Identifying and Interpreting Animal Bones: A Manual PDF
Preview Identifying and Interpreting Animal Bones: A Manual
Identifying and Interpreting Animal Bones number eighteen texas a&m university anthropology series D. Gentry Steele, General Editor series advisory board William Irons Erik Trinkaus Conrad Kottak Michael R. Waters James F. O’Connell Patty Jo Watson Harry J. Shafer A list of titles in this series is available at the back of the book. Identifying and Interpreting Animal Bones a manual April M. Beisaw texas a&m university press College Station Copyright © 2013 by April M. Beisaw Manufactured in China by Everbest Printing Co., through FCI Print Group All rights reserved First edition This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/N ISO Z39.48-1992. (Permanence of Paper) Binding materials have been chosen for durability. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beisaw, April M. Identifying and interpreting animal bones : a manual / April M. Beisaw.—1st ed. p. cm. — (Texas A&M University anthropology series ; no. 18) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-62349-026-3 (fl exbound (with fl aps) : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-62349-082-9 (e-b ook) 1. Animal remains (Archaeology)—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Animal remains (Archaeology)—Identifi cation—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Archaeological assemblages—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Taphonomy—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 5. Archaeological surveying—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 6. Excavations (Archaeology)— Recording—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. II. Series: Texas A&M University anthropology series ; no. 18. CC79.5.A5B44 2013 930.1′0285—dc23 2013017719 Acknowledgments I learned how to analyze and interpret animal bones from a variety of people, which is why my approach does not follow one school of thought. I was introduced to zooarchaeology while an undergraduate at Rutgers University. Robert Blumenschine and his graduate students provided formal instruction on African fauna. I picked up techniques for analyzing primates from Daniel Lieberman and for North American fauna from Cregg Madrigal and Sal Capaldo. Several faunal analysts served as instructors and guest lecturers at my fi eld school on San Clemente Island, California. There I learned about marine species. While I was a graduate student at Binghamton University, Peter Stahl served as my MA and PhD advisor and taught me how to use animal bone data in creative ways while acknowledging its limitations. Philip Rightmire reinforced my knowledge of primate skeletal anatomy and Dawnie Steadman taught me the techniques specifi c to forensic anthropology. Various organizations have provided me with opportunities to analyze bones from archaeological sites across North America. Jill R. Hughes and David Zinn provided technical assistance with this manuscript. Several anonymous reviewers provided constructive feedback. My family, including my shipmates, provided me with the time and space to write. vii Identifying and Interpreting Animal Bones Contents Acknowledgments vii 1. introduction 1 2. preparing your assemblage 7 Cleaning Bones 8 Sorting Bones 10 Mending Fresh Breaks 12 3. what animal is it? 17 Class: Mammal, Fish, Bird, Amphibian, or Reptile? 18 Order and Family: A Question of Functional Morphology 24 Mammal Orders 28 Fish Orders 33 Bird Orders 35 Amphibian Orders 37 Reptile Orders 37 Genus and Species: Environment and Economy 40 4. what bone is it? 47 Skulls and Teeth 54 Vertebrae and Ribs 59 Vertebrae 59 Ribs 68 Pelvic and Shoulder Girdles 70 Pelvic Girdle 71 Shoulder Girdle 75 Upper Limbs 79 Lower Limbs 88 Hands and Feet (Manus and Pes) 94 Siding Bone 98 Determining Sex and Age 99
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