Identification of Neural Markers Accompanying Memory PDF
Preview Identification of Neural Markers Accompanying Memory
Identification of Neural Markers Accompanying Memory Identification of Neural Markers Accompanying Memory Edited by Alfredo Meneses Department of Pharmacobiology, CINVESTAV (Centro de Investigacio´n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional), Mexico AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO(cid:129)SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO Elsevier 32JamestownRoad,LondonNW17BY 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA Firstedition2014 Copyright©2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationabout thePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementwithorganizationssuchastheCopyright ClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/ permissions. 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BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-408139-0 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatstore.elsevier.com ThisbookhasbeenmanufacturedusingPrintOnDemandtechnology.Eachcopyisproducedtoorder andislimitedtoblackink.Theonlineversionofthisbookwillshowcolorfigureswhereappropriate. “TomywonderfulwifeErika,mydaughterSofiaandmytwolittleAngel” List of Contributors Roberto Agust´ın Prado-Alcala´ Departamento de Neurobiolog´ıa Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiolog´ıa, Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico, CampusJuriquilla,Quere´taro,Qro76230,Me´xico Shely Azrad Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Ana´huac Me´xico Norte,HuixquilucanEdo.deMe´xico Ana Canseco-Alba Pharmacobiology Department, Center for Research and AdvancedStudies(Cinvestav),SouthCampus,MexicoCity,Mexico Antonella Gasbarri Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnologic Sciences, UniversityofL’Aquila,Italy Claudia Gonza´lez-Espinosa Pharmacobiology Department, Center for Research andAdvancedStudies(Cinvestav),SouthCampus,MexicoCity,Me´xico Fabiola Guzma´n-Mej´ıa Pharmacobiology Department, Center for Research and AdvancedStudies(Cinvestav),SouthCampus,MexicoCity,Me´xico Michael R. Hunsaker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences andMINDInstitute,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisMedicalCenter,Sacramento,CA Ryan T. LaLumiere Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242 Gustavo Liy-Salmeron Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Ana´huac Me´xicoNorte,HuixquilucanEdo.deMe´xico Andrea C. Medina Departamento de Neurobiolog´ıa Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiolog´ıa, Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico, Campus Juriquilla,Quere´taro,Qro76230,Me´xico AlfredoMenesesDepartmentofPharmacobiology,CINVESTAV,Me´xico Assunta Pompili Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnologic Sciences, UniversityofL’Aquila,Italy xii ListofContributors Gina L. Quirarte Departamento de Neurobiolog´ıa Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiolog´ıa, Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico, Campus Juriquilla,Quere´taro,Qro76230,Me´xico Gabriela Rodr´ıguez-Manzo Pharmacobiology Department, Center for Research andAdvancedStudies(Cinvestav),SouthCampus,MexicoCity,Mexico Norma Seraf´ın Departamento de Neurobiolog´ıa Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiolog´ıa, Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico, Campus Juriquilla, Quere´taro,Qro76230,Me´xico 1 Introduction Alfredo Meneses DepartmentofPharmacobiology,CINVESTAV,Me´xico Neurotransmitters and Memory: Introduction Memory is a basic function of the brain and fundamental in our life. Memory may bedefinedaccordingtoitscontent,inrelationtotimeanditsneurobiologicalbasis: in the former case, as declarative/explicit or nondeclarative/implicit memory, and regarding time, as short-term memory (STM) or working and long-term memory (LTM) (Davis and Squire, 1984; Izquierdo et al., 1999, 2006); the latter depends on protein and mRNA synthesis (Meneses et al., 2011). Considering that memory is a field of scientific investigation in constant expansion, hence in this book the aimis offering abrief andintroductoryoverviewforstudentsofthe area,usingrel- evant and (and when is possible) recent references. Diverse brain areas (Squire and Zola, 1996; Eichenbaum, 2013), neurotransmitters (see below), and cell signaling havebeenassociatedtomemory(Viannaetal.,2000)anditsalterations. Firstly, extensive evidence indicates that disruption of cholinergic function is characteristic of aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and experimental manipula- tion of the cholinergic