ICRP, Annals Publication 103, Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiolog

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Annals of the ICRP
Published on behalf of the International Commission
on Radiological Protection
AimsandScope
TheInternationalCommissiononRadiologicalProtection(ICRP)istheprimarybodyinprotectionagainstionising
radiation. ICRP is a registered charity and is thus an independent non-governmental organisation created by the
1928InternationalCongressof Radiologyto advanceforthe publicbenefitthescienceof radiological protection.
The ICRP provides recommendations and guidance on protection against the risks associated with ionishing ra-
diation,fromartificialsourceswidelyusedinmedicine,generalindustryandnuclearenterprises,andfromnaturally
occurringsources.ThesereportsandrecommendationsarepublishedfourtimeseachyearonbehalfoftheICRPas
thejournalAnnalsoftheICRP.Eachissueprovidesin-depthcoverageofaspecificsubjectarea.
Subscriberstothejournalreceiveeachnewreportassoonasitappearssothattheyarekeptuptodateonthelatest
developmentsinthisimportantfield.WhilemanysubscribersprefertoacquireacompletesetofICRPreportsand
recommendations,singleissuesofthejournalarealsoavailableseparatelyforthoseindividualsandorganizations
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ordirectfromthepublisher.
ICRPiscomposedofaMainCommissionandfivestandingCommitteeson:radiationeffects,dosesfromradiation
exposure,protectioninmedicine,theapplicationofICRPrecommendations,andprotectionoftheenvironment,all
served by a small Scientific Secretariat. The Main Commission consists of twelve members and a Chairman.
Committeestypicallycomprise15–20members.Biologistsandmedicaldoctorsdominatethecurrentmembership;
physicistsarealsowellrepresented.
ICRP uses Working Parties to develop ideas and Task Groups to prepare its reports. A Task Group is usually
chaired by an ICRP Committee member and usually contains a majority of specialists from outside ICRP. Thus,
ICRPisanindependentinternationalnetworkofspecialistsinvariousfieldsofradiologicalprotection.Atanyone
time,aboutonehundredeminentscientistsareactivelyinvolvedintheworkofICRP.TheTaskGroupsareassigned
theresponsibilityfordraftingdocumentsonvarioussubjects,whicharereviewedandfinallyapprovedbytheMain
Commission.ThesedocumentsarethenpublishedastheAnnalsoftheICRP.
International Commission on Radiological Protection
Chairman:Dr.L.-E.Holm,SwedishRadiationProtectionAuthority(SSI),SE-17116Stockholm,Sweden
Vice-Chairman:Dr.R.Cox,HealthProtectionAgency,Didcot,UK
ScientificSecretary:Dr.J.Valentin,ICRP,SE-17116Stockholm,Sweden;e-mail:[email protected]
Members of the Main Commission of the ICRP
J.D.BoiceJr,Rockville,MD,USA C.B.Meinhold,Brookhaven, Y.Sasaki,Tokyo,Japan
R.H.Clarke,Hampshire, MD,USA(Emeritus) N.Shandala,Moscow,Russia
UK(Emeritus) F.A.MettlerJr.,Albuquerque, W.K.Sinclair,Escondido,CA,USA(Emeritus)
C.Cousins,Cambridge,UK NM,USA(Emeritus) C.Streffer,Essen,Germany
A.J.Gonza´lez,Vienna,Austria Z.Pan,Beijing,China A.Sugier,Fontenay-aux-Roses,France
J.Lee,Seoul,Korea R.J.Pentreath,Cornwall,UK
B.Lindell,Stockholm,Sweden R.J.Preston,ResearchTrianglePark,
(Emeritus) NC,USA
This report was drafted by the following Task Group
Fullmembers
R.M.Alexakhin,Obninsk,Russia B.C.Winkler,Centurion,SouthAfrica J.Valentin,Stockholm,Sweden
(to2005) (z2003) (ScientificSecretary)
C.Cousins,Cambridge,UK J.D.BoiceJr.,Rockville,MD R.H.Clarke,Hampshire,UK
(from2005) R.Cox,Chilton,UK (to2005)
A.J.Gonza´lez,BuenosAires,Argentina L.-E.Holm,Stockholm,Sweden G.J.Dicus,Poolesville,MD(z2005)
H.Menzel,Geneva,Switzerland F.A.MettlerJr.,Albuquerque,NM J.-K.Lee,Seoul,R.Korea
(2004-) (to2005) (from2005)
R.J.Pentreath,Cornwall,UK(from2003) R.J.Preston,ResearchTrianglePark, Z.Q.Pan,Beijing,P.R.China
N.Shandala,Moscow,Russia NC(from2005) Y.Sasaki,Tokyo,Japan
