I greci hanno creduto ai loro miti?

179 Pages·1984·6.19 MB·Italian

by  Paul Veyne

a Este/Blela nc
..Q.u eu mc on;oru eneatv !e rdadeiro
das
èu mad oençan osisdaesi as.
Pessoa
PaulV eyne
I greic hancnroe duto
ail ormoi ti?
il Mulino
VEYNE,P aul
Ig rehcain ncor eduatilo o rmoi ti?
BologInlaM ,u lin1o9, 84.
17p7. 21c m. (lnterse1z1i)o.ni ,
l.M itoloeg ciual tu-Grrae cainat ic2a.M itoloeg Sitao riog-rafia
Grecainat ica
907.238
ISBN8 8-15-00530-7
Edizionoer iginLeaslG ere:c osn tcru- iàls /eu rs mythPaesr?iE,sd ,i tions
duS eui1l9,8 C3o.p yri©gh 1t9 8b3yE ditidounS se uiPla,r iCso.p y·
rig©ht 1 98b4yS ocieteàd itriilMc uel inBoo,l ogTnraa.d uzidoiCn ae­
terina NRaocscaadl ilC io rneliano.
Perl 'illustirnca ozpieornteCi onpay:r i©g h1t9 8b4yS IAER,o ma.
È vietaltara i produziaonnceh,pe a rzicaolneq ,u alsmieazszieo f fet­
tuatcao,m prelsafa o tocopainac,ha ed u soi nteron doi dattniocnao u,­
torizzata.

Premessa
. Comes ip uòc redear mee tào credear ceo sceo ntrad­
dittoIri bea?m bicnrie donnoe,l lsot estseom poc,h es ia
Babbo Natale, il actatmrianavop e,or rstoal roeri og iocat­
tolie cheq uesgtiio cattolis tsamiteaisn sosi o ttlo' albero
dail orgoe nitori; allora crae BdaobnboNo a ­veramente
talSei?e, l af eddee id or.cnéo nè d am enoa;g lio cchid i
quesettii ocpiid ,i cDea nS perber«, ill eopaèrdu ona ni­
malcer isticahnero i,s petitd ai giduenliCl hai ecsoap toas,­
servanczhae i,n E tiopèil aab, a sdee llrae ligiotnuet;t avia
und or.cilé m ercolee ild vie nergdiio,r dniid igiunnoon,
èm enop reoccupdaitp or otegilgs eurobe e stidaemgeali l tri
giordneil sleat timeagnliac ;r edsei cah ei l eopadridgii u­
ninos,ic ah em angitnuot itg ii orcnhiei;l eopasridainp eo­
ricolosii g itourtlntoiis , a p ere speriecnhzesa i;a no cri­
stiagnili,e lgoa rantliats rcaed izione».
Sull'esdeemlpflieaod dee ig renceii l ormoi timi, e ro
dunquper oposdtiso t udilaarm eol tepldieclimltoeàd alità
delc redecrree:d esrulel paa rolcar,e deirnbe a saell 'espe­
rienzeac,c Q.u estsot udmii oh a,a duer iprepsreo,i ettato
unpo ' piul ontano.
Siè d ovurtioc onosccheeir nev edciep arldairc eo nvin­
zionsiid, o vevpar oprpiaor ladrive e riEt àc.h el ev erità
eraneos sset esdseel ilmem aginazNiooinni o.n c if acciamo
unaf alisdae dae lcloes eè:l av eridteàll ceo sceh ea,t tra­
versiso e cosliiè, f ormaitnma o dot antsoi ngolLaurneg.i
dall'eslsape irsuee mpleiscpee rideenlzrlaea a lltavà e,r ièt à
lap isut ordiict au ttVeif. u u n'epioncc au iip oeotg ili s to­
riciin ventadvias naonp ai anotrai gfianvio laolsldeei nastie
realic,o nil nomed io gntii ranendilo s uoa lbegreon ealo­
gicnoo;n e randoe fia lseat rain tmoe noe ranionm alafede:
seguivilam neot odaoll,o rnao rmapelre a,r rivaad reell vee ­
ritSàe.g uiaqmuoe sitdae fai nionf ondeo,u nav olcthai uso
5
il libvreod,r ecmhoe rniotie nviear,me o nesltleosl sooro
modoq,u elclheen oic hiamifaimnoz ilIlio'andei o: Alice
sono vneépr ienu,é m encoh Fe ustdeeC! o uleasnC.gom e
purrei teniafmaon tastiscehnezdraui beb,ii not eesrsanti,
tutltepe r oduzdieoplna is sean toonr itenviearm,oo i en
modo moplrtoov viscohrel«i 'uo l,t imo dsetlsalcadi ieon ­
za»E.c cloac ultura.
