IBM's 360 and early 370 systems

833 Pages·1991·93.453 MB·English

by  Emerson W Pugh, Lyle R Johnson, John H Palmer

IBM'3s6 0a ndE aryl3 70S ystems
CopyriMgahtteerdi al
HistoorfCy o mputing
I.B ernarCdo hena ndW illiaAms praye,d itors
EditorBioaalr dB:e rnarGda lleUrn,i versoiftMy i chgain,A nn
ArborM,ic higan;J .A. N .L eeV,i rginPioa lyteIcnhstniitcut e,
BlacksVbiurgrign,Aia r;t hNuorr beCrhgar,l eBsa bbagIen stitute,
MinneapolMiisn, nesBortiaaRn;a n delUln,i versoitfNy e wcastle,
Newcastulpeo Tny neHe;n ryT ropHpu,m bolStdattC eo llege,
ArcatCaa,l ifornMiiac;h aeWli lliamUsn,i versoiftC ya lgary,
AlbertHae;i nzZ emanek, Vienna
MemorTiheasSt h apaendI ndusEtmrye,rs oWn. Pug1h9,8 4
TheC ompuCtoemreo sfA geR,. M orea1u9,8 4
Memoiorfas C ompuPtieorn eMeaurri,ce V.W ilke1s,9 85
Ada:A Lifea ndL egaDcoyr,o thSyt ei1n,9 85
IBM'Esa rCloym putCehrarsl,Je s.B a sheL,y leR .J ohnsoJno,h nH .
Palmearn,d E mersoWn. Pugh19,8 6
A FewG ooMde nf roUmn ivDaacv,i dE .L undst1r9o8m7,
InnovaftoiFrna gi luGroev:e rnmPeonltia cyn dt hEea rBlryi tCiosmhp uter
IndustJoryh,n H endry1,9 90
Gloaryn dF ailuTrheeD: if fereEnncgei noefJs o haMnunl lCehra,r les
BabbaagnedG, e oragn dE dvaSrcdh euMitczh,a eLli ndgre1n9, 90
Johnv oNne umaannndt hOer igoifnM so derCno mputWiinlgl,ia m
Aspra1y,9 90
IBM'3s6 0a ndE ar3l7y0 S ysteEmmesr,s oWn. PughLy,l eR .
JohnsaonndJ ,o hnH . Palmer1,9 91
CopyriMgahtteerdi al
IBM'3s6 0a ndE aryl3 70S ystems
EmersoPnu gh,
W.
Johnson, and
Lyle R.
JohnP almer
H.
TheM IT Press
Cambrdgie,M assachusett;; .
CopnygehdtM aetnal
Lo nd o n,En ga Ind
© 199M1a ssachusettsI nstitouftT ee chnology
Allr ightrse serveNdo. p arotf t hibso okm ayb er eproducienda nyf orm
bya nye lectroonrim ce chanicmaela ns( includpihnogt ocopyirnegc,o rding,
or informatsitoonr aagned r etriewvailt)h opuetr missiionwn r itifnrgo m
thep ublisher.
Photograpfhosrw hicchr ediistn otg iveinn t hec aptioanrsef romI BM
sources.
Thisb ookw asp rinteadn db oundi nt heU niteSdt atoefsA merica.
LibraorfyC ongresCsa taloging-in-PubDlaitcaa tion
Pugh,E mersoWn.
IBM'3s6 0a nde arl3y7 0s ystemIEs m ersoWn. PughL,y leR .
Johnsona,n dJ ohn H.P almer.
p. cm.-(Histoorfcy o mputing)
Inclubdiebsl iogrreafpehreincacneadsli n dex.
ISB0N- 262-16123-0
l.I BM3 60( Computer2). I BM3 70( ComputerI).J ohnsonL,y lRe.
IIP.a lmeJro,h nH . IIIT.it le. IV.S eries.
