Сумма теологии. Часть I. Вопросы 44-74

169 Pages·12.61 MB·Russian

by  Аквинский Фома.

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,ll,y cy6cTaHu,~anbHoill q,opMoill ~ MaTep~eill; nOCne,ll,HIOIO [O,ll,HaKO] OH~ TBapb ~ aKTYanbHa, OHa [TeM He MeHee] He eCTb '-I~CTa51 aKryanbHOCTb.
[no-npe>KHeMY] Bo06pa>Kan~ HeCOTBopeHHoill, a Bce ~3MeHeH~51 B Cne,ll,OBaTenbHO, Konb CKOPO Bce, '-ITO OTHOC~TC51 K 6bIT~IO, COTBope­
Tenax OTHoc~n~ Ha C'-IeT CYLl\HOCTHbIX q,OpM, TaK~e ~3MeHeH~51 OH~ HO, He06xo,ll,~MO, '-IT06bl 6blno COTBopeHO ~ TO, '-ITO np~CyTCTByeT B
np~n~CbIBan~ HeKOTopblM Bce06Ll\~M np~'-I~HaM; Ap~CTOTenb, Hanp~­ BeLl\~ nOTeHu,~anbHO.
Mep, HaKnOHHoMy Kpyry7, a nnaTOH - ~,ll,e51M, Ho Mbl ,ll,on>KHbl ~MeTb B
B~,ll,y, '-ITO MaTep~51, orpaH~'-IeHHa51 q,opMoill B onpe,ll,eneHHOM pO,ll,e, Pas,qen 3
~n~ cy6cTaHu,~~, np~Ha,ll,ne>K~T eLl\e ~ K HeKoTopoMy B~,ll,y, a Bnoc­ SlBIISlETCSlIl~ 06PA3YIOUJ.E'" np~'t~HO'"
ne,ll,CTB~~ K TOMy >Ke CBe,ll,eHa aKu,~,ll,eHu,~eill (Hanp~Mep, '-IenOBeK ­ 'tTO-II~60 nOM~MO 60rA?
6en~3HOIO) K HeKoTopoMy MO,ll,YCy 6bIT~51.
TaK~M 06pa30M, Bblwenp~Be,ll,eHHbleMHeH~51 cne,ll,OBan~ ~3 C TpeTb~M [nonO>KeH~eM ,ll,eno] 06CTO~T Cne,ll,ylOLl\~M 06pa30M.
paCCMOTpeH~51"cYLl\ero" no,ll, HeKOTopblM '-IaCTHbIM acneKTOM, ~n~ KaK BOapa:>KeHlo1e 1. Ka>KeTC51, '-ITO 06pa3YIOLl\a51 npV1'-1~Ha eCTb He­
"3Toro BOT", ~n~ KaK "TaKOro BOT", ~ 3TO np~Beno KTOMy, '-ITO BeLl\aM '-ITO ~Hoe, He>Ken~ 60r. B caMOM ,ll,ene, Cne,ll,CTB~e nO,ll,06HO cBoeill
6bln~ Ha3Ha'-leHbl '-IaCTHble ,ll,eillCTBYIOLl\~e np~'-I~Hbl. V1Ha'-le nO,ll,own~ 06pa3YIOLl\eill np~'-I~He. Ho TBap~ BeCbMa ,ll,aneK~ OT TOro, '-IT06bl 6blTb
6 7
CDOMa AKSII1HCKII1C:; Bonpoc 44. 0 npOIl1Cxo>I<i:~eHII1I11 cOTsopeHHoro OT 60rs
nO)J,06HbIMII1 60ry. TaKII1M 06pa30M, 60r He ~Bn~eTC~ II1X 06pa3YIOli.\e~ 60)KeCTBeHHO~ My)J,pOCT111, 11160 [II1MeHHO] 60)KeCTBeHHa~ My)J,pOCTb
npW-1I11HOVl. 3aMblCnll1na [3TOT] nop~)J,OK BceneHHOVl, COCTO~li.\II1~ B pa3H006pa3111V1
B03pa)l(eHI1e 2. ,lJ,anee, Bce, 'ITO [CYli.\eCTByeT] B clI1ny npll14aCT­ Beli.\e~. V1 nOToMy H8)J,ne)KII1T roBOpll1Tb, 'ITO B 60)KeCTBeHHOVl My)J,pOCTlI1
