Identification guide to the southern African grasses. An identification manual with keys, descriptions and distributions PDF
Preview Identification guide to the southern African grasses. An identification manual with keys, descriptions and distributions
African An manual identification with . and keys, descriptions distributions Wp M ' Hr Z 11 y- r t mm i’j t fjX " j WL.} j 1 4' M* , L. Fish, A.C. Mashau, M.J. Moeaha and M.T. Nembudani TRELITZIA 36 Identification guide to southern African grasses An identification manual with keys, descriptions and distributions L. Fish, A.C. Mashau, M.J. Moeaha and M.T. Nembudani ^ SANBI % ? BiodiversityforLife SouthAfrican National BiodiversityInstitute Pretoria 2015 T R E L T Z A I I Thisseries has replaced Memoirs ofthe BotanicalSurveyofSouthAfrica andAnnals ofthe Kirstenbosch Botanic Cardens which SANBI inherited from its predecessor organisations. The plant genus Strelitzia occurs naturally in the eastern parts of southern Africa. It comprises three arbores- cent species, known as wild bananas, and two acaulescent species, known as crane flowers or bird-of-paradise flowers. The logo ofthe South African National Biodiversity Institute is partly based on the striking inflorescence ofStrelitzia reginae a native ofthe Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal that has become a garden favourite world- , wide. It symbolises the commitmentofthe Institute to champion the exploration, conservation, sustainable use, appreciation and enjoyment ofSouth Africa's exceptionally rich biodiversity for all people. L. Fish, A.C. Mashau, M.J. Moeaha and M.T. Nembudani National Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria Illustrations by: W. Roux, C.D. Bartman, C.E. Smith, S.B. Chiliza, M. Ueckermann, H.W. du Toitand many others. SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL EDITOR: Yolande Steenkamp PROOFREADER: Alicia Grobler DESIGN & LAYOUT: Elizma Fouche COVER DESIGN: Elizma Fouche COVER PHOTOGRAPHS: Marinda Koekemoer & Geoff Nichols Recommended citation: FISH, L., MASHAU, A.C., MOEAHA, M.J. & NEMBUDANI, M.T. 2015. Identification guideto southern African grasses. An identification manual with keys, descriptionsand distributions. Strelitzia 36. SouthAfrican National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. ISBN: 978-1-928224-00-6 © Published by: South African National Biodiversity Institute (2015). Obtainable from SANBI Bookshop, Private BagXIOl, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa. Tel.: +27 12 843 5000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sanbi.org Printed by: Seriti Printing, Tel.: +27 12 333 9757, Website: www.seritiprinting.co.za Address: Unit6, 49 Eland Street, Koedoespoort, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa All rights reserved. No partofthis book maybe reproduced in anyform withoutwritten permission ofthecopyrightowners. Theviewsand opinionsexpressed do notnecessarily reflectthoseofSANBI. Theauthorsand publisher have madetheirbest effortsto preparethis book, and make no representation orwarrantiesofany kind with regard tothe completenessoraccu- racyofthecontentsherein.All imagesinthisbookhave been reproducedwiththeknowledgeand priorconsentoftheartists and photographersconcerned and no responsibility isaccepted bythe publisheror printerforany infringementofcopyright or otherwise arisingfrom the contents ofthis publication. Every effort has been made to ensure that the credits accurately complywith the information supplied bythe authors. TRELITZIA 36 (2015) iii OF CONTENTS TABLE PREFACE vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix INTRODUCTION TO THE GRASSES 1 Crass evolution 1 Photosynthesis 1 Hybridisation, polyploidy and sexually produced seeds 2 Classification and nomenclature 2 The grass plant 4 Roots 4 Stems 5 Aerial culms 5 Rhizomes 6 Stolons 6 Leaves 6 Sheaths 6 Ligules 7 Collars 7 Leaf blades 7 Modified leaves 7 Leaf blade anatomy 7 Inflorescences 9 Spikelets 9 Rachilla 11 Glumes 11 Florets 11 Lemma 11 Palea 12 Flowers 12 Callus 13 Awns 13 Fruits, seeds and embryos 13 Seed dispersal 13 HOWTO 15 How to collectand press grasses (excluding large woody bamboos) 15 How to collect bamboos 15 How to mountgrasses 17 How to examine a grass specimen for identification 17 How to use keys 17 How to prepare leaf blade material for grass anatomical studies 18 KEY TO KEYS 19 Key 1 (Woody bamboo) 19 Key 2 (Inflorescence a complex, leafy, false panicle) 19 Key 3 (Inflorescence paired, digitate or subdigitate) 20 Key 4 (Inflorescence a spike or spike-like) 21 Key 5 (Inflorescence a panicle or raceme, orwith spike-like branchesscattered up the central axis) . . 