IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Accident Monitoring Systems for Nuclear Power Plants

100 Pages·2015·4.59 MB·English

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INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
VIENNA
ISBN 978–92–0–110414–4
ISSN 1995–7807
14-51441_PUB_1676_cover.indd 1,3 2015-02-19 15:26:27
IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES PUBLICATIONS
STRUCTURE OF THE IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES
Under the terms of Articles III.A and VIII.C of its Statute, the IAEA is
authorized to foster the exchange of scientific and technical information on the
peaceful uses of atomic energy. The publications in the IAEA Nuclear Energy
Series provide information in the areas of nuclear power, nuclear fuel cycle,
radioactive waste management and decommissioning, and on general issues
that are relevant to all of the above mentioned areas. The structure of the
IAEA Nuclear Energy Series comprises three levels: 1 — Basic Principles and
Objectives; 2 — Guides; and 3 — Technical Reports.
The Nuclear Energy Basic Principles publication describes the rationale
and vision for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
Nuclear Energy Series Objectives publications explain the expectations
to be met in various areas at different stages of implementation.
Nuclear Energy Series Guides provide high level guidance on how to
achieve the objectives related to the various topics and areas involving the
peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports provide additional, more
detailed information on activities related to the various areas dealt with in the
IAEA Nuclear Energy Series.
The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series publications are coded as follows:
NG — general; NP — nuclear power; NF — nuclear fuel; NW — radioactive
waste management and decommissioning. In addition, the publications are
available in English on the IAEA Internet site:
http://www.iaea.org/Publications/index.html
For further information, please contact the IAEA at PO Box 100, Vienna
International Centre, 1400 Vienna, Austria.
All users of the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series publications are invited to
inform the IAEA of experience in their use for the purpose of ensuring that
they continue to meet user needs. Information may be provided via the IAEA
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Offi[email protected].
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ACCIDENT MONITORING SYSTEMS
FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency:
AFGHANISTAN GREECE PAKISTAN
ALBANIA GUATEMALA PALAU
ALGERIA GUYANA PANAMA
ANGOLA HAITI PAPUA NEW GUINEA
ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PARAGUAY
ARMENIA HONDURAS PERU
AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PHILIPPINES
AUSTRIA ICELAND POLAND
AZERBAIJAN INDIA
PORTUGAL
BAHAMAS INDONESIA
QATAR
BAHRAIN IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
BANGLADESH IRAQ
ROMANIA
BELARUS IRELAND
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
BELGIUM ISRAEL
RWANDA
BELIZE ITALY
SAN MARINO
BENIN JAMAICA
SAUDI ARABIA
BOLIVIA JAPAN
SENEGAL
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN
SERBIA
BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN
SEYCHELLES
BRAZIL KENYA
SIERRA LEONE
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
BULGARIA KUWAIT SINGAPORE
BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA
BURUNDI LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SLOVENIA
CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA
CAMEROON LATVIA SPAIN
CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA
CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SUDAN
REPUBLIC LIBERIA SWAZILAND
CHAD LIBYA SWEDEN
CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND
CHINA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN
CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND
COSTA RICA MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV
CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
CROATIA MALI TOGO
CUBA MALTA
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS
TUNISIA
CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC
TURKEY
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF
UGANDA
OF THE CONGO MAURITIUS
UKRAINE
DENMARK MEXICO
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
DOMINICA MONACO
UNITED KINGDOM OF
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONGOLIA
GREAT BRITAIN AND
ECUADOR MONTENEGRO
NORTHERN IRELAND
EGYPT MOROCCO
UNITED REPUBLIC
EL SALVADOR MOZAMBIQUE
OF TANZANIA
ERITREA MYANMAR
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ESTONIA NAMIBIA
ETHIOPIA NEPAL URUGUAY
FIJI NETHERLANDS UZBEKISTAN
FINLAND NEW ZEALAND VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN
FRANCE NICARAGUA REPUBLIC OF
GABON NIGER VIET NAM
GEORGIA NIGERIA YEMEN
GERMANY NORWAY ZAMBIA
GHANA OMAN ZIMBABWE
The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the
IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The
Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the
contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’.
IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES No. NP-T-3.16
ACCIDENT MONITORING SYSTEMS
FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
VIENNA, 2015
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Printed by the IAEA in Austria
February 2015
STI/PUB/1676
IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Accident monitoring systems for nuclear power plants. — Vienna : International
Atomic Energy Agency, 2015.
p. ; 30 cm. — (IAEA nuclear energy series, ISSN 1995–7807 ;
no. NP-T-3.16)
STI/PUB/1676
ISBN 978–92–0–110414–4
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Nuclear power plants — Safety measures. 2. Nuclear power plants — Accidents.
3. Nuclear reactor accidents. 4. Emergency management. I. International Atomic
Energy Agency. II. Series.
IAEAL 15–00955
FOREWORD
One of the IAEA’s statutory objectives is to “seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy
to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world.” One way this objective is achieved is through the publication
of a range of technical series. Two of these are the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series and the IAEA Safety Standards
Series.
According to Article III.A.6 of the IAEA Statute, the safety standards establish “standards of safety for
protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property”. The safety standards include the Safety
Fundamentals, Safety Requirements and Safety Guides. These standards are written primarily in a regulatory style,
and are binding on the IAEA for its own programmes. The principal users are the regulatory bodies in Member
States and other national authorities.
The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series comprises reports designed to encourage and assist R&D on, and application
of, nuclear energy for peaceful uses. This includes practical examples to be used by owners and operators of
utilities in Member States, implementing organizations, academia, and government officials, among others. This
information is presented in guides, reports on technology status and advances, and best practices for peaceful uses
of nuclear energy based on inputs from international experts. The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series complements the
IAEA Safety Standards Series.
During the Fukushima Daiichi accident, in 2011, the instrumentation provided for accident monitoring
proved to be ineffective for a combination of reasons that appeared to include a loss of power, evaporation of liquid
in sense lines, failure of sensors due to environmental conditions, instrument ranges that were not suitable for
monitoring plant conditions and a lack of alternative data for use in validating instrument readings.
Lessons learned from the accident point to the importance of accident management systems, including
the availability of instrumentation systems that can monitor relevant plant parameters in the reactor and inside
containment during and after a severe accident. These parameters are needed to support the execution of severe
accident management guidelines to mitigate the consequences of such accidents and to disseminate information to
external technical support staff. Furthermore, parameters collected during severe accident conditions could allow
for prediction of the accident evolution, implementation of recommended mitigating actions and coordination of
rescue actions, as well as informing other appropriate organizations.
Criteria for accident monitoring instrumentation has largely been based upon experience from the accident
at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, in 1979. These criteria had to be re-evaluated in the light of the
Fukushima Daiichi accident, relevant insights from R&D programmes and the need for extended coverage of
severe accident phases in accident management.
This publication provides a common international technical basis to be considered when establishing the
various criteria for accident monitoring instrumentation to support operation under design basis and design
extension conditions in nuclear power plants. The information in this publication is useful to support new plant
designs as well as modification of existing nuclear power plants.
This publication comprehensively covers all relevant aspects of accident monitoring in nuclear power plants.
The critical issues discussed reflect the lessons learned from the Fukushima Daiichi accident, involve accident
management and monitoring strategies for nuclear power plants, the selection of plant parameters for monitoring
plant status, the establishment of performance, design, qualification, display and quality assurance criteria for
designated accident monitoring instrumentation, and design and implementation considerations. This publication
also covers technology requirements and techniques for monitoring instrumentation.
This publication was produced by a committee of international experts and advisors from numerous countries.
These contributors are listed at the end of the publication. The IAEA wishes to thank all participants and their
Member States for their valuable contributions. The IAEA officers responsible for this publication were G. Johnson
and A. Duchac of the Division of Nuclear Installation Safety and J. Eiler of the Division of Nuclear Power.
EDITORIAL NOTE
This publication has been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA to the extent considered necessary for the reader’s assistance.
It does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person.
Guidance provided here, describing good practices, represents expert opinion but does not constitute recommendations made on
the basis of a consensus of Member States.
Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor
its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use.
The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the
legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries.
The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to
infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.
