IAS CIAT

685 Pages·2010·4.03 MB·English

Cassava’s Potential in Asia in the 21stCentury:
Present Situation and Future Research
and Development Needs
Proceedings of the Sixth Regional Workshop
held in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Feb 21-25, 2000
IAS CIAT
The Nippon Foundation
The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT, its Spanish acronym) is a
nonprofit, nongovernment organization that conducts socially and environmentally progressive
research aimed at reducing hunger and poverty and preserving natural resources in developing
countries.

CIAT is one of 16 international agricultural research centers, known as the Future Harvest
centers, sponsored by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).

The Center’s core budget is financed by 36 donor countries, international and regional
development organizations, and private foundations. In 1999, the donor countries include Australia,
Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, the
United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Venezuela. Donor organizations include the
Asian Development Bank, the European Union (EU), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
of the United Nations, the Ford Foundation, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the
International Development Research Center (IDRC), the International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD), the Kellogg Foundation, the Nippon Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation,
the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Bank and the World Resources
Institute.

Information and conclusions reported in this document do not necessarily reflect the
position of any donor agency.
Cassava’s Potential in Asia in the 21st Century:
Present Situation and Future Research
and Development Needs

Proceedings of the Sixth Regional Workshop
held in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Feb 21-25, 2000

Editors: R.H. Howeler and S.L. Tan

Organized by the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)
and the Institute of Agricultural Sciences of South Vietnam (IAS)

With financial support from:

-The Nippon Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
-Vedan Vietnam Enterprise Corp. Ltd.
Cover Photos:
R.H. Howeler
1. Farmers evaluating FPR trials in Thong Nhat, Phu Tho, Vietnam
2. Chipping cassava roots on drying floor in Wang Sombuun, Sra Kaew, Thailand

Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)
Apartado Aereo 67-13, Cali, Colombia

CIAT Cassava Office for Asia
Field Crops Research Institute
Department of Agriculture
Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900
Thailand

September, 2001
Print Order: 500 copies

Reference: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). 2001. Cassava’s
Potential in the 21st Century: Present Situation and Future Research and
Development Needs. Proc. 6th Regional Workshop, held in Ho Chi Minh
city, Vietnam. Feb 21-25, 2000.

I. Cassava Situation in Asia, Breeding, Agronomy, Farmer Participatory Research,
New Cassava-based Products.
II. Howeler, R.H. and S.L. Tan.
III. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical.
PREFACE

The year 2000 marked the start of a new century and a new millennium. It also
marked 25 years of close collaboration between CIAT/Colombia and cassava researchers in
Asia. This collaboration started in 1975 with the arrival at CIAT of three cassava
researchers from Kasetsart University in Thailand for an extended period of training in
cassava varietal improvement, pathology and agronomy. This initial group was followed in
1976 by three Thais and three Malaysians, and in 1977 by another four Thais and one
Indonesian. Many other cassava researchers from Asia have been trained at CIAT in
subsequent years. Between 1978 and 1989 CIAT also organized four production training
courses for Asian researchers in which a total of 86 persons participated. Over the past 25
years a total of 141 Asian researchers received training at CIAT/Colombia, while another
12 obtained MSc or PhD degrees with CIAT funding. This training not only increased
people’s knowledge about many aspects of cassava production and utilization, but also
cemented a strong bond of friendship between cassava researchers at CIAT and those
working in national programs in Asia. It was precisely this mutual trust and friendship
which allowed CIAT to set up a Regional Cassava Office for Asia in Bangkok, Thailand,
in 1983. The CIAT cassava breeder and agronomist stationed in Bangkok were thus able to
work very closely with cassava researchers in many Asian national programs, with the
common objective of improving the yield potential and starch content of cassava varieties,
to widen the genetic base of cassava germplasm, and to improve the sustainability and
productivity of cassava, with the ultimate goal of raising the standard of living of cassava
farmers while protecting the soil resource base.

Shortly after the establishment of the CIAT Regional Cassava Office for Asia,
CIAT organized the first Asian Cassava Workshop, held in Bangkok in 1984, to discuss the
situation of cassava in Asia, its potential and research development needs. This workshop
provided the blueprint for future collaboration between CIAT and Asian national cassava
programs, focusing on cassava breeding and agronomy. With financial assistance mainly
from the Japanese government, CIAT organized the second Regional Workshop in Rayong,
Thailand, in 1987; the third in Malang, Indonesia, in 1990; the fourth in Trivandrum,
Kerala, India, in 1993; and the fifth in Danzhou, Hainan, China, in 1996. Proceedings of
these workshops have been published, and these provide a permanent record of the progress
made during each three year period.

