Ibrahim Elnour Ibrahim Mohamed Dr. Adam Elhag Ahmed Yassin

77 Pages·2007·0.4 MB·English

TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCTION IN THE
MECHANIZED RAIN-FED SECTOR
A CASE OF HABILA SCHEME, SUDAN.

By

Ibrahim Elnour Ibrahim Mohamed
B. Sc. (Honors, 2000), Agricultural Economics,
Faculty of Natural Resources & Environmental Studies,
University of Kordofan.

Supervisor
Dr. Adam Elhag Ahmed Yassin

A Thesis submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirement
of the Degree of Master Science in Agricultural Economics

Department of Agricultural Economics
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Khartoum

May, 2007
Dedication

To my Lovely Mother and my Father
To my brothers and sisters
To my relatives
To my friends
With best love

IBRAHIM

i
Acknowledgement

Firstly I am fully thank to the Almighty Allah for the good
health and live he gave me through the study and research

I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Dr. Adam Elhag Ahmed
for his valuable guidance, wise counsel, encouragement, and
advice throughout this study.

I would also like to thanks the staff members of the department
of Agricultural economics University of Khartoum for their
unlimited helps and support.

My thanks are also extend to all farmers in Habila scheme,
colleagues, and friends.

ii
ABSTRACT

This study was carried out in Habila mechanized rain-fed sub-sector in
the Dilling locality. The main purposes of the study are to measure
technical efficiency of producing sorghum and sesame, to determine main
factors behind technical inefficiency, and to identify the socio-economic
factors that affecting the level of efficiency of farmers.
The study used primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected
using structured questionnaire for 100 farmers in the sub-sector, and it
covers the socio-economics characteristics of farmers, and the different
inputs quantities used in agricultural practices. Secondary data were
collected from different sources, which include Ministry of Agriculture
and Forests (MOAF), Habila Mechanized Farming Corporation (MFC),
in addition to various documents, records, books, periodicals and reports.
The Stochastic Production Frontier (SPF) analysis was used to estimate
the technical efficiency of producing sorghum and sesame in the scheme,
and to determine the factors behind inefficiency such as gender, age
educational level, marital status, family size, main occupation, type of
finance, and extension services. Also, descriptive statistics were used to
analyze the socio-economic characteristics of farmers.
The result showed that most of the estimated β co-efficient of the
stochastic frontier model for both sorghum and sesame production model
have the expected signs, and significance. The mean technical efficiency
is 65% and 72% for sorghum and sesame crops, respectively. This means
that the farmers can increase their sorghum and sesame output by 35%
and 28%, respectively through the better use of the farmers, available
resources if the farmers are technically efficient. The age of farmers,
iii
main occupation, family size, and educational level are significance in
explaining technical inefficiency in the Habila, except the extension
services and type of credit are not significance for both sorghum and
sesame crops production.
Lastly, in order to improve technical efficiency for sorghum and sesame
production in the area, the study recommended that improvement in
educational level, credit availability and timely accessibility for small
farmers and provision of extension services.