HOCTlI1, )J,omKHO 6blTb B03Be)J,eHO K TOMy, 'ITO 06n8)J,aeT caM06blTlI1eM, npe6blBalOT 06pa3LJ,bl BCeX Beli.\eVl, KOTOpble Mbl Ha3blBaeM lI1)J,e~MII1,
nO)J,06HO TOMy, KaK rop~4ee, KaK 6blno 3aMe4eHO Bblwe (1), )J,omKHo T. e. 06pa3YIOli.\II1MII1 ¢OpMaMII1 B 60)KeCTBeHHOM yMe (15, 1). V1 3TlI1
6blTb B03Be)J,eHo K orHIO. Ho Bce, 'ITO Hanll14ecTByeT B 4YBCTBeHHbiX lI1)J,ell1, XOT~ OHII1 111 MHO)KaTC~ B OTHOWeHlI1111 Beli.\e~, Ha caMOM )J,ene
Beli.\ax,CYli.\eCTByeTTonbKOBclI1nynpll14aCTHOCTlI1 K HeKoTopoMy BII1)J,Y. eCTb He 'ITO II1HOe, KaK 60)KeCTBeHHa~ CYli.\HOCTb, nO)J,061111O KOTOPOVl
CBII1)J,eTenbCTBOM TOMy cny)KII1T TOT ¢aKT, 'ITO BO Bcex 4YBCTBeHHbiX MOryT 6blTb B TO~ II1nll1 II1HO~ CTeneHII1 npll14aCTHbi pa3nll14Hbie Beli.\lI1.
BII1)J,ax Hanll14ecTByeT He TOnbKO TO, 'ITO npIl1H8)J,ne)KII1T K [)J,aHHoMy] BII1)J,Y, Cne)J,OBaTenbHO, CaM 60r CyTb nepBbl~ 06pa3eLJ, Bcero. O)J,HaKo 111
HO TaK)Ke 111 Ha4ana 111 H)J,1I1 BII1)J,yan1I13aLJ,1I1 111 , )J,06aBneHHble K Ha4anaM cpe)J,1I1 cOTBopeHHblx Beli.\eVl O)J,HII1 MOryT 6blTb Ha3BaHbi 06pa3LJ,aMII1
BII1)J,a. n03TOMY He06xo)J,II1MO )J,onycTII1Tb CYli.\eCTBOBaHlI1e BII1)J,OB KaK APyrll1x Bcne)J,CTBlI1e nll160 npIl1H8)J,ne)KHOCTlI1 K06li.\eMY pO)J,y, n1l160)Ke ­
TaKOBbIX, Hanpll1Mep, 4enOBeKa KaK TaKOBOro, now8)J,1I1 KaK TaKOBO~ 111 no aHanOrll1111 HeKoTOporo nO)J,pa)KaHII1~.
1. n., KOTopble 111 H8)J,ne)KII1T Ha3blBaTb 06pa3LJ,aMII1 (YMonOCTlI1raeMblMII1 OTseT Ha S03pa>KeHl1e 1. XOT~ TBap1l1111 He )J,OCTlI1raIOT npll1po)J,­
¢OpMaMII1). Cne)J,OBaTenbHO, nOMII1MO 60ra CYli.\eCTBYIOT [111 )J,pyrll1e] HOro, 1. e. BII1)J,OBOro ynO)J,06neHII1~ 60ry, KaK [HanpIl1Mep] 4enOBeK
06pa3YIOli.\lI1e npll14l11Hbi. nO)J,06eH cBoeMy pO)J,lI1TenlO, TeM He MeHee OHII1 II1MelOT HeKOTopoe
BOapa)l(eHl1e 3. ,lJ,anee, HayKII1 111 onpe)J,eneHII1~ 3aHII1MaIOTC~ nO)J,06111e C HII1M nOCTOnbKY, nOCKOnbKY npe)J,cTaBn~IOT c06010 60)Ke­
CaMII1MII1 no ce6e BII1)J,aM 111 , a He BII1)J,aMII1 nOCTOnbKY, nOCKOnbKY OHII1 CTBeHHylO lI1)J,elO, BpO)J,e TOro, KaK MaTepll1anbHblVl )J,OM nO)J,06eH ,D,OMy,
~BneHbl B 4aCTHbiX Beli.\aX (Be)J,b)J,ll~ 4aCTHbiX Beli.\e~ HeT HII1 HayKII1, HII1 HaXO)J,~li.\eMYC~ B yMe apXII1TeKTopa.
