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Identity, Insecurity and Image : France and title: Language Multilingual Matters (Series) ; 112 author: Ager, D. E. publisher: Multilingual Matters isbn10 | asin: 1853594431 print isbn13: 9781853594434 ebook isbn13: 9780585156101 language: English France--Civilization--20th century, Language policy--France, Language and culture--France, Civilization, Modern-- subject French influences, French language-- Political aspects--Foreign countries, Symbolism. publication date: 1999 lcc: DC33.7.A64 1999eb ddc: 306.44/944 France--Civilization--20th century, Language policy--France, Language and culture--France, Civilization, Modern-- subject: French influences, French language-- Political aspects--Foreign countries, Symbolism. Page i Identity, Insecurity and Image: France and Language Page ii MULTILINGUAL MATTERS SERIES Series Editor Professor John Edwards, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada Other Books in the Series Beyond Bilingualism: Multilingualism and Multilingual Education JASONE CENOZ and FRED GENESEE (eds) Language Attitudes in Sub-Saharan Africa EFUROSIBINA ADEGBIJA Language, Ethnicity and Education PETER BROEDER and GUUS EXTRA Language Planning: From Practice to Theory ROBERT B. KAPLAN and RICHARD, B. BALDAUF Jr. Language Reclamation HUBISI NWENMELY Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe CHRISTINA BRATT PAULSTON and DONALD PECKHAM (eds) Quebec's Aboriginal Languages JACQUES MAURAIS (ed.) The Step-Tongue: Children's English in Singapore ANTHEA FRASER GUPTA Three GenerationsTwo LanguagesOne Family LI WEI Other Books of Interest Chtimi: The Urban Vernaculars of Northern France TIMOTHY POOLEY Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism COLIN BAKER and SYLVIA PRYS JONES 'Francophonie' in the 1990s: Problems and Opportunities DENNIS AGER Language, Culture and Communication in Contemporary Europe CHARLOTTE HOFFMANN (ed.) Languages in Contact and Conflict SUE WRIGHT (ed.) A Reader in French Sociolinguistics MALCOLM OFFORD (ed.) Please contact us for the latest book information: Multilingual Matters, Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon, BS21 7HH, England http://www.multilingual-matters.com" Page iii Identity, Insecurity and Image: France and Language Dennis Ager MULTLINGUAL MATTERS 112 Series Editor: John Edwards MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD Clevedon · Philadelphia · Toronto · Sydney Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Ager, D.E. Identity, Insecurity and Image: France and Language/Dennis Ager Multilingual Matters: 112 Includes bibliographical references and index 1. FranceCivilization-20th century. 2. Language policyFrance. 3. Language and cultureFrance. 4. Civilization, ModernFrench influences. 5. French languagePolitical aspectsForeign countries. 6. Symbolism. I. Title. II. Series: Multilingual Matters (Series): 112. DC33.7.A64 1999 306.44'944-dc21 98-31849 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 1-85359-443-1 (hbk) ISBN 1-85359-442-3 (pbk) Multilingual Matters Ltd UK: Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon BS21 7HH. USA: 325 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA. Canada: 5201 Dufferin Street, North York, Ontario M3H 5T8, Canada. Australia: P.O. Box 586, Artamon, NSW, Australia. Copyright © 1999 Dennis Ager All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed and bound in Great Britain by WBC Book Manufacturers Ltd. Page v CONTENTS Figures vi Tables and maps vii Acknowledgements viii Preface ix Introduction 1 Part 1: Insecurity 1 15 Territorial insecurity: fear of the regional languages 2 42 Fear mixed with pride: the myth of the hexagon 3 63 Social insecurity: fear of the social outsider 4 86 Fear mixed with guilt: the myth of inclusion 5 98 Americanophobia: fear of Franglais Part 2: Identity 6 116 Identity and the status of French: the language of the Republic 7 145 Managing French to serve the state: stability, elasticity and polyvalency Part 3: Image 8 165 Gaining influence and prestige: Francophonie, cultural relations and French abroad 9 191 Multilingualism: a policy for openness and diversity? Conclusion 206 Notes 223 References 242 Index 249 Page vi FIGURES Figure 1.1 27 Grégoire's proposals for improving French Figure 1.2 37 Regional languages in education Figure 1.3 39 The state and regional languages Figure 1.4 40 Fishman's scale of Graded Intergenerational Disruption Figure 2.1 43 The myth of the hexagon Figure 2.2 58 French regionalism Figure 3.1 64 Tests of inclusion Figure 4.1 93 Threats to French Figure 5.1 100 Etiemble's recommendations for action on language Figure 5.2 104 The ideology of English Figure 5.3 109 Druon and pride in French Figure 6.1 123

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