Nonv oglaisos olutaamfefnetremc ahrelei ' mmagina­
ziorniev elleve erràfi uttàu erc hede o vtrrào vaalpr ostie re,
mac hel ev eritàg iseàos nssoet esismem aginaezc ihoen i
l'immaginèaa zlpoi toenrede a s emprees;s ea n,o nl a
realltarà a,g ioo iln leu nlgaov odreinloe gativo.
Questa immagliosn iva ezd,ine oonnce o,n sineslltfaea ­
colctoàn oscsiouttqtauo e sntoom es upli anpo$ icoleo gico
storeiscsnoao; na mplniéina sog,n ocnoén p rofelzedi ie­
mensidoenvlia sdoiv etirnoc unio sii amroa ccheisussai :
alc ontrnaere iroil gepe a reet,ai l fduio driqi u esvtaos, o
nulleas i.sN teemmenloef utuvreier tàn:on ssaip rebbe
dunqcuoem dea re a lqapu aersotIlenta a.vl ais iv edtisr io
plasmlaern eol igoi loeln eit teroaa tnucrhleeep olitiic he,
comportaem leesn ctniize eQ.u esitmam aginaèzu inoan e
facomlatn àe,l skeannstoi daentloe rminèet ;r ascenden­
talceo,s titilu niossctmero on dion vedciee s seilrl niee vito
oil demonSeol.t an-tcoo scah fea refbubgeg pierilred i­
sgusotgonk ia ntiano re-sqpuoenssttaroba ilsec endentale
ès torpiecroc,lh ecé ul tusrise u ssegeun oonnso ia ssomi­
gliaGnloiu. o minnoin t rovalnavo e rài:et ssliac ostrui­
scono ccoosmter uilsalc oorsnoto o ria, saemcboenlddauo e
loruot tilià. �
Im ierii ngraziaammiecnhteiv oli vanFnoou ­a Miche!
caulcto,n c uhio d iscudsiqs uoe slitbor aoi,m iecio lleghi
delAls's ocidaetsi oéntg urdeécssqJ, u. Be ompaei rJBe.o u­
squeet F,a. W ahl peirs uosiu ggerieml eesn utceir itiche.
