Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India

337 Pages·2018·16.392 MB·English

by  Pradeep K. Chhibber, Rahul Verma

Ideology and Identity

Ideology and Identity
The Changing Party Systems of India
P K. C r  V
radeeP hhibber and ahul erma
1
1
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Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Chhibber, Pradeep K., 1956– author. | Verma, Rahul, 1986– author.
Title: Ideology and identity : the changing party systems of India /
Pradeep K. Chhibber and Rahul Verma.
Description: New York, NY, United States of America : Oxford University Press, 2018. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018001733 (print) | LCCN 2018017062 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780190623890 (updf) | ISBN 9780190623906 (epub) |
ISBN 9780190623883 (pbk.) | ISBN 9780190623876 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Political parties—India. | Party affiliation—India. |
Elections—India. | Political culture—India. | India—Politics and government—1947–
Classification: LCC JQ298.A1 (ebook) | LCC JQ298.A1 C484 2018 (print) | DDC 324.254—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018001733
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Paperback printed by WebCom, Inc., Canada
Hardback printed by Bridgeport National Bindery, Inc., United States of America
CONTENTS
List of Tables vii
List of Figures ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction: Ideology in India’s Electoral Politics 1
1. State Formation and Ideological Conflict in Multiethnic Countries 8
2. Ideology, Identity, and the 2014 National Elections 35
3. Intellectual Lineages of the Politics of Statism and Recognition 54
4. Who Opposes Reservations and Why? 85
5. The Myth of Vote Buying in India 103
6. Transformational Leaders and Ideological Shifts 131
7. Transmitting Ideology 151
8. Statism, Recognition, and Party System Change in India 169
9. Ideological Challenges and the Decline of the Congress Party 207
vi Contents
10. The BJP and an Ideological Consolidation of the Right? 234
Conclusion: Ideas, Leaders, and Party Systems 256
Appendix 267
Bibliography 287
Index 315
TABLES
4.1 Experimental Research on Prejudice and Discrimination from India 91
4.2 Neighborhood Discrimination and Support for Reservations 93
4.3 Experimental Design of the UP Survey Experiment 97
5.1 Do Citizens Receive Gifts at Election Time? 114
5.2 What Drives Voters’ Choice in India? 115
5.3 Do Freebies Influence Vote Choice? Experimental Evidence
from Chennai 117
5.4 Whom Do Voters Credit for Welfare Schemes? (in %) 118
5.5 Can Politicians Monitor the Vote? 120
6.1 Does Ideology Make Vote Mobilizers? 148
7.1 Ideological Transmission in India 157
7.2 Who Influences a Respondents’ Vote Choice? 159
7.3 Extent of Religious Practice in India (in %) 163
8.1 Party Loyalty and Switching among Candidates 181
8.2 Party Loyalty among Voters in 2009 182
8.3 Party Loyalty among Voters in 2014 183
9.1 The Congress’s Performance in National Elections since 1977 209
9.2 The Congress Decline post- 2014 210
9.3 The Extent of Congress’s Decline 211
10.1 The BJP’s Performance in the Hindi Heartland 247
10.2 Consolidation of Social Forces in Favor of the BJP in
2014 247
10.3 The Rise of BJP since the 2014 Elections 248
A1 Datasets Used in the Book 267
B1 Questions from Surveys to Measure Ideological Stability 269
B2 Distribution of the Achieved Sample of NES 2014 Surveys 277
B3 Profile of the Achieved Sample of NES 2014 Surveys 279
C1a Prompts in Leadership Experiment 280
viii Tables
C1b Summary Profile of Leadership Experiment 280
C2a Sample Size of Neighborhood Experiment 281
C2b Sample Profile of Neighborhood Experiment 281
C3a Sample Size of Symbolic versus Policy Experiment 281
C3b Sample Profile of Symbolic versus Policy Experiment 282
C4a Prompts and Sample Size of UP Experiment 282
C4b Sample Profile of UP Experiment 283
C4c Prompts of UP Experiment in Detail 283
C4d UP Experiment - Difference of Means Test 284
D1 Party Systems by State 285
FIGURES
2.1 Ideological Polarization among Social Groups in 2014 38
2.2 Ideological Polarization among Party Members and Voters in 2014 39
2.3 The BJP in 2014: An Ideological Consolidation of the Right? 43
2.4 The Making of Anti- Congress Sentiments (in %) 45
2.5 Preference for Narendra Modi as India’s Next Prime Minister 46
2.6 Economic Liberalizers (Antistatist) and Support for Modi in 2014 48
2.7 Ideological Positions and Vote for the BJP in 2014 50
2.8 Ideological Polarization and Participation in Political Activities 51
4.1 Support for Reservation: Symbolic Prejudice or Policy Conflict? 95
4.2 Support for Dalit Reservations (in %) 98
4.3 Support for Muslim Reservations (in %) 98
4.4 Support for OBC Reservations (in %) 99
5.1 Public Sector Employment in India 1961– 2012 112
5.2 Voters Receiving Benefits in 2014 and 2009 113
5.3 Beneficiary Status and Vote for the Congress— 2014 and 2009 117
5.4 Benefits and Vote Share: Congress and Non- Congress- Ruled States 119
5.5 Mixed Evidence of Vote Buying 126
5.6 Mixed Evidence on Turnout Buying 128
5.7 The Relation between Voters and Parties: Ideology or Patronage? 129
6.1 Influence of Religious Leaders on Vote Choice 137
6.2 Follow the Leader: Leadership as Cue for Party and Ideology 141
6.3 Leadership, Ideology and Vote for BJP in 2014 143
6.4 The Modi Effect on Vote Mobilizers and Turnout in 2014 145
6.5 Leadership, Ideology, and Voter Mobilization 146
6.6 Thin Party Penetration in India 149
7.1 Ideological Polarization and Increased Canvassing during Elections 158
7.2 Media Exposure in India 160
7.3 The Liberal Elite and the Politics of Statism 166