(from2005) C.Streffer,Essen,Germany A.Sugier,Paris,France(from2003)
Correspondingmembers
P.Burns,Yallambie,VA J.Cooper,Chilton,UK
Annals of the ICRP
PUBLICATION 103
The 2007 Recommendations of the International
Commission on Radiological Protection
Editor
J. VALENTIN
PUBLISHED FOR
The International Commission on Radiological Protection
by
ICRP Publication 103
The 2007 Recommendations of
the International Commission on Radiological
Protection
ICRP Publication 103
Approved by the Commission in March 2007
Abstract–These revised Recommendations for a System of Radiological Protection formally
replace the Commission’s previous, 1990, Recommendations; and update, consolidate, and
developtheadditionalguidanceonthecontrolofexposurefromradiationsourcesissuedsince
1990.
Thus,thepresentRecommendationsupdatetheradiationandtissueweightingfactorsinthe
quantitiesequivalentandeffectivedoseandupdatetheradiationdetriment,basedonthelatest
available scientific information of the biology and physics of radiation exposure. They
maintain the Commission’s three fundamental principles of radiological protection, namely
justification, optimisation, and the application of dose limits, clarifying how they apply to
radiation sources delivering exposure and to individuals receiving exposure.
The Recommendations evolve from the previous process-based protection approach using
practices and interventions by moving to an approach based on the exposure situation. They
recognise planned, emergency, and existing exposure situations, and apply the fundamental
principles of justification and optimisation of protection to all of these situations. They
maintain the Commission’s current individual dose limits for effective dose and equivalent
dosefromallregulatedsourcesinplannedexposuresituations.Theyre-inforcetheprincipleof
optimisation of protection, which should be applicable in a similar way to all exposure
situations, subject to the following restrictions on individual doses and risks; dose and risk
constraints for planned exposure situations, and reference levels for emergency and existing
exposure situations. The Recommendations also include an approach for developing a
framework to demonstrate radiological protection of the environment.
(cid:2) 2007 ICRP. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:Justification; Optimisation; Dose limits; Constraints; Reference Levels
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ICRP Publication 103
Editorial
WE COULD NOT HAVE DONE IT WITHOUT YOUR HELP
The new recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Pro-
tectionwereadoptedon21March2007,Essen,Germany, aftereightyearsofdiscus-
sions, involving scientists, regulators, and users all around the world.
The Commission is an advisory body that offers its recommendations to regula-
tory and advisory agencies, mainly by providing guidance on the fundamental prin-
ciples on which appropriate radiological protection can be based. Since its inception
in1928,theCommission hasregularlyissuedrecommendations regardingprotection
against the hazards of ionising radiation. The first report in the current series, Pub-
lication 1, contained the recommendations adopted in 1958 (ICRP, 1959). The more
recent recommendations have appeared as Publication 26 (ICRP, 1977), and Publi-
cation 60 (ICRP, 1991b), and contain the recommendations adopted in 1977 and
1990, respectively.
International organisations and national authorities responsible for radiological
protection, as well as the users, have taken the recommendations and principles is-
sued bythe Commission as akeybasisfor their protective actions.As such, virtually
all international standards and national regulations addressing radiological protec-
tion are based on the Commission’s recommendations.