iv
ﺔﺼﻼﺨﻟﺍ
بﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﺟ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﻻو -ﺞﻨﻟﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻠﺤﻣ – يﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻄﻤﻟا ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟﻵا ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻋارﺰ ﻟا ﻼﻴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺒه عوﺮﺸ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﺑ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳارﺪﻟا ﻩﺬ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ه ﺖ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﺮﺟأ
، ﻢﺴ(cid:1127)ﻤﺴﻟاو ةرﺬ(cid:1127)ﻟا ﻲﻟﻮﺼ(cid:1127)ﺤﻣ جﺎ(cid:1127)ﺘﻧﻹ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻨﻔﻟا ةءﺎﻔﻜﻟا سﺎﻴﻗ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﻩﺬه ﻦﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷا فﺪﻬﻟا .نﺎﻓدﺮآ
ﺮﺛﺆ(cid:1127)ﺗ ﻲ(cid:1127)ﺘﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻاو ﺔﻳدﺎﺼ(cid:1127)ﺘﻗﻻا ﻞ (cid:1127)ﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻓﺮﻌﻣو ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻨﻔﻟا ةءﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺗ
.ﻦﻴﻋراﺰﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﻴﺟﺎﺘﻧﻻا ةءﺎﻔﻜﻟا يﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻠﻋ
ﻪ(cid:1127)ﻴﻟوﻻا تﺎ(cid:1127)ﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻊﻤﺟ ﻢﺗ . تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻊﻤﺟ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻟوﻻاو ﺔﻳﻮﻧﺎﺜﻟا ردﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا تﺪﻤﺘﻋا
ﺺﺋﺎﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺨﻟا نﺎﻴﺒﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳﻻا ﻞﻤ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺷو ﻦﻴﻓﺪﻬﺘﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻠﻟ ﺎﻴﺋاﻮﺸ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻋ نﺎﻴﺒﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳا 100 ﻊ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳزﻮﺘﺑ ، نﺎﻴﺒﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳﻻا ﺔﻄ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳاﻮﺑ
تﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻠﻤﻌ ﻟا ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ مﺪﺨﺘﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺗ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻟاو ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا جﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻧﻹا ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣاﻮﻋو ، ﻦﻴﻋراﺰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻠﻟ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻاو ﺔﻳدﺎﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻗﻻا
ﻢ(cid:1127)ﺗ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻳﻮﻧﺎﺜﻟا تﺎ(cid:1127)ﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻣأ . ﻢﺴ(cid:1127)ﻤﺴﻟاو ةرﺬ(cid:1127)ﻟا ﻲﻟﻮﺼ(cid:1127)ﺤﻤﻟ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻨﻔﻟا ةءﺎ(cid:1127)ﻔﻜﻟا ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﺮﺛﺆ(cid:1127)ﺗ ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺔﻴﻋارﺰﻟا
بﻮ(cid:1127)ﻨﺠﺑ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻳﺮﻄﻤﻟا ﺔﻋارﺰﻟا ةرادإ ، تﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟاو ﺔﻋارﺰﻟا ةرازو ﻲﻓ ﻪﻠﺜﻤﺘﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ردﺎﺼﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻌﻤﺟ

ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳارﺪﻟا تﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﺘﻋا . ﺖ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻧﺮﺘﻧﻻاو تﻼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺠﻤﻟا ، ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟا ثﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺤﺒﻟا ﺐ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻜﻟا ، نﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓدﺮآ
ﻪ(cid:1127)ﻠﺜﻤﺘﻣ ةءﺎ(cid:1127)ﻔﻜﻟا ﻲ (cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﺮﺛﺆ(cid:1127)ﺗ ﻲ(cid:1127)ﺘﻟا ﻞ(cid:1127)ﻣاﻮﻌﻟا و ، ﻢﺴ(cid:1127)ﻤﺴﻟاو ةرﺬ(cid:1127)ﻟا جﺎ(cid:1127)ﺘﻧﻹ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻟا ةءﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺘﻟ (SPF)
ﻪﻴ(cid:1127)ﺳﺎﺳﻻا ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻬﻤﻟا ، ﻩﺮ(cid:1127)ﺳﻻا ﻢ(cid:1127)ﺠﺣ ، ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻟﺎﺤﻟا ، ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا يﻮﺘﺴ(cid:1127)ﻤﻟا ، ﺮ(cid:1127)ﻤﻌﻟا ، عﻮﻨﻟا) ﻲﻓ
ﻲﻔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺻﻮﻟأ ءﺎﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺣﻹا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳارﺪﻟا ﺖﻣﺪﺨﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳا ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤآ .( ﻪﻳدﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺷرﻻا تﺎﻣﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺨﻟاو ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﻮﻤﺘﻟا عﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻧ ، ﻦﻴﻋراﺰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻠﻟ
.ﻦﻴﻋراﺰﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻاو ﺔﻳدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺨﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟ
. يﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺗ تاذ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻨﻔﻟا ةءﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻔﻜﻟا ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﺮﺛﺆ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺗ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻟا جﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻧﻹا ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣاﻮﻋ ﻢ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻈﻌﻣ نإ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳارﺪﻟا ﺖﺤ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺿوأ
%28 و %65 ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻨﻔﻟا ةءﺎ(cid:1127)ﻔﻜﻟا ﻂ(cid:1127)ﺳﻮﺘﻣ ناو . ﻢﺴ(cid:1127)ﻤﺴﻟاو ةرﺬ(cid:1127)ﻟا ﻲﻟﻮﺼ(cid:1127)ﺤﻣ جﺎ(cid:1127)ﺘﻧإ ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﺎﻴ ﺑﺎﺠﻳا ﺮﺛﺆﺗو
ﺔﺒﺴ(cid:1127)ﻨﺑ جﺎ(cid:1127)ﺘﻧﻹا ةدﺎ(cid:1127)ﻳز ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣ ﻦﻴﻋراﺰﻤﻟا ةرﺪﻗ و ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣإ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻦهﺮﺒﻳ اﺬه ،ﻲﻟ اﻮﺘﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﻢﺴﻤﺴﻟا و ةرﺬﻠﻟ
.ةﺮﻓﻮﺘﻤﻟا و ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟا جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻲﻟاﻮﺘﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﻢﺴﻤﺴﻟا و ةرﺬﻠﻟ %28 و 35
ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﻤﻟا ،ﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻌﻟا) ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﺜﻤﻣ ﻦﻴﻋراﺰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻠﻟ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺺﺋﺎﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺨﻟا نأ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳارﺪﻟا ﺞﺋﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻧ ﺖﺤ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺿوأ ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤآ
ةءﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻔﻜﻟا ﺮﻴﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻔﺗ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ يﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻌﻣ ﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺛا تاذ (ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا يﻮﺘﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻟا و ،ةﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳﻷا ﻢ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺠﺣ ، ﻦﻴﻋراﺰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳﺎﺳﻷا
. ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻨﻔ ﻟا ةءﺎ(cid:1127)ﻔﻜﻟا ﺮﻴﺴ(cid:1127)ﻔﺗ ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻓ يﻮ(cid:1127)ﻨﻌﻣ ﺮ(cid:1127)ﺛا تاذ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﻲﻋارﺰﻟا دﺎﺷرﻹا و ﻞﻳﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺎﻣأ . عوﺮﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻟا
ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﺑ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻋارﺰﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا و ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻋارﺰﻟا جﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻧﻹا ﺮﻳﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻄﺗ و ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻨﻔﻟا ةءﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻔﻜﻟا ﻦﻴﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺤﺗ فﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﺑ اﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺧأ
ﺐ(cid:1127)ﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟا نﺎﻣﺰﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻦﻴﻋراﺰﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻓﺎﻜﻟا ﻞﻳﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﺮﻴﻓﻮﺗ و ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺎﺑ مﺎﻤﺘهﻻﺎﺑ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺖﺻوأ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا
و تﺎﻋاﺮﺼ(cid:1127)ﻟا ﻞ(cid:1127)ﺣ ، بﺮﺸ(cid:1127)ﻟا ﻩﺎﻴﻣ ﺮﻴﻓﻮﺗ ﻲﻟإ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ . ﻦﻴﻋراﺰﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻳدﺎﺷرﻹا تﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟﺎﺑ مﺎﻤﺘهﻻا و
و جﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻧﻹا ةدﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳز ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ عوﺮﺸ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻟا ﻢﻬﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳ ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﺣ قﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻄﻟا ﺔﻧﺎﻴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺻ و ﻦﻴﻋراﺰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻟا و ةﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻋﺮﻟا ﻦﻴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺑ تﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻋاﺰﻨﻟا
.ﺐﻳﺮﻘﻟا ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟﻹا ﻲﻣﻮﻘﻟا ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟا و ﺔﻴﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹا
v
LIST OF CONTENTS
Page
No

Dedication....................................................................................................... vi
Acknowledgment………………………………….………………………… vi
English Abstract…………………………………………….......................... vi
Arabic Abstract…………………………………………..…………………. vi
List of Contents…………………………………………………………….. vi
List of Tables……………………………………………………………….. vi
List of Figures………………………...…………………………………….. vi
List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………….. vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background…………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 The Importance of Sorghum to Sudan Economy……………………….. 4
1.3 The Importance of Sesame to Sudan Economy………………………… 5
1.4 Problems Statement & Justification…………………….......................... 6
1.5 Objectives of the Study............................................................................. 7
1.6 Hypotheses of the Study………………………………........................... 7
1.7 Organization of the Study………………………………......................... 8
CHAPTER TWO: LITERRATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 Definitions and Measures of Efficiency……………………………... 9
2.1.1 Production Approach……….………………………………………… 9
2.1.2 Production Possibility Frontier.............................................................. 9
2.1.3 Efficiency……………………………………………………………... 10
2.1.4 Economic Efficiency…………………………………………………. 11
2.1.4.1 Technical Efficiency........................................................................... 11
2.1.4.2 Allocative Efficiency……………………………………………….. 12
2.1.5 Production Efficiency………………………………………………… 16
2.1.6 Static Efficiency………………………………………………………. 17
2.1.7 Exchange Efficiency………………………………………………….. 17
2.1.8 Product-Mix Efficiency………………………………………………. 17
2.2 Technique of Efficiency Measurement…………………………………. 17
2.2.1 Stochastic Production Frontier………................................................... 18
2.2.1.1 Conceptual Model Specification……………………………………. 21
2.2.2 Stochastic Frontier Cost Function…………………………………….. 23
CHAPTER THREE: STUDY AREA & RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY 25
3.1 Study Area……………………………………………………………... 25
3.1.1 Location………………………………………………………………. 25