27 COLOUR PLATES 36 GENERA AND SPECIES 50 Acrachne 50 *Aira 59 Acroceras 51 Alloteropsis 61 Agrostis 52 *Alopecurus 64 05 IV TRELITZIA 36 (2015) *Amelichloa 65 Entolasia 279 *Ammophila 66 Entoplocamia 280 Andropogon 67 Eragrostis 281 Anthephora 77 Eriochloa 338 Anthoxanthum 80 Eriochrysis 341 Aristida 83 Eulalia 343 *Arrhenatherum 104 Eustachys 345 Arthraxon 105 Festuca 347 Arundinella 106 Fingerhuthia 352 *Arundo 107 *Gastridium 355 *Austrostipa 109 Ceochloa 356 *Avena 110 *Glyceria 358 *Axonopus 113 Hackelochloa 360 *Bambusa 115 *Hainardia 361 Bewsia 116 Harpochloa 362 Bothriochloa 117 Helictotrichon 363 Brachiaria 119 Hemarthria 372 Brachyachne 133 Heteropogon 373 Brachychloa 134 Idolcus 375 Brachypodium 136 Hordeum 377 *Briza 138 Hyparrhenia 381 Bromus 140 Idyperthelia 393 Calamagrostis 149 imperata 395 Capeochloa 150 Ischaemum 396 Catabrosa 153 *)arava 399 Catalepis 154 Kaokochloa 401 *Catapodium 155 Koeleria 402 Cencbrus 156 *Lagurus 404 Centropodia 159 *Lamarckia 405 Chaetobromus 161 Leersia 406 Chloris 164 Leptocarydion 409 Chrysopogon 169 Leptochloa 41 Clacloraphis 171 Lepturus 414 Cleistachne 173 Leucophrys 41 Coelachyrum 174 Lintonia 416 Coelorachis 175 *Lolium 418 *Coix 176 Lophacme 421 *Cortaderia 177 *Lophochloa 422 *Corynephorus 179 Loudetia 424 Craspedorhachis 180 Megaloprotachne 429 Ctenium 182 Megastachya 430 Cymbopogon 183 Melica 431 Cynodon 187 Melinis 433 *Cynosurus 192 Merxmuellera 441 *Dactylis 195 Microchloa 445 Dactyloctenium 196 *Microlaena 447 Dantboniopsis 199 ?*Microstegium 448 *Deschampsia 202 Miscanthus 449 Diandrochloa 204 Monelytrum 451 Dichanthium 206 Monocymbium 452 Digitaria 208 Mosdenia 454 Diheteropogon 231 *Nassella 456 Dinebra 234 Odontelytrum 459 Dregeochloa 235 Odyssea 460 Echinochloa 238 ?*Olyra 461 Ehrharta 243 Oplismenus 462 Eleusine 261 Oropetium 465 Elionurus 263 Oryza 466 Ellisochloa 266 Oryzidium 468 Elymandra 267 Oxyrbachis 469 *Elytrigia 268 Oxytenantbera 470 Elytrophorus 269 Panicum 472 Enneapogon 271 *Parapholis 496 Enteropogon 276 Paratheria 498 03 TRELITZIA 36 (2015) V Paspalidium 499 Sporobolus 635 Paspalum 500 Steinchisma 656 Pennisetum 507 Stenotaphrum 657 Pentameris 517 Stereochlaena 659 *Periballia 560 Stiburus 661 Perotis 560 Stipa 662 Phacelurus 562 Stipagrostis 665 *Phalaris 564 Streblochaete 688 Phragmites 567 Styppeiochloa 689 Poa 569 Tarigidia 691 Pogonarthria 574 Tenaxia 692 Polevansia 577 Tetrachne 696 Polypogon 578 Tetrapogon 697 Prosphytochloa 581 Thamnocalamus 698 Pseudechinolaena 582 Thelepogon 699 Pseudopentameris 583 Themeda 700 Puccinellia 585 Thinopyrum 702 Rendlia 589 Trachypogon 703 Rhytachne 590 Tragus 704 Rottboellia 592 Tribolium 707 Sacciolepis 594 Tricholaena 717 Sartidia 599 Trichoneura 720 Schismus 601 Schizachyrium 604 Trichopteryx 723 Schmidtia 607 Tripogon 724 Schoenefeldia 609 Triraphis 726 Secale 61 Tristachya 729 Sehima 612 Urelytrum 734 Setaria 61 Urochloa 736 Sorghastrum 628 Vetiveria 742 Sorghum 629 Vossia 743 Spartina 633 *Vulpia 744 *Sphenopus 634 Willkommia 748 LITERATURE 750 GLOSSARY 759 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES, SYNONYMS AND COMMON NAMES 767 , VI TRELITZIA 36 (2015) PREFACE Grasses of southern Africa by G.E. Gibbs Russell, L. tant grain crops broughtto southern Africa from other Watson, M. Koekemoer, L. Smook, N.P. Barker, H.M. continents are maize (Zea mays) from central America, Anderson & M.J. Dallwitz was published in 1990, but wheat Triticum aestivum) from Europe, the Mediter- ( by 2004 there were onlya few copies still available for ranean area and western Asia, barley (Hordeum vul- sale. The primary purpose of the publication was to gare) from north temperate regions, oats Avena sativa) ( providea meansofidentifyingsouthernAfrican grasses from temperate parts of the Old World, rye (Seca/e to genus and species levels and to provide basic in- cereale) from northern