Currently, most national regulations are based on the 1990 Recommendations in
Publication 60. International standards, such as the International Basic Safety Stan-
dards, various international labour conventions, and European directives on radio-
logical protection are also based on these recommendations.
In Publication 26, the Commission quantified the risks of stochastic effects of radi-
ation and proposed a system of dose limitation with its three principles of justifica-
tion, optimisation of protection, and individual dose limitation. In Publication 60,
the Commission revised its recommendations and extended its philosophy to a sys-
tem of radiological protection while keeping the fundamental principles of
protection.
Newscientific datahavebeenpublishedsincePublication60,andwhilethebiolog-
ical and physical assumptions and concepts remain robust, some updating is re-
quired. The overall estimate of deterministic effects remain fundamentally the
same. The estimates of cancer risk attributable to radiation exposure have not chan-
ged greatly in the past 17 years, whereas the estimated risk of heritable effects is cur-
rently lower than before. The new data provide a firmer basis on which to model
risks and assess detriment.
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ICRP Publication 103
The 2007 Recommendations evolve from the previous process-based approach of
practices and interventions to an approach based on the characteristics of radiation
exposure situations. The system of radiological protection applies in principle to any
situation of radiation exposure. Similar procedures are used for deciding on the ex-
tent and level of protective actions, regardless of exposure situation. Specifically, the
principles of justification and optimisation apply universally. ICRP is of the opinion
that by focusing more on optimisation, the implementation of protection for what
has until now been categorised as interventions could be enhanced.
In view of the importance afforded to the Commission’s recommendations and to
ensure that the new recommendations adequately and appropriately address na-
tional issues and concerns, the Commission has initiated a much more open process
than that used for the development of the previous recommendations. It should also
be noted that the Commission mentions, for the first time, the need to account for
the views and concerns of stakeholders when optimising protection.
The Commission has therefore solicited input from a broad spectrum of radiolog-
ical protection stakeholders, ranging from government institutions and international
organisations to scientists and non-governmental organisations. The draft recom-
mendationshavebeendiscussedatalargenumberofinternationalandnationalcon-
ferencesandbythemanyinternationalandnationalorganisationswithaninterestin
radiological protection.
Many of these also arranged particular activities around the Recommendations
project. Thus for instance, the International Radiation Protection Association ar-
ranged reviews through its member organisations world-wide for their 2000 and
2004 Congresses and in connection with our 2006 public consultation, the Nuclear
Energy Agency of the OECD organised seven international workshops and per-
formed four detailed assessments of draft ICRP texts (in 2003, 2004, 2006, and
2007), and the European Commission organised a seminar in 2006 to debate the sci-
entific issues in the Recommendations. The United Nations agencies, with the Inter-
national Atomic Energy Agency as the lead agency, are using the 2007 ICRP
Recommendations as a major input to their project of revising the International Ba-
sic Safety Standards, and likewise the European Commission uses the 2007 Recom-
mendations as a major input to their revision of the European Basic Safety
Standards.
The Recommendations have been prepared after two phases of international pub-
lic consultation. By following this policy of transparency and involvement of stake-
holders, ICRP is expecting a clearer understanding and wide acceptance of its
Recommendations.Althoughthe revised Recommendationsdonotcontainanyfun-
damentalchangestotheradiologicalprotectionpolicy,theywillhelptoclarifyappli-
cationofthesystemofprotectionintheplethoraofexposuresituationsencountered,
thereby improving the already high standards of protection.
The Commission is pleased at having arrived at the end of a long but useful ges-
tation phase including numerous consultations and is proud to present these 2007
Recommendations. The extensive consultations resulted in a much improved docu-
ment and the Commission is grateful to the many organisations, experts, and indi-
vidual members of the public who have devoted so much of their time and
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ICRP Publication 103
experienceto helpingustoimprovetheRecommendations. Theircontributionshave
been crucial for the future success of the 2007 Recommendations.