The sixth Regional Cassava Workshop was held in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam,
from February 21 to 25, 2000. It was considered an opportune moment to pause and take
stock, to review what had been done and achieved, to assess the present situation and the
challenges ahead, and to discuss together how cassava can play an even more important
role in the economic development of the countries in the region, and be a vehicle to
improve the livelihood of cassava farmers, processors, traders and consumers. And,
finally, to discuss again the need for future research and development to meet the
challenges of a new era. Moreover, the Nippon Foundation supported project on
“Improving the Sustainability of Cassava-based Cropping Systems in Asia”, had finished
the first phase (1994-1998) and had just embarked on a second phase (1999-2003). The
sixth Regional Cassava Workshop was thus an opportunity to review the activities and
assess the results of the first phase of the project, and to discuss how best to move forward
to achieve the ambitious targets set for the second phase.

The Proceedings of the sixth Regional Workshop, entitled “Cassava’s Potential in
Asia in the 21st Century: Present Situation and Future Research and Developments Needs”,
thus reviews in detail the research done in Asia in the areas of cassava varietal
improvement and agronomic research over the past 25-35 years and describes the major
achievements attained; it also reviews the Nippon Foundation sponsored FPR projects in
four countries as well as a similar FPR project conducted in India. A number of papers also
assess the current situation of the cassava industry in each country and in the region as a
whole, and describe new potential uses of cassava and how these products can play a role in
opening new markets for cassava, in order to keep cassava competitive in an ever more
globalized economy.

During the Workshop the Advisory Committee of the Asian Cassava Research
Network met to elect new representatives from each country. These are:
Watana Watananonta DOA, Thailand: Chairman
Reinhardt Howeler CIAT, Thailand: Secretary
Li Kaimian CATAS, China
S. Edison CTCRI, India
Nasir Saleh RILET, Indonesia
Tan Swee Lian MARDI, Malaysia
Fernando Evangelio PhilRootcrops, Philippines
Pham Van Bien IAS, Vietnam

The Advisory Committee decided that the 7th Regional Workshop will be held in
Thailand, probably at the end of 2002.

CIAT wants to take this opportunity to express its most sincere thanks to the
Nippon Foundation of Japan for the generous financial support they have provided, not
only in funding the FPR project in various countries over the past seven years, but also to
contribute to the organization of the sixth Regional Workshop. Without this support it
would be impossible to continue the Asian Cassava Research Network and to continue
organizing the triennial Workshops.

CIAT also wants to thank the Vietnamese government, and in particular the
Institute of Agricultural Sciences (IAS) of south Vietnam, for hosting the sixth Regional
Workshop. The hard work of the organizing committee resulted in a highly productive and
enjoyable meeting, and provided an opportunity for all participants to renew friendships, to
exchange ideas about the latest developments in cassava research, and to experience the
good food and the hospitality of the Vietnamese people.