onpe)J,eneHII1~). A nOTOMy eCTb TaKlI1e cYli.\lI1e, KOTopble CyTb cYli.\lI1e II1nll1 OTseT Ha S03pa>KeHl1e 2. TenecHocTb npll1cYli.\a caMoVl npll1po­
BII1)J,bl, He CYli.\eCTBYIOli.\lI1e B e)J,II1HII14HbIX Beli.\aX, 111 OHII1-TO 111 Ha3b1BaIOTC~ )J,e 4enOBeKa, 111 nOTOMy 6eCTenecHblVl4enOBeK HeB03MO)KeH. Cne)J,o­
06pa3LJ,aMII1. OTCIO)J,a cne)J,yeT TO )Ke 3aKnlO4eHlI1e, 'ITO 111 B npe)J,we­ BaTenbHO, XOT~ 3TOT BOT KOHKpeTHblVl 4enOBeK CyTb 4enOBeK no npll1­
CTBYIOli.\eM [B03pa)KeHII1I11]. 4aCTHOCTlI1 K [CBoeMy] BII1)J,y, OH, O)J,HaKO, He MO)KeT 6blTb B03Be)J,eH K
B03pa)l(eHI1e 4. KpoMe TOro, nO)J,06HbIVl)Ke BbIBO)J, MO)KHO c)J,e­ 4eMy-nIl160, 06n8)J,alOli.\eMY caM06blTlI1eM B paMKax TOro )Ke caMoro
naTb 1111113 CKa3aHHoro ,lJ,1I10HII1ClI1eM 0 TOM, 'ITO caM06blTlI1e npOCTlI1pa­ BII1)J,a, HO - K HeKoeMy npeBOCXO)J,~li.\eMYBII1)J,y, a II1MeHHO K OT)J,eneH­
eTC~ wll1pe 111 4eM caMa no ce6e )K1I13Hb, 111 4eM caMa no ce6e npeMy)J,­ HblM cy6cTaHLJ,II1~M. CKa3aHHoe OTHOCII1TC~ 111 KO BceM np04l11M 4yB­
pOCTb9. CTBeHHblM Beli.\aM.
OTseT Ha S03pa>KeHl1e 3. XOT~ Ka)K)J,a~ HayKa 111 onpe)J,eneHlI1e
3TOMy npOTlI1BOpe4l11T cne)J,ylOli.\ee: 06pa3eLJ, eCTb TO )Ke, 'ITO 111
lI1)J,e~. Ho lI1)J,ell1, comaCHO ABryCTlI1HY, CyTb "maBHble ¢OpMbl, npe6blBa­ 3aHII1MaIOTC~ TonbKO cYli.\eCTBYIOli.\II1MII1 Beli.\aMII1, 1113 3Toro BOBce He
cne)J,yeT, 'ITO, Konb CKOPO Mbl MblCnll1M Beli.\b [KaK CYli.\YIO] B CBoeM yMe,
1Oli.\lI1e B 60)KeCTBeHHOM yMe"lO. Cne)J,OBaTenbHO, 06pa3LJ,bl Beli.\e~ ­
OHa He06xo)J,II1MO )J,on)KHa 06n8)J,aTb 3TlI1M MO)J,yCOM 111 B )J,eVlCTBII1Tenb­
He BHe 60ra.