LLAARRSS--EERRIIKK HHOOLLMM
CCHHAAIIRRMMAANN,, IICCRRPP
References
ICRP, 1959. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP
Publication1. PergamonPress, Oxford, UK.
ICRP, 1977. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP
Publication26, Ann. ICRP 1 (3).
ICRP,1991b.1990RecommendationsoftheInternationalCommissiononRadiologicalProtection.ICRP
Publication60, Ann. ICRP 21 (1–3).
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................... 1
EDITORIAL......................................................................................................... 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................... 7
PREFACE............................................................................................................. 9
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................ 11
References ........................................................................................................... 16
GLOSSARY........................................................................................................ 17
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 35
1.1. The history of the Commission........................................................................... 35
1.2. The development of the Commission’s Recommendations................................ 35
1.3. Structure of the Recommendations.................................................................... 39
1.4. References........................................................................................................... 40
2. THE AIMS AND SCOPE OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS................... 41
2.1. The aims of the Recommendations.................................................................... 41
2.2. The basis and structure of the system of protection........................................... 42
2.3. The scope of the Recommendations................................................................... 45
2.4. Exclusion and exemption.................................................................................... 46
2.5. References........................................................................................................... 47
3. BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION............. 49
3.1. The induction of deterministic effects (harmful tissue reactions)....................... 49
3.2. The induction of stochastic effects...................................................................... 50
3.3. The induction of diseases other than cancer....................................................... 56
3.4. Radiation effects in the embryo and fetus.......................................................... 57
3.5. Judgements and uncertainties............................................................................. 57
3.6. References........................................................................................................... 58
4. QUANTITIES USED IN RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION .................... 61
4.1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 61
4.2. Considerations of health effects.......................................................................... 61
4.3. Dose quantities.................................................................................................... 62
4.4. Assessment of radiation exposure....................................................................... 71
4.5. Uncertainties and judgements............................................................................. 77
4.6. References........................................................................................................... 78
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ICRP Publication 103
5. THE SYSTEM OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
OF HUMANS............................................................................................ 81
5.1. The definition of a source................................................................................. 82
5.2. Types of exposure situations............................................................................. 82
5.3. Categories of exposure...................................................................................... 83
5.4. The identification of the exposed individuals................................................... 84
5.5. Levels of radiological protection....................................................................... 87
5.6. The principles of radiological protection.......................................................... 88
5.7. Justification....................................................................................................... 89
5.8. Optimisation of protection................................................................................ 91
5.9. Dose constraints and reference levels................................................................ 93
5.10. Dose limits......................................................................................................... 98
5.11. References........................................................................................................ 100
6. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMMISSION’S
RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................. 103
6.1. Planned exposure situations.............................................................................. 103
6.2. Emergency exposure situations......................................................................... 108
6.3. Existing exposure situations.............................................................................. 111
6.4. Protection of the embryo/fetus in emergency and existing exposure situation. 115
6.5. Comparison of radiological protection criteria................................................. 116
6.6. Practical implementation................................................................................... 118
6.7. References......................................................................................................... 122
7. MEDICAL EXPOSURE OF PATIENTS, COMFORTERS AND
CARERS, AND VOLUNTEERS in BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH........... 125
7.1. Justification for medical procedures................................................................. 126
7.2. Optimisation of protection in medical exposures............................................. 128
7.3. Effective dose in medical exposure................................................................... 129
7.4. Exposure of patients who are pregnant............................................................ 129
7.5. Accident prevention in external beam therapy and brachytherapy.................. 130
7.6. Protection of carers and comforters of patients treated with radionuclides..... 130
7.7. Volunteers for biomedical research................................................................... 131
7.8. References......................................................................................................... 132
8. PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT.............................................. 133
8.1. The objectives of radiological protection of the environment.......................... 133
8.2. Reference Animals and Plants.......................................................................... 134
8.3. References......................................................................................................... 135
ANNEX A. BIOLOGICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
ON HEALTH RISKS ATTRIBUTABLE TO IONISING
RADIATION................................................................................................ 137
ANNEX B. QUANTITIES USED IN RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION.... 247
ALL REFERENCES........................................................................................ 321
8
PREFACE
Since issuing its 1990 Recommendations as ICRP Publication 60 (ICRP 1991b),
the Commission has reviewed these Recommendations regularly and, from time to
time,hasissuedsupplementaryreportsintheAnnalsoftheICRP.Theextentofthese
supplementary reports has indicated the need for the consolidation and rationalisa-
tion presented here. New scientific data have also been published since Publication
60, and while the biological and physical assumptions and concepts remain robust,
some updating is required. The overall estimates of deterministic effects and stochas-
tic risk remain fundamentally the same. The overall estimates of cancer risk attrib-
utable to radiation exposure have not changed appreciably in the past 16 years.