R.H. Howeler
CIAT, Bangkok
September, 2001
1
CONTENTS
Page
Preface
Contents
Opening Address: Strengthening International Cooperation in Cassava
Research and Development Programs 4
Prof. Dr. Ngo The Dan, Vice Minister
The Role of Improved Cassava Cultivars in Generating Income for
Better Farm Management 5
Kazuo Kawano
Present Situation and Future Potential
Present Situation of Cassava Production and the Research and
Development Strategy in Vietnam 16
Pham Van Bien, Hoang Kim, Joel J. Wang and Reinhardt H. Howeler
Present Situation and Future Potential of Cassava in Thailand 25
Klanarong Sriroth, Chareinsuk Rojanaridpiched, Vicharn Vichukit,
Preecha Suriyaphan and Christopher G. Oates
Present Situation and Future Potential of Cassava in Indonesia 47
Nasir Saleh, Koes Hartojo and Suyamto
Present Situation and Future Potential of Cassava in India 61
S. Edison
Present Situation and Future Potential of Cassava in China 71
Tian Yinong, Lin Xiong and Jin Shuren
Status and Potentials of the Philippines Cassava Industry 84
Jose L. Bacusmo
Present Situation and Future Potential of Cassava in Malaysia 102
Tan Swee Lian and Khatijah Idris
Cassava in Asia: Designing Crop Research for Competitive Markets 110
Clair H. Hershey and Reinhardt H. Howeler
Breeding
Cassava Breeding and Varietal Dissemination in Vietnam from 1975
to 2000 147
Hoang Kim, Pham Van Bien, Tran Ngoc Quyen,
Tran Ngoc Ngoan, Trinh Phuong Loan and Kazuo Kawano
Cassava Breeding and Varietal Dissemination in Thailand – Major
Achievements during the Past 25 years 161
Supachai Sarakarn, Atchara Limsila, Watana Watananonta,
Danai Suparhan and Preecha Suriyapan
Cassava Breeding and Varietal Dissemination in Indonesia during 1975-2000 167
Koes Hartojo, Soemarjo Poespodarsono and Palupi Puspitorini
Cassava Breeding and Varietal Dissemination in India – Major Achievements
during the Past 25-30 Years 174
K. Abraham, S.G. Nair and S.K. Naskar
A Historical Account of Progress Made in Cassava Varietal Improvement
in China 185
Lin Xiong, Li Kaimian, Tian Yinong, Huang Jie and Xu Ruili
2
Page
Cassava Breeding and Varietal Dissemination in the Philippines –
Major Achievements During the Past 20 Years 193
Algerico M. Mariscal, Reynaldo V. Bergantin and Anita D. Troyo
Cassava Breeding and Agronomy Research in Malaysia During the Past
15 years 204
Tan Swee Lian
Agronomy
Cassava Agronomy Research and Adoption of Improved Practices in Vietnam 216
Nguyen Huu Hy, Nguyen The Dang and Pham Van Bien
Cassava Agronomy Research and Adoption of Improved Practices in
Thailand – Major Achievements During the Past 35 Years 228
Anuchit Tongglum, Preecha Suriyapan and Reinhardt H. Howeler
Cassava Agronomy Research and Adoption of Improved Practices in
Indonesia – Major Achievements During the Past 20 Years 259
J. Wargiono, Yudi Widodo and Wani Hadi Utomo
Cassava Agronomy Research and Adoption of Improved Practices in
India – Major Achievements During the Past 30 Years 279
James George, C.R. Mohankumar, G.M. Nair and C.S. Ravindran
Cassava Agronomy Research and Adoption of Improved Practices in
China – Major Achievements During the Past 20 Years 300
Li Jun, Huang Jie, Tian Yinong and Zhang Weite
Cassava Agronomy Research and Adoption of Improved Practices
in the Philippines – Major Achievements During the Past 20 Years 314
Fernando A. Evangelio
Effect of Date of Planting and Rainfall Distribution on the Yield of Five
Cassava Varieties in Lampung, Indonesia 333
Ir. Fauzan and Palupi Puspitorini
Cassava Agronomy Research in Asia: Has it Benefited Cassava Farmers? 345
Reinhardt H. Howeler
Farmer Participatory Research
Farmer Participatory Research in Cassava Soil Management and Varietal
Dissemination in Vietnam – Results of Phase 1 and Plans for Phase 2
of the Nippon Foundation Project 383
Nguyen the Dang, Tran Ngoc Ngoan, Dinh Ngoc Lan, Le Sy Loi
and Thai Phien
Reducing Soil Erosion in Cassava Production Systems in Thailand –
A Farmer Participatory Approach 402
Wilawan Vongkasem, Kaival Klakhaeng, Somnuek Hemvijit,
Anuchit Tongglum,Sompong Katong, Danai Suparhan
and Reinhardt H. Howeler
Practices and Progress in Farmer Participatory Research in China 413
Huang Jie, Li Kaimian, Zhang Weite, Lin Xiong and
Reinhardt H. Howeler
Implementation of Farmer Participatory Research (FPR) in the Transfer
of Cassava Technologies in Indonesia 424
Wani Hadi Utomo, Suyamto and Aldon Sinaga
3
Page
Cassava Technology Assessment and Transfer Through Users Participation
in India 436
M. Anantharaman and S. Ramanathan
The Use of Farmer Participatory Research (FPR) in the Nippon Foundation
Project: Improving the Sustainability of Cassava-based Cropping Systems
in Asia 461
Reinhardt H. Howeler
The Nippon Foundation Project on Improving the Sustainability of
Cassava-Based Cropping Systems in Asia – A Project Evaluation Report 490
John K. Lynam and Keith T. Ingram
New Products
The Use of Cassava Leaf Silage for Feeding Growing Pigs and Sows in
Central Vietnam 517
Nguyen Thi Hoa Ly, Nguyen Thi Loc, Du Thanh Hang and Le Van An
The Use of Dry Cassava Roots and Silage from Leaves for Pig Feeding in
Yunnan Province of China 527
Liu Jian Ping and Zhuang Zhong Tang
Biodegradable Plastics from Cassava Starch in Thailand 538
Klanarong Sriroth, Rungsima Chollakup, Kuakoon Piyachomkwan
and Christopher G. Oates
Production and Use of Modified Starch and Starch Derivatives in China 553
Jin Shuren
New Cassava Products of Future Potential in India 564
T. Premkumar, G. Padmaja, S.N. Moorthy, S.K. Nanda, Mathew George
and C. Balagopalan
Production and Use of Cassava Flour: A new Product of Future Potential
in Indonesia 578
Sri Widowati and Koes Hartojo
New Products of Future Potential in the Philippines: Cassava Flour and Grates 587
Alan B. Loreto and Ramon R. Orias
Global Cassava Starch Markets: Current Situation and Outlook 593
Guy Henry and Andrew Westby
CIAT Collaboration
Global Cassava Strategy for the New Millennium: CIAT’s Perspective 615
Hernan Ceballos
Cassava Biotechnology Research at CIAT/Colombia 625
M. Fregene, W. Roca, E. Okogbenin, A. Akano, C. Mba,
C. Chavarriagga, J. Tohme, B. Ospina and H. Ceballos
CLAYUCA: Latin American and Caribbean Consortium to Support Cassava
Research and Development 632
Bernardo Ospina