3.1.2 Nuba Mountains Agricultural Production Corporation………………. 25
vi
(NMAPC)…………………………………………………………………… 25
3.1.3 Habila Schema……………………………………………………….. 26
3.1.4 Economy of the Nuba Mountains……………………………………. 28
3.1.5 The Importance of Agriculture to the South Kordofan Stat Economy 28
3.1.6 Crops Production………………………….………………………… 28
3.1.7 Sorghum and Sesame Production........................................................ 30
3.1.8 Livestock…………………………………………………………….. 32
3.1.9 Climate………………………………………………………………. 32
3.1.10 Rainfall…………………………………………………………….. 33
3.1.11 Vegetation………………………………………………………….. 34
3.1.12 Soils……………………………………………………………….. 34
3.2 Research Methodology………………………………………………. 35
3.2.1 Data Collection…………………………………………………….... 35
3.2.1.1 Primary Data……………………………………………………… 35
3.2.1.2 Secondary Data……………………………………………………. 35
3.2.2 Data Analysis………………………………………………………... 35
3.2.3 Model Specification…………………………………………………. 36
3.2.3.1 Stochastic Frontier Production Function………………………….. 36
3.2.3.2 Inefficiency Effects Model………………………………………... 37
CHAPTER FOUR: RESUTS & DISCUSSION 38
4.1 Socio-economic Characteristics of Farmers……………....................... 38
4.1.1 Gender, Age, Educational Level, Main Occupation and Marital Status 38
4.1.2 Family size and Number of Male and Female, Type of Credit, 41
Extension Services and Type of land Tenure………………………………
4.2 Stochastic Frontier Production Function Analysis……………………. 44
4.2.1 Sorghum Production Efficiency………………………...................... 44
4.2.2 Sesame Production Efficiency……………………………………… 46
4.2.3 Hypotheses Test of Sorghum & Sesame Crops Production………… 48
4.2.4 Frequency Distribution of Farmers Technical Efficiency…………... 51
4.2.5 Inefficiency Model for Sorghum & Sesame………………………… 53
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 56
5.1 Summary……………………………………………………………... 56
5.2 Conclusions …………………………………………………………… 57
5.3 Recommendations……………………………………………………... 58
References…………………………………………………………………. 59

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LIST OF TABLES
Page
No

Table (1.1): Contribution of the Agricultural Sub-sector to the 3
Agricultural GDP
Table (1.2): Sudan Sorghum , Production, Consumption, Imports 4
and Export
Table (1.3): Sesame, Area, Production and Yield, 2000 – 2004 5
Table (3.1): Sorghum Planted, Harvested Area, Production and 30
Yield in Southern Kordofan State (2000-2005)
Table (3.2): Sesame Planted, Harvested Area, Production and Yield 31
in Southern Kordofan State
Table (3.3): Sorghum and Sesame Productivity and Rain Range in 32
Habila Mechanized Rain-fed Sector (2000-2006)
Table (4.1): Distribution of Sample Farmers According to Gender, 40
Age, Educational Level, Main Occupation and Marital
Status
Table (4.2): Distribution of Sample Farmers According to Family 43
size and Number of Male and Female, Type of Credit,
Extension Services and Type of land Tenure
Table (4.3): Maximum-likelihood Estimate for the Parameters of 45
the Stochastic Frontier Production Function and
Technical Inefficiency Effect Model for Sorghum
Table (4.4): Summary Statistics of Efficiency Estimate From the 46
Stochastic Frontier Model of Sorghum
Table (4.5): Maximum-likelihood Estimate for the Parameters of 47
the Stochastic Frontier Production Function and
Technical Inefficiency Effect Model for Sesame
viii
Table (4.6): Sorghum and Sesame Models, Test of Hypothesis for 49
the Parameters of Stochastic Frontier Production
Function

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