The IAEA has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third party Internet web sites referred to
in this book and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1
1.1. Background .................................................................... 1
1.2. Objective ...................................................................... 1
1.3. Scope......................................................................... 1
1.4. Structure....................................................................... 1
2. ACCIDENT MANAGEMENT FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS............................ 2
2.1. Overview...................................................................... 2
2.2. Characteristics of accident conditions................................................ 3
2.2.1. Design basis accidents...................................................... 3
2.2.2. Design extension conditions ................................................. 3
2.2.3. Severe accidents........................................................... 5
2.2.4. Procedures and guidelines................................................... 6
2.3. Accident management strategies.................................................... 7
2.3.1. Preventive accident management ............................................. 7
2.3.2. Mitigative accident management.............................................. 8
2.4. Accident monitoring strategies ..................................................... 8
2.4.1. Accident monitoring instrumentation for preventive accident management............. 9
2.4.2. Accident monitoring instrumentation for mitigative accident management............. 9
2.4.3. Operator aids ............................................................. 11
2.5. Existing accident monitoring instrumentation guidance.................................. 12
3. SELECTION OF PLANT PARAMETERS FOR ACCIDENT MONITORING.................... 13
3.1. Information requirements ......................................................... 13
3.2. Identification of variables monitored by designated accident monitoring channels............. 13
3.2.1. Parameters to support preventive accident management............................ 14
3.2.2. Parameters to support mitigative accident management............................ 15
3.3. Identification of other available instruments........................................... 15
4. ESTABLISHING CRITERIA FOR DESIGNATED ACCIDENT
MONITORING INSTRUMENTATION .................................................. 16
4.1. Introduction.................................................................... 16
4.2. Establishing performance criteria ................................................... 18
4.2.1. Information from procedures and modelling..................................... 18
4.2.2. Range................................................................... 18
4.2.3. Accuracy ................................................................ 19
4.2.4. Response time ............................................................ 19
4.2.5. Duration of operation....................................................... 19
4.3. Establishing design criteria for high functional reliability ................................ 20
4.3.1. Safety classification........................................................ 20
4.3.2. Application of the single failure criterion ....................................... 20
4.3.3. Redundancy.............................................................. 21
4.3.4. Prevention and tolerance of common cause failure................................ 22
4.3.5. Independence............................................................. 22
4.3.6. Data validation............................................................ 23
4.3.7. Power supply............................................................. 23
4.3.8. Calibration............................................................... 24
4.3.9. Testability ............................................................... 24
4.3.10. Direct versus indirect measurement............................................ 24
4.3.11. Control of access and computer security........................................ 25
4.3.12. Maintenance and repair ..................................................... 25
4.3.13. Support features........................................................... 26
4.3.14. Use of portable instrumentation............................................... 26
4.4. Establishing qualification criteria ................................................... 26
4.4.1. Hazards to be considered.................................................... 27
4.4.2. Protection against hazards................................................... 27
4.4.3. Determination of hazard environments......................................... 27
4.4.4. Qualification to withstand hazards ............................................ 28
4.5. Establishing display criteria........................................................ 29
4.5.1. Human factors ............................................................ 29
4.5.2. Anomalous indications ..................................................... 29
4.5.3. Continuous versus on demand display ......................................... 30
4.5.4. Trend or rate information.................................................... 30
4.5.5. Display identification....................................................... 30
4.5.6. Display location........................................................... 30
4.5.7. Information ambiguity...................................................... 31
4.5.8. Recording................................................................ 31
4.5.9. Digital display signal validation .............................................. 31
4.6. Establishing quality assurance criteria ............................................... 31
5. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR ACCIDENT
MONITORING INSTRUMENTATION .................................................. 32
5.1. Differences for new and existing plants .............................................. 32
5.2. Design considerations ............................................................ 33
5.3. Considerations for coping with severe environmental conditions........................... 33
5.3.1. Radiation release and other environmental effects created by accidents................ 33
5.3.2. Combustible gases......................................................... 34
5.3.3. Accident sampling system................................................... 35
5.4. Maintenance and testing .......................................................... 35
5.5. Training ....................................................................... 36
6. TECHNOLOGY NEEDS FOR ACCIDENT MONITORING.................................. 36
6.1. Background .................................................................... 36
6.2. Specific considerations for severe accident management guideline instrumentation............ 37
6.2.1. Reactivity monitoring instrumentation ......................................... 37
6.2.2. Decay heat removal verification .............................................. 38
6.2.3. Containment integrity monitoring............................................. 40
6.2.4. Improved modelling of severe accidents........................................ 40
6.2.5. Wireless instrumentation.................................................... 40
6.2.6. Robots .................................................................. 40
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ..................................................... 41
APPENDIX: INDEPENDENCE OF ACCIDENT MONITORING FUNCTIONS.................... 43
REFERENCES .......................................................................... 47