonmembers. This publication is indexed by ISI (Institute for
Postmaster:Send undelivered copies and address changes to IEEE Internet Computing,IEEEService Center,445 Hoes Ln., Scientific Information) in SciSearch, Research Alert,
Piscataway,NJ 08855-1331.Periodicals postage paid at New York,NY,and at additional mailing offices.Canadian GST
#125634188.Canada Post Publications Mail Agreement Number 40013885.Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to the CompuMath Citation Index, and Current
4960-2 Walker Rd.,Windsor,ON N9A 6J3.Printed in the USA. Contents/Engineering, Computing, and Technology.
Networked
From the Editor in Chief...
Interface Pains
Robert E.Filman • RIACS/NASAAmes Research Center• [email protected]
L
ast week I tried to reserve an auto rental over implies that a Web page cluttered with advertise-
the Web. The site asked me where and when I ments is not as simple to use as one without — a
wanted to rent, presented choices of possible moral likely lost on advertisement-supported Web
cars, went through a long dialogue to get person- page designers — and that there’s no point in get-
al data such as addresses and credit-card numbers, ting details about the purchase of a product you
and then told me that the car I had selected was can’t sell. Raskin’s book, The Human Interface,
unavailable. I iterated the process through sever- contains a wonderful illustration of these points,
al different types of cars, always with the same showing how attention to the user’s task and the
result. I eventually retreated to an albeit-more- costs of different activities can be combined to
expensive-but-nevertheless-willing-to-actually- produce more usable systems.4
rent-me-something competitor. I’m not sure what
the original rental company thought this activi- Dimensions of Choice
ty’s purpose was, unless it hoped to catch me fail- Interface design is complicated, both in the com-
ing to uncheck the “send me email offers” box, plexity of the design space and the pragmatics of
thereby providing a “requesting” spam recipient usable systems. The user-interface designer can
into perpetuity. choose from a large variety of mechanisms,
At last month’s European Conference on including (to name a few) command languages,
Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP), I met a character languages, natural languages, direct-
student contemplating a dissertation on graphi- manipulation graphics, forms, and menus. We
cal tools for program understanding. She can indicate our choices to systems via switches,
expressed the belief that the best tools maximized dials, keyboards, mice, tablets, joysticks, touch-
the amount of information presented to users. I pads, and touchscreens — or perhaps by pushing
was surprised, after 20 years of Tufte1–3and work foot pedals, speaking, whistling, or grunting
on the theory and practice of interface design, rhythmically. The machine can respond with a
that a student building a system with a major display that ranges from lighting a single point
interface component would start from such an to presenting a high-resolution, color animation.
assumption. It can simultaneously squeak, flash, and speak.
These experiences lead me to believe that a dis- For blind programmers, there is even a device
cussion on the design of usable systems might be that converts ASCII to Braille, invoking the sense
appropriate. of touch. (For the moment, proprioception has
I told the student that maximizing the amount been employed only in certain flight simulators
of information a system conveys to a user isn’t a and games, and designers have made little use of
good idea. Rather, the designer should keep in the sense of smell — surely serious oversights.)
mind what the user is trying to accomplish and These controls can be organized into command
figure out how to minimize the effort (physical sequences, dialogs, macros, forms, menus, direct-
and intellectual) the user must expend to get that manipulation systems, and so forth.
task done. For example, if a user is seeking a sin-
gle value, it’s better to present a screen with just Complexity Is in the
that value than a screen that includes that data Mind of the Beholder
along with a lot of additional, superfluous infor- The simplicity of an artifact varies depending on
mation. Separating the grain of edible data from who is doing the evaluation. My favorite example
the screen full of chaff can be painful. It also of this comes from cooking.
4 SEPTEMBER • OCTOBER 2004 Published by the IEEE Computer Society 1089-7801/04/$20.00 © 2004 IEEE IEEEINTERNETCOMPUTING