Identity Processes and Dynamics in Multi-Ethnic Europe (Amsterdam University Press - IMISCOE Reports) PDF
Preview Identity Processes and Dynamics in Multi-Ethnic Europe (Amsterdam University Press - IMISCOE Reports)
imiscoe Globalisation, migration and integration have shaken up identity processes and identity W research e dynamics as never before. But in a post-colonial, multi-ethnic Europe, what is identity? s t How is it constructed? This book endeavours to answer these questions and more. in , Eleven of the thirteen chapters present empirical case studies from the Basque Country, B a the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Portugal – thus resulting in s t o one of the first international volumes to highlight Portugal’s diverse and complex Identity Processes s , migration flows. Transnationalism also takes centre stage in several contributions that D a survey various types of informal and formal networks in local communities and across h i and Dynamics in national borders. Via American studies, anthropology, cultural studies, ethnology, n d history, social psychology and sociology, the authors come from an array of disciplines e n as dynamic as the continent about which they write. & Multi-Ethnic Europe G ó Charles Westin is a professor of migration and ethnicity studies at Stockholm University. i s José Bastos is an associate professor of anthropology at the New University of Lisbon. ( e d Charles Westin, José Bastos, Janine Dahinden is a professor of transnational studies at the University of Neuchâtel, s . where she is also director of the Center for the Understanding of Social Processes ) Janine Dahinden & Pedro Góis (eds.) I (MAPS). Pedro Góis is a lecturer in sociology and methodology in the faculty of fine d e arts at the University of Oporto and a researcher at the Centre for Social Studies at n t i the University of Coimbra. ty P r o “A welcome addition to current discussions tackling the question: how shall we all live together in Europe? As this c volume illustrates, there is no one disciplinary approach, nor one single solution. Taken together, these essays advance es s our collective knowledge about intercultural relations – and perhaps take us some steps towards more positive ways e s of living together.” a n John W. Berry, Emeritus Professor of Psychology, Queen’s University, Canada d D “Combining theories of cultural change, representations, networks and identities, this volume offers an innovative y n comparison of situated studies. Westin and colleagues provide an outstanding source for students, researchers and a policy leaders.” m i Steve Fenton, Professor and Senior Research Fellow, Department of Sociology c s and Centre for the Study of Ethnicity and Citizenship, University of Bristol, UK in M u “Europe today is a multi-ethnic immigration continent in search of an umbrella identity of identities. This excellent lt i book is an interdisciplinary eye-opener into these social, cultural and mental dynamics.” -E t Klaus J. Bade, Chair, Expert Council of German Foundations on Integration and Migration, Berlin, Germany h n i c E u r o p e 978 90 8964 046 8 · .. A msterd Am Universit y Press Identity Processesand Dynamicsin Multi-Ethnic Europe IMISCOE InternationalMigration, Integration and Social Cohesionin Europe The IMISCOE Research Network unites researchers from, at present, 25 institutes specialising in studies ofinternational migration, integration andsocial cohesionin Europe. What began in 2004 as a Network of Excellence sponsored by the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission has become, as of April 2009, an independent self-funding endeavour. From the start, IMISCOE has promoted integrated, multidisciplinary and globally comparative research led by scholarsfromvariousbranchesoftheeconomicandsocialsciences,thehumanities and law. The Network furthers existing studies and pioneers new scholarship on migration and migrant integration. Encouraging innovative lines of inquiry key to Europeanpolicymakingandgovernanceisalsoapriority. The IMISCOE-Amsterdam University Press Series makes the Network’s findings and results available to researchers, policymakers and practitioners, the media and other interested stakeholders. High-quality manuscripts authored by Network members and cooperating partners are evaluated by external peer reviews and the IMISCOEEditorialCommittee.TheCommitteecomprisesthefollowingmembers: ChristinaBoswell,SchoolofSocialandPoliticalScience,UniversityofEdinburgh, UnitedKingdom TizianaCaponio,DepartmentofPoliticalStudies,UniversityofTurin/Forumfor InternationalandEuropeanResearchonImmigration(FIERI),Turin,Italy MichaelCollyer,SussexCentreforMigrationResearch(SCMR),Universityof Sussex,UnitedKingdom RositaFibbi,SwissForumforMigrationandPopulationStudies(SFM),University ofNeuchâtel,Switzerland/InstituteofSocialSciences,UniversityofLausanne AlbertKraler,InternationalCentreforMigrationPolicyDevelopment(ICMPD), Vienna,Austria LeoLucassen,InstituteofHistory,LeidenUniversity,TheNetherlands JorgeMalheiros,CentreofGeographicalStudies(CEG),UniversityofLisbon, Portugal MarcoMartiniello,NationalFundforScientificResearch(FNRS),Brussels/Center forEthnicandMigrationStudies(CEDEM),UniversityofLiège,Belgium PatrickSimon,NationalDemographicInstitute(INED),Paris,France MiriSong,SchoolofSocialPolicyandSociology,UniversityofKent,UnitedKingdom IMISCOEPolicyBriefsandmoreinformationcanbefoundatwww.imiscoe.org. Identity Processes and Dynamics in Multi-Ethnic Europe edited by Charles Westin, José Bastos, Janine Dahinden and Pedro Góis IMISCOE Research Cover design: Studio Jande Boer BNO,Amsterdam Layout: The DocWorkers, Almere ISBN 978 908964046 8 e-ISBN 978 904850 631 6 NUR 741 / 763 ©CharlesWestin, José Bastos, Janine Dahinden and Pedro Góis / Amsterdam University Press 2010 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system,or transmitted, in any form or byany means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owners and the authors of the book. Contents Preface 7 1 Identityand inter-ethnicrelations 9 Charles Westin 2 Jewsin the Netherlandsand their various tieswith Judaism 53 Marlene deVries 3 Astreetcarnameddesire: lifestyle and identityof street kids in multi-ethnic Rotterdam 73 Flip Lindo 4 Discrepantperceptions on health and education issues in the Basque Country:deldicho al hecho… 99 Aitor Ibarrola-Armendariz 5 Are you whoyou know? Anetwork perspective on ethnicity, gender and transnationalism: Albanian-speaking migrants in Switzerland and returnees in Kosovo 127 JanineDahinden 6 From local inter-ethnicities to the dynamicsof theworld-system: identity debates between Portuguese and British Sunnis in Leicester 149 Susana Bastos 7 Introduction to astudyofcomparative inter-ethnicrelations: the cases of Portugaland Britain 179 NunoDias 8 Frontier identity in Portugaland Russia: a comparative perspective on identity-buildingin semi-peripheralsocieties 197 Mário Artur Machaqueiro 6 CONTENTS 9 The Goan elites from Mozambique: migration experiences and identity narratives during the Portuguese colonialperiod 221 Marta Vilar Rosales 10 Identity,integration and associations:Cape Verdeans in the metropolitan area of Lisbon 233 João Sardinha 11 Cape Verdeanness as acomplexsocialconstruct: analysis of ethnicitythrough complexity theory 257 Pedro Góis 12 Different childrenof differentgods: astructural-dynamic approach to using religion in processes ofdifferentiated social insertion 279 José Bastos 13 What are we talking aboutwhen we talk aboutidentities? 313 José Bastos andSusana Bastos Aboutthe authors 359 Index 363 Preface This volume is the result of a coming together of social scientists repre- senting different academic traditions, disciplines and countries, and hence different approaches towards the issues at hand. The book evolved from workshops occurring within the IMISCOE Network of Excellence, in a cluster focusing on questions relating to inter-ethnic re- lations, identity, representation and discrimination. Discussion at these meetings concentrated on relations between national, ethnic, ‘racial’, re- ligiousandcultural groupsindiverse multi-ethnicsocieties. Inter-ethnic relations entail in some instances a focus on majority-minority relations in the nation-state. In others the focus is rather on relations between a native-born population and migrants with their descendants. In most of the current EU-27 member states, inter-ethnic relations apply to both majority-minorityrelations and to native-born-migrant relations. The cluster has met ten times since the start of IMISCOE (which as of April 2009, came to be called the IMISCOE Research Network). At the second workshop, held in Coimbra in 2004, it was decided that the subsequent work package would involve writing a book on identity questions in relation to inter-ethnic relations. At the Paris workshop in spring 2005, several papers constituting the core of this volume were presented and discussed. This work continued at workshops in Osnabrück in 2005, Lisbon in 2006, twice in Vienna in 2006 and in Stockholm in 2007. An editorial board consisting of José Bastos, Janine Dahinden, Pedro Góis and myself was appointed by the cluster at the Osnabrück confer- ence. The committee met at the cluster workshops and conferences but also separately in Stockholm in June 2006. Much of the editorial work was done by email. I would like to thank members of the editorial board for their work on this volume. Many thanks also to all the contri- butingauthors.Thanks arealsodueto thoseclustermemberswhohave not written chapters but have participated in workshops and seminars, and given input and feedback on papers sent out to them. Finally, let me express my gratitude to the IMISCOE Editorial Committee, the anonymous reviewers and their excellent suggestions for reworking sec- tions ofthe manuscript, Karina Hof and Amsterdam University Press. Stockholm, January 2010 CharlesWestin 1 Identity and inter-ethnic relations Charles Westin Introduction This volume is about inter-ethnic relations in Europe with special em- phasis on identity dynamics and identity processes. Here the concept of inter-ethnic relations comprises a broad range of encounters, between peopleandgroupsofdiverseorigins,takingplaceincontemporarysocie- ties. Much of the literature emphasises the problematic dimensions of theserelations,pertainingtovariousaspectsofsocialexclusion–racism, discrimination, segregation, xenophobia, ethnocentrism, inequality and injustice. However, inter-ethnic relations should also be understood to encompassprocessesofsocialinclusion,referredtoundervarioushead- ings such as incorporation, insertion, acculturation, assimilation, inte- gration and even absorption. In other words, inter-ethnic relations may refer to the rigid preservation of national, cultural and religious bound- aries between groups and collectives on the one hand, and to processes of cultural development, innovation and societal transformation on the other.Broadlyspeaking,inter-ethnicrelationsmaybeunderstoodascon- cerningfailedorsuccessfulformsofdiversitymanagement. Social identities are of crucial concern in this context. Collective so- cial identities stand out and are articulated when groups from different social, cultural, ‘racial’, national, ethnic, religious and linguistic back- grounds share societal space in public arenas, in housing estates, at workplaces and in schools. ‘Race’, ethnicity and nationality are repre- sented in these identities. In 1915, Durkheim coined the concept of col- lective representations to refer to these images of self and other (Durkheim 1982). Half a century later, Moscovici addressed the same idea (Farr & Moscovici 1978). He referred to these images as social re- presentations. In this book, we employ the concept of representation in the Durkheimian sense of collectively shared identities of self and other or, using the terminology of American social psychology: autostereo- types and heterostereotypes. The concept of representation may, how- ever, also be understood as pertaining to issues of power and influence in political assemblies. This is an important connotation demonstrating that power, and more specifically the differential distribution of power in society, is at the heart of identitydynamics.
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