6
Prologo
Ig reccrie devaallnlooar moi toloLgari ias?p èods itfaf i­
cil,ep oicchrée deredire vtuaonit e. ..Nc oons e tcurtetdie ­
vancoh eM inoscsoen tinaudae sssseeg rieu d1i nceeg li In­
ferniéc, h Tee seaov esse coimMlbi antottua2t,ueo rd eo ssi
sapevacnhoei po et«im entono». iTllu otrtoa vmdioiad ,o
non crecdoenrtciaini umab arazpzoaircTehe:és eaoil, o ro
occheirc,ao munqeusteii s;tb oisosgonlaa m«eenptuer are il
Mitcoo n Rlaag io3ne er »i dulrar eb iodgerclao fmipaa gno
diE racallse u noo cciolo. Q sutaonartM ioic noo,sT sueci­
did-e alt ermidniue n p rodigsifoosrdozip o e nsi-ero
arriva, sduaaa ,llp saat retcseos nac lus«idtoiun teqt:ui e lli
chneo cio noscpieasrme on tdiirt,eoM inosfsuie pl rimao
possedere un4;ail p afdldroietF tead»r a, dmia rPiatsoi fae,
nonèa ltcrhoue n r ec hfeu s igndoerle m.La 'rpeeurazione
demilt icaot traviell rogsnooos nè u ne pisoddeillloato ta
eterdnaall,oe r igaiV noil taeiR reen atnr,la as uperstizione
el ar agiocnhefe,a relbabg el odreiglae ngiroe cilom ;i teo
illogosm,a lgrNaedsot nloens, ic ontrappcoonmgleoe' n­r o
rorel ave e riItlàm 'i.te or a argdoimae p.nptroo fornid­ite
fles6s ei oginr ien coina vevafnion diitp or eoccuparsene an­
corsae sie cdoolpiqo u emlo vimednetSioo ficshtesi i dice
sisaat toil lorAou f/ikirung.L ungdial 'lsesere truino nfo
dellraa giolen'peu,r azdieomlni eta ot travilloe grosèsou n
programmomlats ou perlaact uoai,s sursdoirtpàr epnedre­:
chiég rescisi o no vdoalrtueat nipt ean pae nru lnleavl o ler
separilab rueog nr adnaol logliinov,ed cire if iutcaornue n
solgoes ton,e lflaab ulazsiiToaen see,co h eil Minotauro,
silae' sistsetnezdsaisu anc erMtioon sssei,iaf atitniv ero­
simili chel at radizaitotnrei bau qiusecseft aov olMois­o
nossSeiv? e drlaà'm piedzezplar oblqeumaan sdois aprà
cheq uesattot eggiadmife rnotnaotl me i tèod uradtuoe
buonmiile lnniin; luinb driso t odroivale ev eridteàllr ae li-
7
Prologo
giocnrei stei alrneea a ldtepàla sssaiat pop ogglieua nneo
alle altreD,i sciolsu ursrl 'hisutnoiivree rseBlolesu,se tr i­
prenad seu vao lltaac ronolmoigtiicaco an corcdoanlt aa
cronolsoagcidraaa ll car eazdieomlno en deop ,u òd unque
collocnaerlleda a tgaui st«ap,o cdoo pAob imelech», «fa­
moscio mbattidmiEe rnatcifl iglieo,d iA nfitr7i, eodn e»
almloar tdie « Sarpedfoingedl,iiZ oes u»C.o sa aivnte ev­a
stila v escodviMo e aunxe mlo menitnoc usic rivqeuvea­
sto? aCbobsiaa imnot esqtuaa ncdroe dinaemlosl toe sso
tempao c osceo ntraddictotmoefr aicec,i caomnot inua­
mentienp oliot niecclaa mpdoe lplsai canalisi?
Avvielnose t esasino o stsrtiu ddieoflso ilk ldoirfe r onte
alp atrimdoenliloe leggeon dFaer epudodifp roolnaatlreli a
logordrepelar esidSecnhtree cbheefra :rd eit anftuat ilità?
Comep otretbubtect ionò o na veurnes en,su onam otiva­
zionuen,af unziooa nlem eunnoas trutItlpu rroab?l ema di
saperseel ef avohlaen nuonc onteanuutteon ntoincpo osn ei
maiin t ermpinio sitpiesrva ip:es reMe i nasèes sei tsobt,ii so­
gnpar idmeac ideimr ie tniso ens iacnhove a grhaic coos net i
siasntoo railat ernaetsas;uc nrai tica poasrirtiaiv vai stica
capdoe llfaa bulaezd ieoslno ep ranna8• tAlulorracalo,em e si
puòs mettdeicr ree derlee gaglelCneod mee?s iè s mesdis o
credaeT rees ,ef oondadteolrdleea m ocraatzeinaia eRsoe­,
moloe, a llsat oridceipitr ài msie codleils ltao rrioam ana?
Comes iès mesdis cor edaellroeer igitnrio idaenleml oan ar­
chifar anca?
