i CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL The thesis by Judith Lubasi Ilubala-Ziwa is approved as fulfilling ...

324 Pages·2015·9.09 MB·English

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The thesis by Judith Lubasi Ilubala-Ziwa is approved as fulfilling the requirements for the award
of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Zambia

Signed:………………………………. Date:………………………

Signed: ………………………………. Date:……………………..

Signed: ………………………………. Date:...................................

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DECLARATION

I, Judith Lubasi Ilubala–Ziwa, declare that this thesis represent my work. It has not previously
been submitted for a degree at this or any other university and does not incorporate any
published work or material from another thesis.

Signed: …………………………………………

Date: …………………………………………..

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DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to my late mother, Elizabeth Siyumbwa Mwakamui Lukama, for
providing me with the much needed education at such trying moments in her life. I also dedicate
this work to my beloved daughters and son, Tisah, Etambuyu, Ekelesi, Mwaka and Weluzani for
their support.

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COPYRIGHT

All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the author or the
University of Zambia.

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ABBREVIATIONS

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ATR African Traditional Religion
BSAC British South African Company
CAMFED Campaign for Female Education
CCZ Council of Churches in Zambia
CDC Curriculum Development Centre
CF Capuchin Fathers
CMML Christian Missions in Many Lands
CSO Central Statistics Office
CSAWUZ Civil Servants and Allied Workers Union of Zambia
CWM Community for Women and Men
DDEP Diocesan Development Education Programme
DRC Dutch Reformed Church
EFA Education for All
EFZ Evangelical Fellowship of Zambia
EoF Educating our Future
FAWE Forum for African Women Educationalists
FAWEZA Forum for African Women Educationalists in Zambia
FBO Faith Based Organisations
FCS Free Church of Scotland
GRZ Government of the Republic of Zambia
HCSS Holy Cross Secondary School
HCS Holy Cross Sisters
HIV Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus
ILRA Industrial and Labour Relations Act
LMS London Missionary Society
PAGE Programme for Advancement of Girls’ Education
PEMS Paris Evangelical Missionary Society
PESO Provincial Education Standards Officer
PMCT Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission
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POED Policy and Operations Evaluation Department
PTA Parents Teachers Association
MoE Ministry of Education
NAC New Apostolic Church
NGO Non Governmental Organisation
NRDC Natural Resources Development College
OSSERIA Organisation for Social Research for Eastern and Southern Africa
RCZ Reformed Church in Zambia
SADEC Southern African Development Community
SAGM South African General Mission
SDA Seventh Day Adventist
TSC Teaching Service Commission
UBZ United Bus Company of Zambia
UFC United Free Church
UNIP United National Independent Party
UNDP United Nations Development Plan
WF White Fathers
ZCTU Zambia Congress of Trade Unions
ZEC Zambia Episcopal Conference

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL .................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii
COPYRIGHT ................................................................................................................................. iv
ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................ v
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... xii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. xiii
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... xv
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... xvi
CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ............................................................ 1
1.0 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.1 Reason for Study ................................................................................................................ 2
1.2 Barotseland ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 The Livingstone Diocesan Territory ................................................................................ 10
1.4 The Role of the Catholic Church in the Education of Women in Zambia ....................... 13
1.5 Policy Documents on Education ...................................................................................... 16
1.6 History of the Holy Cross Sisters in Zambia ................................................................... 21
CHAPTER TWO: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 27
2.0 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 28
2.1 The Status of Women in Zambia ..................................................................................... 28
2.2 Historical Development of Women Education in Zambia ............................................... 36
2.2.1 Traditional Education....................................................................................................... 36
2.2.2 Formal Education ............................................................................................................. 43
2.3 The role of Religious Congregations in the Catholic Church .......................................... 47
2.4 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................. 48
2.5 Purpose of the Study ........................................................................................................ 48
2.6 Research Objectives ..………………………………………………………………… .. 48
2.7 Research Questions .......................................................................................................... 49
2.8 Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………………………… .. 49
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2.8.1 Assertiveness.................................................................................................................... 56
2.8.2 Rights Awareness............................................................................................................. 58
2.8.3 Children’s Education ....................................................................................................... 62
2.8.4 Community Participation ................................................................................................. 63
2.8.5 Leadership ........................................................................................................................ 64
2.8.6 Employment Status .......................................................................................................... 65
2.8.7 Income.............................................................................................................................. 66
2.8.8 Income Generating Activities (IGAs) .............................................................................. 67
2.9 Significance of the Study ................................................................................................. 70
2.10 Limitations of the Study................................................................................................... 71
2. 11 Delimitations of the Study ............................................................................................... 71
2.12 Operational Definitions .................................................................................................... 71
2.13 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 72
CHAPTER THREE: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................... 74
3.0 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 75
3.1 International Studies on Education of Women ................................................................ 77
3.2 Missionaries and Women Education in Zambia .............................................................. 80
3.3 Catholic Missionaries and Girls’ Education in Zambia ................................................... 92
3.4 Factors that Contribute to Women’s Slow Progress in Education ................................... 96
3.5 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………... 108
CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 110
4.0 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 110
4.1 The Worldview .............................................................................................................. 111
4.2 Research Design............................................................................................................. 114
4.3 Rationale for Using Qualitative Research Methods....................................................... 116
4.4 Population ...................................................................................................................... 122
4.5 Sampling and Sample Size............................................................................................. 123
4.6 Research Instruments ..................................................................................................... 127
4.7 Data Collection Procedures ............................................................................................ 128
4.7.1 Document Review .......................................................................................................... 129
4.7.2 Interviews ....................................................................................................................... 130
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4.7.3 Focus Group Discussions ............................................................................................... 135
4.7.4 Observations .................................................................................................................. 137
4.8 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................. 139
4.9 Ethical Considerations ................................................................................................... 142
4. 10 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 142