Eurasia, and rice Oryza sativa) ( formation about each taxon. Southern Africa refers from tropical Asia. African grain crops that have been here to what is floristically known as the FSA (Flora brought into cultivation are the millets, Pennisetum of southern Africa) region and includes Namibia, Bot- glaucum and Sorghum bicolor both taxa thatcontinue swana, Swaziland, Fesothoand SouthAfrica. As names to hybridise with their wild relatives. Species widely ofplants are subjectto change, distribution recordsare grown for pasture (Digitaria eriantha, Lolium temulen- added to, new taxa are discovered and described, or tum), lawns (Cynodon dactylon Pennisetum clandes- , distributions of known taxa are expanded into the re- tinum), ornamentals (Cortaderia selloana, Pennisetum gion, there was a need in 2004 for an updated book villosum), and erosion control (Ammophila arenaria, after the ± 14 years since the firstwas published. Ehrharta villosa) are either indigenous or have become naturalised, and some of these have even become se- Funding was provided by the Mellon Foundation rious invaders ofthe natural vegetation Arundo donax, (. under the African Plants Initiative umbrella for the Cortaderiajubata). 2005-2007 period. The funding provided equipment, money for artists and the employment of three con- tract workers, A.C. Mashau, M.J. Moeaha and M.T. Nembudani, to assist F. Fish (nee Smook), a perma- Generic keys nent staff member of SANBI. After 2007 work on this projectwas continued by F. Fish and A.C. Mashau (by The generic keys used are updated versions of those then also a permanent SANBI staff member). produced by F. Fish for Seed Plants ofsouthern Africa: families & genera, O.A. Feistner (editor), Strelitzia 10 Although there is some change of format, this new (2000). These dichotomous keys are not phylogenetic, publication uses mostofthe information of 1990, with as an effortwas made to make them user-friendly and additions and changes where relevant. It must be un- to allow for as quick an identification as possible. It is derstood thatthis publication represents nothing more essential to have a certain amount of understanding than atype ofexpanded checklistofthe southern Afri- of grass terminology to use all the keys in this book. can grassesfor 2015; a flora, or revisions ofthe genera, In this regard the glossary and the illustrations, par- requires much more research into taxonomic rela- ticularly those of the spikelet or spikelet components tionships of the species. Throughout the book it has found throughout, will be helpful. been pointed out where further studies are needed, and hopefully these comments will stimulate more re- search on the grasses ofsouthern Africa. Generic descriptions The genera are in alphabetical order so that they can Grasses included be easily located in the book. A taxonomic sequence was not considered, as worldwide much work is still All grassesthatare indigenous as well as those thatare beingdone on grass phylogenies, and a newand com- naturalised in southern Africaare covered in this book. prehensive classification is not yet available. The ge- There may be other naturalised species occurring that neric descriptions are based on literature and on data have not yet been collected, and there are also many obtained from observations of specimens at PRE (Na- specimens that have been collected but cannot be tional Herbarium, Pretoria). The information of the identified; indicating probable newspeciesordistribu- photosynthetic pathway was taken from Gibbs Russell tion extensions oftaxa from other parts ofAfrica. etal. (1990). The listof references reflectswhere some useful information on the genus or a particular species Notincluded arethe grasses, such ascropsand garden ofthe genuscan be found. Recent molecular work has ornamentals, grown only undercultivation in southern often resulted in changes in generic or species con- Africa. Usuallycropspeciescannotlivesuccessfullyout cepts, many of which have not been taken up in this ofcultivation, although there areexceptions, forexam- publication, but, where known, the relevant literature ple Avena, a genus with many weedy species. Impor- or alternate names have been given.
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