QA76.8.Il1299P18 4
004.1 '25-dc20 90-13540
CIP
CopyriMgahtateler di
Contents
SeriFeosr eworIdX
ForewobrydI .B ernardC ohen x/
Prefacex, ,
AcknowledgmeXnItX s
1
Embracgi nElectroni1c s
Wheelasl lrde layEsl.ec trocnairc d-omraicheinnLteaser.dg e -scale
computeSrso.l id-sctoamtpeu teSrosf.t waarlele, m elgidnigl emma.
Organizfionrcgh ange.
2
A CircuTietc hnoglyo Gamble ..J8
Earlsyo lid-dsete"aoltpem etusT.o waridn tegrcaitreCdl Clrietast.i ng
thCeo mponentsD il'isIilolni.t itahteSi nLgTd evelopmCehnitp.as l ld
moduleCsa.r dasn db oardAsu.t omatmeadn ufacturAicnhgi.e ving
produgcotaliAsoI.l/ xlio evetmryO llolithics.
3
fi
A UniedP roducLti ne 113
Demisoeft he8 000s eriSePsR.E AD andi tcso mpatiboibljietcyt ive.
Procesasrocrh iteacntdut rheea ddressp-rsoibzleeD me.s ign
competitBiuoillld.it nhgen ewp rodluincSeto. l vitnhgec Olll'asion
probleSmy.s temlc3o6m0m itmaenndtd elivfl),.
CopryighMtaetde rial
VI Contents
4
Memorieasn dC ontrSotlo res1 75
f
Seekianlgt ernattoie vn-eiestc oreMsa.i nm emorys olutions.
i f i
Satsfynig systermesq uiremTehnetm asn.u acturngb uilduCpo.n trol
stores.
5
Stregtnhi nS torgea Products2 20
Earltya pset oradgeveel opment.sH alf-incht apfeo rS ysteml360.
Hyperptea.T heA dvancDeids Fki lRee.m ovabdlies pka cks.
Magnetdircu msA. m agnetcis trfiilpe A. p hoto-stsoyrsatgeTemh e.
profitablefi lfea ciliyt.
6
SoftwarSeu pport2 91
Thei niptliaaPnrlo.p o aslsf ore nhancfuendct ion. Announcement
andc ommitmeGnentes.is ofD OS.T het ruamao fd eveloinpg
OS!36P0L.l tIhe,u niverpsraolg rammliannggu age. Ventures
inti mes haring.
7
High-EndC omputers3 68
"Sttrceh-whedroew e gof romh ere?T"h er esoucrrucnec h.
i
Model9s1 a nd9 5.A cracke-dstrpe crisTihseA. C Sp roejct.
Cache-enhamnecmeodry .
8
MonolithaincdsN ew Systems4 24
Monolitihnitce grcaitrecdu Tihtesr .o atdo S ystemM!a3gn.e tic
filmsM.o nolitmheimco rdye vicMeasi.nm emoriIenst.r oducing
Systeml370.
9
New Challgeensi nS torgea 489
fi i
Defecteinomn ass se. MeTrhlei rnst.W inchesfitleeCr.r eantg the
floppdyi sNke. wl iffeo rh alf-inch Mtaaspsset .ora ge terndsF.S ,th e
FutuSryes tem.
CopyriMgahtteerdi al
Contentvsi i
10
TowarTde rminal-OSryisetnetm5es5d 4
Theb atcphr ocetsrsaidniBgetgi innoingns. o fo nliprnocees sing.
Earltye leprocpesrsoidnugPc rtosce.cs osn trDoalt.a batsree nds.
General-putripmoes-es haDriisnpgl.tea rmy inals.A dvanciens
keyedi nput.
11
InR etrosp6e1c8t
Managing reseaarncdhd evelopmSetnrti.v finogpr r oduct
leadersAh viips.i aonnd i trse alization.