Peirt emmpoid ernnoipi,o ssivaemdoep riecu h iagrroa ­
ziaelbe l l ibdriGo e orHguep pesruEt s tiePnanseq u9•iL ear
storian ocioc molena c epèina amtnoao nq uanèdso t aitna­
ventlaact rai tdiactcaoh, ee s seas isgtiedàva ma o lttoe mpo,
mai lg iorin·nco u iilm estideicr rei teiq cuoe ldliso t orico
sondoi venutnaost oil: «o L rai cesrtcoarè is ctaap traa ticata
pers ecsoeli nain ztaccsaerrei amielmn otdeod is crilvae re
storsitae srseas,t alnedd uoe atsteipvairlta'ànt ua,e d all'al­
traa,ll veo lnteel mlean tdeiu nas tessa peEr sstoantao> >.
cosain chnee ll'anetdie cshiisuttnàear etvtiaa dreall­a
giosnet oar,li acs oleal as tesinso ag neip ocaP?r endiamo
comfei lo conudniu'dtetdaoiA r ren alMdoom igl1i0a«: niol
metodmoo derdneoll rai cesrtcoar èitu ctat foo ndastulol a
8
Pro /()go
distintzrifaoo nneot rii gien faolnidt iis econmdaaon ».
Nonè moltcoe rcthoeq u setiad edaiu ng ransdteu dioso
sigai uas;it o clrae daon chneo np ertinMeane tsesh.aa il
meriatnoc,hs een ons ièd a'ccorddipo o,r urnep roblema
dim etofdaoc enrdiotleavn eadrliaeP. e nsiaaB meoa ufoo rt
aN iebuilh cru,si c ettirciigusamraodi po r ismeic doellil a
stodriiR ao mas if ondasvulalm aa ncadnizf ao netd iid o­
cumenctoin tempoar qauneetiie mplio ntaon,qi u,a nto­
menos,ig iusticfoiqncu easvtmaaa nca1n•1z a
Las tordeilasl cei ennozneè q ueldleals lcao perta pro­
gressdeiblvu ao mne toddoe levl eerv eei rt.à gIr ehcain no
unm odoil, lodrico r,e daelrlleoa r moi toloo dgiie as sere
scetetq iuceis,mt ood or assomsiogllaimaei nnmt oed o ap­
pareanltn eo st.E rsoish annaon chile l ormoe toddios cri­
verleas tioarc,h en onè i ln os,t rqoeu esmteot osdiob asa
suu n presuipmppolisctcioit oolè,ad istintzrifaoo nnet i
origien faolin dtiis econmdaan, oc h,el undgaill 'eesrse
ignorpaeturon v izdiiom eto,dn oonè pe rtineanlpt reo ­
blemDait. utctio,òP ausaènu inea s empcihove a lqeu anto
una lter ol,co i tersepmeo.s so
Pausannoinèa a ssolutuanmaem netnetd eas ottovalu­
tareen ,o nèg iusdtiorc eh le as uPae riegedeslil 'Elfu/a ilde
Baededkeerll a GraencctaiiP.aa usaèni ila pardaiull ne lo
filoloo dgiuo n a rcheotleodgeods ecplor imOot toc;e nto
pedre scriimv oenruem eenr taic conltasa troedr eillade i f­
ferecnotnit rdaedlleGa r echiaaf ,r ugnaetlobl ieb lioteche,
hav iaggmioalttoso iè, d ocuemntahtaov ,i sto ctounit to
suooic c1h2im; ette atradnontreoerl a ccoglleigegreleno d­e
cali davlolcaqe u vainuvtnaon ostsrtou diporsoov inacli ale
tempdoiN apoleoInIeIl ;ap recisdieollinene d icaez ioni
la'mpiedzezllia'n formaszoiropnree ndonol as qiucaun­to
rezdzeacl o ldpo'oc ch(iafo o rzao ssdeir dveallrseec ulture
ed ii nformsaurllsloiar d oa tPaa,u sahniaai mparaad tao­
tarleas cultsuurllbaaa sdeiu nc ritsetriliioos .)tI infcine
Pausaèns itaao tssoe ssidoanplar toob ldeemmlai teo,c ome
siv edrhàaa, l undgio batstuuq tuoe setnoi ag.m
9