Conversely, the estimated risk of heritable effects is currently lower than before.
Overall, the new data provide a firmer basis on which to model risks and assess det-
riment. Finally, it has also become apparent that the radiological protection of the
environment should receive more emphasis than in the past.
Therefore, while recognising the need for stability in international and national
regulations, the Commission has decided to issue these revised Recommendations
having two primary aims in mind:
(cid:2) to take account of new biological and physical information and of trends in the
setting of radiation safety standards; and
(cid:2) to improve and streamline the presentation of the Recommendations.
In addition, the Commission has maintained as much stability in the Recommen-
dations as is consistent with the new scientific information and societal expectations.
InitsrevisedSystemofProtection, theRecommendationsoftheCommissionnow
evolve from the previous process-based approach of practices and interventions to
an approach based on the characteristics of radiation exposure situations. In taking
this approach, the Commission wishes to affirm that its system of protection can be
applied in principle to any situation of radiation exposure. Similar procedures are
used fordeciding ontheextentandlevel ofprotectiveactions,regardlessofexposure
situation. Specifically, the principles of justification and optimisation apply univer-
sally. The Commission is of the opinion that the implementation of protection for
what has until now been categorised as interventions could be enhanced by increas-
ing the attention to these common features.
TheseRecommendationswereproducedbytheMainCommissionofICRP,based
onanearlier draft that wassubjected to public andinternalconsultationin 2004 and
again, in revised form, in 2006. By introducing more transparency and by involving
the many organisations and individuals having an interest in radiological protection
in the revision process, the Commission is expectinga better common understanding
and acceptance of its Recommendations.
The membership of the Main Commission during the period of preparation of the
present Recommendations was:
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ICRP Publication 103
(2001–2005)
R.H. Clarke (Chairman) A.J. Gonza´lez Y. Sasaki
R.M. Alexakhin L.-E. Holm (Vice-Chairman) C. Streffer
J.D. Boice jr F.A. Mettler jr A. Sugier (2003–2005)
R. Cox Z.Q. Pan B.C. Winkler (z 2003)
G.J. Dicus (z 2006) R.J. Pentreath (2003–2005)
Scientific Secretary: J. Valentin
(2005–2009)
L.-E. Holm (Chairman) J.-K. Lee Y. Sasaki
J.D. Boice jr H. Menzel (2007–2009) N. Shandala
C. Cousins Z.Q. Pan C. Streffer (2005–2007)
R. Cox (Vice-Chairman) R.J. Pentreath A. Sugier
A.J. Gonza´lez R.J. Preston
Scientific Secretary: J. Valentin
The work of the Commission was greatly aided by significant contributions from
P. Burns, J. Cooper, J.D. Harrison, and W. Weiss. It also benefited from discussions
at many international meetings on the present Recommendations.
The Commission wishes to express its appreciation to all international and na-
tional organisations, governmental as well as non-governmental, and all individuals
who contributed in the development of these Recommendations.
10