AppendAi:xS ysteImn troducDtaitoe1ns 9 64-197674 3
AppendBi:xC omputerI mproveme1n9t5s3 -197694 5
AppendixC :F inanacnidEa mlp loyDeaet a1 950-197694 7
AppenDd:ix opT CorpoOrffiacte1er9s1 1 - 1989 649
AppendEi:xC orporate Organiza1ti9o5n6 -197665 1
AppendFix: S ystemClo3d6eF,0o rmatasn,dI nstructi6o7n1s
References andN otes 679
Index7 93
Aboutth eA uthors8 21
CopyriMgahtteerdi al
SerieFso reword
TheM IT Pressse riienst heH istoorfyC omputinigsd evoted
tot heh istoorfyc omputearnsd i nformatpiroonc essiinnt gh e
broadetsetr msT.h es erieensc ompassaelasls pecotfsm odern
computing-systems, haanrdds woafrtew,a res- waelals the
prelimindaervye lopmeonftd atap rocessainndgt hem echa­
nizatioofnc alculatHiiosnt.o ricbaalsleydi nquiriinetsot he
sociaplo,l itipchaillo,s oipch,a nde conomiacsw elals t het ech­
nicaals pecotfs t hei ntroductainodn u seo fc omputearn d
informatpiroonc essfianlgl wiotuhrpi unr view.
Thes eriiensc ludbeost hg enerwaolr kasn ds pecialmiozneod­
graphsS.o meo ft hev olumecso ncentroant ae p articudlea­r
velopmenstu,c ha sm agnetimce moryw,h iloet hertsr acienf ull
thet echnihciaslt oorfya ni ndustrcioamlp anoyf s ignificance
int hec omputeirn dustWrhyi.l meo sto ft heb ookisn t hes eries
deawli tht het wentiectenht urayn,d p articultahreml oys tr e­
cenpta rto ft hicse nturoyt,h ertsr ace antdeervieolro pments.
Thust hes eriiensc ludae bsi ograpohfyA dac,o unteosfsL ov­
elacaen,d a notheorn Georga ndE dvarSdc heutbzo,t ha sso­
ciated wtihtewh o rki nt hen ineteenctehn turoyf C harles
BabbagTeh. e seriaelss ion cludaeust obiograpsthuidcaileo sf
keyfi gureisn m odernc omputing.
I.B ernarCdo hen
WilliaAms pray
CopyriMgahtteerdi al
Foreword
IBM'3s6 0a ndE arl3y7 0S ysteimsas c ompaniovno lumteo I BM's
EarlCyo mpute(rs1 986T)h.e e arliweorr kc overetdh ei ntroduc­
tioonf c omputearnsd c oncentraotnet dh ey earfsr om1 945t o
1962T.h e presenotfe frindge alwsi tha usbsequepnetr iod,
roughltyh ed ecadaen da halffr om1 960t o1 975W.h ereas
thefi rsvto lume inclau vdaerdi eotfym achinersa nginfgr om
electromechapnuinccahle d-cdaervdi cteosa ll-elecdtirgointiacl
stored-procgormapmu tertsh,ep resevnotl umies l argecloyn ­
finedt oa singcloem putefra milSyy,s tem/3t6h0a,ct o mprised
severparlo cessor moadnedl as b roadra ngeo fp eripheral
equipmenTth.e central tohfet mheew orki st hec reatioofn
System/3s6t0a,r tfirnogm t hec onceopfta f amiloyfc ompatible
computearnsd c arryitnhges torfyo rwartdh rougthh ea gonies
ofi nventidoens,i gdne,v eloepnmte,n gineeripnrgo,d uction,
ands oftwaprree paration.