Workshop Participants 641

Appendix: Results of Soil Analyses in Asia 1995-2000 647
Reinhardt H. Howeler
4
OPENING ADDRESS

STRENGTHENING INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN CASSAVA
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

Prof. Dr. Ngo The Dan
Vice Minister
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam

Good morning distinguished guests,
Ladies and gentlemen,

Today, scientists and distinguished guests from different countries in Asia, Latin
America and Africa come to Ho Chi Minh City, the second largest city of Vietnam, and
take part in the Sixth Asian Cassava Workshop. On behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, I warmly welcome all of you
in the spring of the year 2000, the transitional year to the new century.
Vietnam ranks 13th in the world in terms of cassava production and 4th in terms of
cassava exports. Exports of cassava starch are now reaching 100-180 thousand tonnes a
year. Major markets of Vietnam's cassava exports are the P.R of China and Taiwan, Japan,
Korea and countries in Eastern Europe. In the past ten years, cassava research and
development in Vietnam have made significant progress. Cassava yield and production in
several provinces has doubled, which has brought about the construction of new large-scale
cassava processing factories, especially in the south of Vietnam. This has helped farmers
to increase their income and generated more employment. This workshop provides an
opportunity for scientists, educational instructors, extension workers, cassava producing
and processing enterprises, businessmen and managers, to see and learn from each other,
and to exchange experiences.
During the years 2000-2010, the production of food crops will remain the mainstay
of Vietnam's agriculture, with the goals of: 1) to guarantee the security and stability of the
national food supply, to increase food reserves so sufficient food is available for local
consumption; 2) to produce an abundant supply of feed stuff for the development of
livestock production with a growth of 8-10% a year, and sufficient raw materials for the
processing industry; and 3) to increase agricultural exports with high efficiency and at
competitive prices. Among the main food crops, the Vietnamese government focuses on
the development of rice, maize, cassava, potato and sweetpotato in the most suitable
regions and cropping seasons. Cassava plays an important role in livestock production and
in the processing industry.
Research in breeding and selection of cassava varieties/cultivars that have high
starch yields, in establishing sustainable and profitable pilot farms in cassava production, in
providing a stable source of raw materials for processing, in diversifying of processed
commodities, in finding and developing potential cassava markets, is all very important. I
do believe this workshop will provide useful information on cassava research and
development at present and in the coming years as well.
On this opportunity, I wish the workshop a good success, I wish all of you good
health, and a pleasant and interesting stay in Ho Chi Minh City.