system in laboratory animals suggests age-related choliner- gic dysfunction may play an important role in cognitive deterioration associated with aging and AD (Decker and McGaugh, 2004; McGaugh, 1989; Myhrer, 2003). Recent investigation, however, suggests that cholinergic dysfunction does not pro- vide a complete account of age-related cognitive deficits and that age-related changes in cholinergic function typically occur within the context of changes in several other neuromodulatory systems. Interactions between the cholinergic sys- tem and several of other neurotransmitters and neuromodulators (including norepi- nephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA, opioid peptides, galanin, substance P, and angiotensin II) may be important in learning and memory (Decker and McGaugh, 2004; Reiss et al., 2009). It is important to consider not only the independent con- tributions of age-related changes in neuromodulatory systems to cognitive decline, but also the contribution of interactions between neurotransmission systems to the learning and memory deficits associated with aging and AD (Decker and McGaugh,2004). In perspective, if receptors for all agents (e.g., hormones, trophic factors odor- ants, peptides) in addition to the transmitters were counted, a total of 1000 would not be surprising (Cooper et al., 2003). Before this abundance of neurotransmitters, IdentificationofNeuralMarkersAccompanyingMemory.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-408139-0.00001-8 ©2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 2 IdentificationofNeuralMarkersAccompanyingMemory then, among the neurotransmitters mentioned in this chapter, we are including the cholinergic (Bentley et al., 2011; Graef et al., 2011), glutamatergic (Piers et al., 2012; chapter 3 this volume), GABAergic (Reiss et al., 2009; chapter 4 this vol- ume), dopaminergic (Reiss et al., 2009; chapter 5 this volume), and serotonergic (serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) (Altman and Normile, 1988; Ogren, 1985; Rodr´ıguez et al., 2012; see below). Importantly, the behavioral endopheno- types had become an important tool (chapter 6 this volume). An excellent, fresh, and new advance is about a role for learning and memory in the expression of an innate behavior (chapter 9 this volume). Of course, protein synthesis and memory hadbecomeanimportantsubject(chapter7thisvolume). As a detailed description of the neurotransmission systems included herein is beyond the present work, then a shallow overview is provided. An excellent atlas about neuroactive substances, their projections and receptors is available (Tohyama et al., 1998); hence, in this work the contribution of pharmacology to research on the mechanisms of memory formation (McGaugh and Izquierdo, 2000) is one of the major focus. Certainly, the transporters of neurotransmission systems play a crucial function in the regulation of intra-synaptic concentrations and play an important role in memory formation, amnesia, anti-amnesic effects, and forgetting (see e.g., Tellez et al., 2012a,b). Likewise, hippocampal neurogenesis and for- gettingareimportant (Franklandet al.,2013).Finally,thediabetes case(chapter10 this volume) allows illustrating the variety of memory disorders. The basic ele- mentsofsignaltransductionpathwaysareprovided(chapter8thisvolume). References Altman,H.J.,Normile,H.J.,1988.Whatisthenatureoftheroleoftheserotonergicnervous system in learning and memory: prospects for development of an effective treatment strategyforseniledementia.Neurobiol.Aging.9(5(cid:1)6),627(cid:1)638. Bentley,P.,Driver,J.,Dolan,R.J.,2011.Cholinergicmodulationofcognition:insightsfrom humanpharmacologicalfunctionalneuroimaging.Prog.Neurobiol.94(4),360(cid:1)388. Cooper,J.R.,Bloom,F.E.,Roth,R.H.,2003.TheBiochemicalBasisofNeuropharmacology. OxfordUniversityPress,NewYork,NY. Davis, H.P., Squire, L.R., 1984. Protein synthesis and memory: a review. Psychol. Bull. 96 (3),518(cid:1)559. Decker,M.W.,McGaugh,J.L.,2004.Theroleofinteractionsbetweenthecholinergicsystem andotherneuromodulatorysystemsinlearningandmemory.Synapse.7(2),151(cid:1)168. Eichenbaum,H.,2013.WhatH.M.taughtus.J.Cogn.Neurosci.25(1),14(cid:1)21. Frankland,P.W.,Ko¨hler,S.,Josselyn,S.A.,2013.Hippocampalneurogenesisandforgetting. TrendsNeurosci.36(9),497(cid:1)503. Graef, S., Scho¨nknecht, P., Sabri, O., Hegerl, U., 2011. Cholinergic receptor subtypes and their role in cognition, emotion, and vigilance control: an overview of preclinical and clinicalfindings.Psychopharmacology(Berl.).215(2),205(cid:1)229. Izquierdo, I., Medina, J.H., Vianna, M.R., Izquierdo, L.A., Barros, D.M., 1999. Separate