CHAPTER FIVE: PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS ......................................................... 144
5.0 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 144
5.1 Characteristics of Sample of Key Participants............................................................... 146
5.2 In their endeavours to educationally empower women in Western province during
the colonial and post-colonial periods, what curriculum did the HCS use? ……… …..147
5.2.1 Curriculum during the Colonial Period.......................................................................... 147
5.2.2 The Curriculum in post-Colonial Period........................................................................ 148
5.3 What contribution have the HCS made to the educational empowerment of women
in the Western Province of Zambia? .............................................................................. 149
5.3.1 Former Pupils of the HCS .............................................................................................. 150
5.3.2 Narratives of School Experiences .................................................................................. 159
5.3.3 Narratives of Professional Experiences ......................................................................... 167
5.3.4 The Observations ........................................................................................................... 174
5.3.5 Challenges Faced by Former Pupils of the HCS ........................................................... 178
5.4 What are the views of stakeholders on the contribution made by the HCS to the
educational empowerment of women in Zambia in general and Western Province in
particular? ........ ……………………………………………………………………….181
5.4.1 The Parents..................................................................................................................... 181
5.4.2 The Acting Catholic Education Secretary ...................................................................... 184
5.4.3 Current and Former Head Teachers, and Former Teacher ............................................ 186
5.4.4 Challenges Faced by the HCS........................................................................................ 188
5.5 Contribution of Former Pupils of the HCS to the Community ...................................... 191
5.5.1 Assertiveness.................................................................................................................. 191
5.5.2 Human Rights Awareness .............................................................................................. 192
5.5.3 Children’s Education ..................................................................................................... 195
5.5.4 Community Participation ............................................................................................... 196
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5.5.5 Leadership ...................................................................................................................... 197
5.5.6 Employment Status ........................................................................................................ 200
5.5.7 Income............................................................................................................................ 202
5.5.8 Income Generating Activities (IGAs) ............................................................................ 203
5.6 Are women in Western Province lagging behind their male counterparts in access to
and completion of school education? ............................................................................. 206
5.7 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 208

CHAPTER SIX: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ................................................................... 210
6.0 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 211
6.1 To analyse the curriculum and ethos used by the HCS in their endeavour to
empower women educationally during the colonial and post-colonial periods. ............ 211
6.2 To establish the contribution made by the HCS to the educational empowerment of
women in Western Province of Zambia .. ……………………………………………..223
6.3 To assess the views of stakeholders on the contribution made by the HCS to the
educational empowerment of women in Western Province in particular, and Zambia
in general ………………………………………… ..... ………………………………. 229
6.3.1 Community Participation through Religious Activities ................................................. 238
6.3.2 Civil Servants and Allied Workers’ Union of Zambia (CSAWUZ) .............................. 244
6.3.3 Forum for African Women Educationalists of Zambia (FAWEZA) ............................. 246
6.3.4 Leadership ...................................................................................................................... 250
6.3.5 Employment Status ........................................................................................................ 251
6.3.6 Income Generating Activities (IGAs) ............................................................................ 253
6.4 Challenges Faced by the HCS........................................................................................ 255
6.5 To establish whether women in Western Province are lagging behind their male
counterparts in access to and completion of school education. ..................................... 263
6.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 269
CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................ 271
7.1 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 271
7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 274
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 276
APPENDIX 1: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR HEAD TEACHERS (ONE FORMER, ONE
CURRENT)................................................................................................................................. 290
APPENDIX 2: INTRODUCTORY LETTER ............................................................................ 291
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