IBM engineearism edn oto nlyt ou nifcyo mputeorfsw idely
difefrenptr iccea tegorbiuetas l,s too p roducaec omputefra m­
ilcya pabolfes ervitnhge n eedosf b oths cienacned b usiness­
twoc ommunitiwehsos ed atpar ocessrienqgu iremehnatdps r e­
viousbleye n considseord eidv ergetnhta dti fferkeindnts o f
computewresr e designetdh emfT.oh re j obo fc hroniclainndg
understandtihnedg e veloepnmto fS ystem/p3r6o0v etdo b eo f
herculean propboerctaiuosnoesf t hee normoussc aloef t he
researacnhd d evelopmeenftf oritn,v olviInBgM laboratories
and plantast h ome and abroadt,o c reatae s ingllei noef
machinefso ra worldwide maTrhkee stc.a loef t hev enture
alterIeBdM 'so peratsi oonn almosetv erlye veIln. 1 966t he
stafoff F ortunmea gazine desctrhiedb eecdi sitoonp roduce
System/3a6s0" them ostc ruciaanld p ortenutso-asw ella s
perhaptsh er iskiest-bujsuidngemsesn otf r ecentti mesR.e"­
portedIlByM was� � AlittftE i<$5b illiionnd eveloping
xn Foreword
producatnsd e xpandifnagc ilittoip erso ducteh es ysteNmo.
firmh ade vesrp ensto m ucho na newp roduclti ne.
Iti sd ifficuflotru st odatyo i maginteh ec ircumstsa tnhcaet
stimulaItBeMd' s1 962d ecisitoona ttempat s ingflaem iloyf
compaticbolmep uterAstt. h atti met hec ompanwya ss uccess­
fullpyr oducihnagl af dozend istincctliavseso efsc omputers,
andt hep rogrampsr eparfeodr a g ivecnl awsesr en ote xpected
tow orko n thec omputeorfsa nothecrl asTsh.is istuatiwoans
acceptaesde ntirenlayt urbaelc ausuen titlh atti mec omputers
hada lwaybse end evelopaesdi ndependeunnti tes,a chd e­
signefdo ra limitpeudr posoer p ricrea ngeS.o met opI BM
executisvaewts h atth em ountincgl uttoefhr a rdwaraen ds oft­
waret hreatetnoei dm pedteh ec ompanyg'rso wthb,u t-atsh e
authobrrsi nogu tv ercyl early-dtehcei stoonr endeorb solete
alelx isting oclfca osmspeust ers intraondi uncteedr ncaoln flict
becausietk eenldyi strestsheods een gineermiannga gerwsi th
a vesteidn tereisnti mprovitnhge m ostp rofitabolfet hese
computers.
Thep resevnotl umseh owsh owt hed ecistiood ni splaecxe­
isticnogm putewrass l inkewdi tht woo thefra r-reacdheicnig­
sionosn,e t od eveloapn du see ntirneelwyc irccuoimtp onents,
theo thert o undertakteh em anufactuorfe e ssentiaallll y
needecdi rccuoitm ponenwtist hitnh ec ompanyA. c onsequence
oft hes econd decisitootn r awnassf oIrBmM fromt he leading
buyetr ot hel argemsatn ufactuorfes re miconducdteovri ces.
The considerattihoanltse dt ot hesbeo ldd ecisioannsd,t he
techniacnadlm anageridailf ficuletniceosu nteroend t hew ay
tot heifru lfillmefnotr,mt hec oreo ft hep resevnotl ume.
Readermsa y be surprisaetdt hen umbera ndv arieotfy
developmeanntde ngineerpirnogb lemtsh actr oppeudp dur­
ingS ystem/3d6e0v elopmeanntd productiTohne. diverse
functiounnailtt sh acto mprias ceo mputesry steamr eb aseodn
numeroutse chnologainedos n,l yw itghr eadti fficuwletrye a ll
oft hestee chnolobgrioeusg httof ruitiionnc oncerMte.a nwhile
onec ompetiwtaorsf orginagh eaid nt hes upercompumtaerr­
ketplaacnedo therwse res uccessftualrlgye tIinBgM 'lso w-end
computerWsh.i let hen ew architecdtiudrs eu cceewde lli n
attractciunsgt omeorr dertso t heS ysteml3m6o0d elisn t he
mains egmenotf t hep roduclti nei,th adt ob es implififeodr
thel east-expemnosdievlbe e inpgl anneadn di tw asb randead
disappointmbeyn tti me-shareinntgh usiaTsot sa.d d tot he
tJ�
mounting conf@,'ijusion 1Mwellaplethorao fu nfavorable