mechanismsforshort-andlong-termmemory.Behav.BrainRes.103(1),1(cid:1)11. Introduction 3 Izquierdo, I., Bevilaqua, L.R., Rossato, J.I., Bonini, J.S., Medina, J.H., Cammarota, M., 2006. Different molecular cascades in different sites of the brain control memory con- solidation.TrendsNeurosci.29(9),496(cid:1)505. McGaugh, J.L., 1989. Dissociating learning and performance: drug and hormone enhance- mentofmemorystorage.BrainRes.Bull.23(4(cid:1)5),339(cid:1)345. McGaugh, J.L., Izquierdo, I., 2000. The contribution of pharmacology to research on the mechanismsofmemoryformation.TrendsPharmacol.Sci.21(6),208(cid:1)210. Meneses,A.,Pe´rez-Garc´ıa,G.,Ponce-Lopez,T.,Castillo,C.,2011.5-HT receptormemory 6 and amnesia: behavioral pharmacology—learning and memory processes. Int. Rev. Neurobiol.96,27(cid:1)47. Myhrer, T., 2003. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysisbasedonstudiesoffourbehavioraltasks.BrainRes.Rev.41,268(cid:1)287. Ogren,S.O.,1985.Evidenceforaroleofbrainserotonergicneurotransmissioninavoidance learning.ActaPhysiol.Scand.Suppl.544,1(cid:1)71. Piers,T.M.,Kim,D.H.,Kim,B.C.,Regan,P.,Whitcomb,D.J.,Cho,K.,2012.Translational conceptsofmGluR5insynapticdiseasesofthebrain.Front.Pharmacol.3,199. Reis,H.J.,Guatimosim,C.,Paquet,M.,Santos,M.,Ribeiro,F.M.,Kummer,A.,etal.,2009. Neuro-transmitters in the central nervous system & their implication in learning and memoryprocesses.Curr.Med.Chem.16(7),796(cid:1)840. Rodr´ıguez, J.J., Noristani, H.N., Verkhratsky, A., 2012. The serotonergic system in ageing andAlzheimer’sdisease.Prog.Neurobiol.99,15(cid:1)41. Squire, L.R., Zola, S.M., 1996. Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memorysystems.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA.93(24),13515(cid:1)13522. Tellez,R.,Go´mez-V´ıquez,L.,Meneses,A.,2012a.GABA,glutamate,dopamineandseroto- nintransportersexpressiononmemoryformationandamnesia.Neurobiol.Learn.Mem. 97(2),189(cid:1)201. Tellez, R., Go´mez-Viquez, L., Liy-Salmeron, G., Meneses, A., 2012b. GABA, glutamate, dopamine and serotonin transporters expression on forgetting. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 98(1),66(cid:1)77. Tohyama,M.,Takatsuji,K.,Kantha,S.S.(Eds.),1998.AtlasofNeuroactiveSubstancesand TheirReceptorsintheRat.OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford. Vianna, M.R., Izquierdo, L.A., Barros, D.M., Walz, R., Medina, J.H., Izquierdo, I., 2000. Short-andlong-termmemory:differentialinvolvementofneurotransmittersystemsand signaltransductioncascades.An.Acad.Bras.Cienc.72(3),353(cid:1)364. 2 Neurotransmitters and Memory: Cholinergic, Glutamatergic, GaBAergic, Dopaminergic, Serotonergic, Signaling, and Memory Alfredo Meneses DepartmentofPharmacobiology,CINVESTAV,Me´xico Neurotransmitters and Memory Cholinergic Terry and Buccafusco in 2003 revised the cholinergic hypothesis about memory, whichwasinitiallypresentedover20yearsago,indicatingthatadysfunctionoface- tylcholine containing neurons in the brain contributes substantially to the cognitive decline observed in those with advanced age and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This premisehassinceservedasthebasisforthemajorityoftreatmentstrategiesanddrug development approaches for AD to date (Terry and Buccafusco, 2003; see also Bentleyetal.,2011;Cummingsetal.,2012;DeckerandMcGaugh,2004).Studiesof thebrainsofpatientswhohadmildcognitiveimpairment(MCI)orearlystageADin whichcholineacetyltransferaseand/oracetylcholinesteraseactivitywasunaffected(or evenupregulated)have,however,ledsometochallengethevalidityofthehypothesis aswellastherationaleforusingcholinomimeticstotreatthedisorder,particularlyin theearlierstages(TerryandBuccafusco,2003).Thesechallengesprimarilyarebased on assays of postmortem enzyme activity, which should be taken in perspective and evaluated within the wide range of cholinergic abnormalities known to exist in both aging and AD (e.g., Zhanget al., 2012; Zhou etal., 2012).Inaddition, the results of bothpostmortemandantemortemstudiesinagedhumansandADpatients,aswellas preclinical animal experimentation, suggest that a host of cholinergic abnormalities including alterations in choline transport, acetylcholine release, nicotinic and musca- rinic receptorexpression, neurotrophinsupport,and perhaps axonaltransportmay all contribute to cognitive abnormalities in aging and AD (Terry and Buccafusco, 2003; see also Graef et al., 2011; Martyn et al., 2012) as well as other neurotransmitter IdentificationofNeuralMarkersAccompanyingMemory.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-408139-0.00002-X ©2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
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