Ideology, Mobilization and the Nation: The Rise of Irish, Basque and Carlist Nationalist Movements in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries PDF
Preview Ideology, Mobilization and the Nation: The Rise of Irish, Basque and Carlist Nationalist Movements in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
St Antony's Series General Editor: Eugene Rogan (1997-), Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford Recent titles include: Carl Aaron THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF JAPANESE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE UK AND THE US Uri Bialer OlL AND THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT, 1948-63 Craig Brandist and Galin Tihanov (editors) MATERIALIZING BAKHTIN Simon Duke THE ELUSIVE QUEST FOR EUROPEAN SECURITY Tim Dunne INVENTING INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY Martin Dyczok THE GRAND ALLIANCE AND UKRAINIAN REFUGEES Ken Endo THE PRESIDENCY OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION UNDER JACQUES DELORS M. K. Flynn IDEOLOGY, MOBILIZATION AND THE NATION The Rise of Irish, Basque and Carlist Nationalist Movements in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries Anthony Forster BRITAIN AND THE MAASTRICHT NEGOTIATIONS Fernando Guirao SPAIN AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF WESTERN EUROPE, 1945-57 Anthony Kirk-Greene BRITAIN'S IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATORS, 1858-1966 Bernardo Kosacoff CORPORATE STRATEGIES UND ER STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT IN ARGENTINA Responses by Industrial Firms to a new set of Uncertainties Huck-ju Kwon THE WELFARE STATE IN KOREA Cecile Laborde PLURALIST THOUGHT AND THE STATE IN BRITAIN AND FRANCE, 1900-25 C. S. Nicholls THE HISTORY OF ST ANTONY'S COLLEGE, OXFORD, 1950-2000 Laila Parsons THE DRUZE BETWEEN PALESTINE AND ISRAEL, 1947-49 Patricia Sloane ISLAM, MODERNITY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG THE MALAYS Karina Sonnenberg-Stern EMANCIPATION AND POVERTY The Ashkenazi]ews of Amsterdam, 1796-1850 Miguel Szekely THE ECONOMICS OF POVERTY AND WEALTH ACCUMULATION IN MEXICO Steve Tsang and Hung-mao Tien (editors) DEMOCRATIZATION IN TAIWAN Yongjin Zhang CHINA IN INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY SINCE 1949 ]an Zielonka EXPLAINING EURO-PARALYSIS St Antony's Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71109-5 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller Of, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Ideology, Mobilization and the Nation The Rise of lrish, Basque and Carlist Nationalist Movements in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries M. K. Flynn Lecturer Sehool of Polities University of the West of England Bristol in association with Palgrave Macmillan First published in Great Britain 2000 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-333-64629-8 First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-1-349-62357-0 ISBN 978-1-349-62355-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-62355-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Flynn, M. K. Ideology, mobilization and the nation: the rise of Irish, Basque and Carlist national movements in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 1 M.K. Flynn. p. cm. - (SI. Antony's series) Includes bibliographical references and index. I. Nationalism-Spain- History. 2. Spain-History-Autonomy and independence movements. 3. Nationalism-Spain-Pais Vasco-History. 4. Pais Vasco (Spain)-History-Autonomy and independence movements. 5. Carlists - History. 6. Nationalism - Ireland - History. 7. Ireland-History-Autonomy and independence movements. I. Title. 11. Series. DP203.F58 1999 320.54'0946'6-dc21 99-16304 CIP © M. K. Flynn 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 2000 978-0-312-22433-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London Wl P OLP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sourees. 10987654321 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 To my family - Michael, Heidi and Peter Contents Acknowledgements ix Prologue xi I. Introduction 1 Political and Cultural Nations 3 National Interpretation and Nationalism 6 Defining the Nation 10 Nationalism and Ideology 13 National Cultures 15 Nationalism as a Political Phenomenon 19 The French Revolution and Birth of Nationalism 24 Ideological Variants 30 Conclusion 33 11. Irish Nationalism 35 The Cultural Nation 36 Great Britain and Ireland 38 Catholicism 45 Catholic identity as socio-cultural signifier 45 The famine 48 Transformation of ruralIreland 51 O'Connell 58 Institutional Catholicism 63 Young Ireland 64 National exclusivity 66 Parliamentarianism and Militancy 68 Conjunction of two traditions 68 The Land and National Leagues 73 Ulster unionism 76 Outbreak of the First World War 79 1916 81 Autonomy 83 The revolutionary goal 83 Socialism 86 The Free State and partition 89 The Nationalist Movement and ideologies 94 vii viii Contents III. Spanish Carlism and Basque Nationalism 97 National Conceptualization 100 Twentieth century Carlism 100 Aranist Basque nationalism 104 The Foral Legacy 109 The Nineteenth Century Spanish State 112 Failures of the Unitary State 112 Caciquismo 116 The Basque Provinces 118 Socio-economic circumstances in Vizcaya and Guipuzcoa 118 Socio-economic circumstances in Navarra 123 Political variation 125 Development of Modern Carlism 127 The cultural nation 127 Conservative and protest variants 129 Regional characteristics and political mobilization 133 Similarities to other sectors of the authoritarian right 135 Organizational adaptations as a modern movement 145 Development of Aranist Basque Nationalism 147 The cultural nation 147 Application of nationalist theory 155 Reactions to industrial society 158 Moderate and militant potential 159 The Second Republic and Civil War 163 Adaptations of Nationalism 170 IV. Nationalisms Categorized and Compared 174 Dissident State Nationalism 178 Secessionist Nationalism 186 The Nationalist Appeal 195 Notes 198 Bibliography 219 Index 234 Acknowledgments Many people helped with this work. My greatest academic debt is to Professor Peter Pulzer who undertook the protracted task of acting as my doctoral supervisor at Oxford University. Without his patience, encouragement and oversight, I could neither have embarked on nor completed this study. Publication of this book, as based on a DPhil thesis, would also never have taken place without the positive response of my examiners, Professors Martin Blinkhorn and Derek Urwin. Professors Norman Jacobson and Nicholas Riasanovsky intro duced me as an undergraduate, at the University of California, Berkeley, to the work that founded the thesis and encouraged my further study of politics and nationalism. Francis Lannon helped with the initial postgraduate work on Iberian nationalisms. The librarian of St Antony's College, Oxford, Rosamund Campbell, is owed a debt of gratitude for her help in procuring research mater ials. Felipe Maya and Montserrat Fernandez, Centro de Documentaci6n de Historia Contemponinea deI Pais Vasco, are remembered for their hours spent unearthing sources on my behalf. Professor Joseba Agirreazkuenga provided invaluable assistance for my research on the Spanish Basque Country. Emilio Majuelo Gil and Jeremy MacClancy also gave much needed advice for my work on Spain and the Basque Country. Without grants awarded by St Antony's College and various funds at Oxford University, the primary research for this study could not have been conducted. In addition, I gratefully acknowledge the following for permission to use citations from private papers: Jane Bonharn Carter (Asquith Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford)i Mrs M. Downey Q. Brennan Papers, National Library of Ireland, Dublin)i the Hon. Mrs E. A. Gascoigne (Harcourt Papers, Bodleian)i and Mrs Joan Longden (Nathan Papers, Bodleian). During the manuscript's final revision, the understanding and support offered by the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, and especially by colleagues in the School of Politics, has been greatly appreciated. Over the years, there have been many others who contributed to the completion of the initial doctoral thesis and subsequent revision for this book. But to name even two dozen would certainly exclude just as many, if not more. Thus I trust that they will understand if I simply ix
The list of books you might like