HOCTII1. B caMOM )J,ene, 1113 Taro ¢aKTa, 'ITO Mbl ClI1nolO )J,e~CTBYIOli.\ero
OTSe'lalO: 60r CyTb nepBa~ 06pa3YIOli.\a~ npll14l11Ha Bcero. B yMa a6CTparll1pyeM YHII1BepcanbHble lI1)J,ell1 1113 4aCTHbiX COCTO~HII1~,
LJ,en~x )J,OKa3aTenbCTBa 3TOro H8)J,ne)KII1T pa3yMeTb, 4TO)J,ll~ C03)J,aHII1~ OTHIO)J,b He cne)J,yeT, 'ITO yHII1Bepcanll1111 [)J,eVlCTBII1TenbHO] CYli.\eCTBYIOT
4ero-n1l160 He06xo)J,II1M 06pa3eLJ" riOCKOnbKY pe3ynbTaT )J,on)KeH BOC­ BHe 4aCTHbiX Beli.\e~ 111 [TaKII1M 06pa30M] BblcrynalOT B Ka4eCTBe II1X
npll1H~Tb onpe)J,eneHHylO ¢OPMY. TaK, peMeCneHHII1K np0Il13BO)J,II1T B 06pa3LJ,OB.
MaTepll1111 onpe)J,eneHHylO ¢OpMy B COOTBeTCTBlI1111 C Ha6nlO)J,aeMblM 111M OTseT Ha S03pa>KeHl1e 4. no)J, CnOBaMII1 "caMa no ce6e )K1I13Hb"
06pa3LJ,OM, TO nll1 C03epLJ,aeMblM 111M BHe ce6~, TO nll1 npe)J,CTaBneH­ 111 "caMa no ce6e npeMY)J,pocTb" ,lJ,1I10HII1CII1Vl B O)J,HII1X cnY4a~x pa3yMe­
HblM BHyTpeHHe, B ero YMe. ,lJ,anee, 04eBII1)J,HO, 'ITO Bce npll1pO)J,Hble eT CaMoro 60ra, B )J,pyrll1x - 3Heprll1l11, npll1)J,aHHble CaMII1M no ce6e
nOpO)K)J,eHII1~ BOCnpll1HII1MalOT onpe)J,eneHHble ¢OpMbl, 111 3TY onpe)J,e­ Beli.\aM, HO HII1Kor)J,a - II1MelOli.\lI1e caM06blTlI1e Beli.\lI1, 0 CYli.\eCTBOBa­
neHHOCTb ¢OPM )J,on)KHO B03BeCTlI1 KaK K cBoeMy nepBoMy Ha4any K HII1I11 KOTOpblX Y4l11nll1 )J,peBHlI1e.
B 9
l!:lOM8 AKBV1HCKV1Vt 8onpoc 44. 0 npOV1CXO>Kl=\eHV1V1 COTBopeHHoro OT 60ra
Pa3,qen 4 poe s:lSns:leTCs:l nOA061-1eM 60>KeCTBeHHoro cosepweHCTsa lt1 6naro­
SlBnSlETCSI nM 60r
cm. OTCIOAa: 60>KeCTSeHHas:l 6narOCTb lt1 eCTb l..\enb scex sew,ell1.
QTBeT Ha B03pa)l(eHllle 1. ,lJ,ell1cTsYIOT no Hy)f(,ll,e nl-1Wb Heco­
KOHE"IHOA nPM"IMHOA BCErO?

sepweHHble Aell1CTBOSaTenlt1, KOTopble no nplt1pOAe s:lSns:lIOTCs:llt1 Aell1­
C 4eTsepTbiM [nono)f(eHlt1eM AenO] 06CTOlt1T cneAylOw,lt1M 06pa30M. CTBOSaTens:lMV1, 1-1 06beKTaMI-1 s03Aell1CTBV1s:l. Ho TaKosoe CSOlliCTSO He
B03pa)l(eHllle 1. Ka)f(eTCA, 4TO 60r He ASns:leTCs:l KOHe4HOlli nplt1­ npI-1Ha,o,ne>Klt1T 60ry; OH nOToMy lt1 s:lSnAeTCs:l eAlt1HCTSeHHbIM nOlt1CTI-1He
4lt1HOlli scero. BeAb ecnlt1 KTO Aell1CTByeT pa,o,lt1 AOCTlt1)f(eHlt1s:l KOHe4HOlli cosepWeHHell1WI-1M CS060AHbiM nOAaTeneM, ~TO AellicTsyeT He pa,o,l-1
l..\enlt1, 3TO 03Ha4aeT, nO)f(anyll1, 4TO OH Hy)f(,ll,aeTCs:l S3T0ll1l..\enlt1. Ho 60r Csoell1 c06CTseHHOlli SblroAbl, HO - pa,o,V1 Csoell1 c06CTseHHOlli 6na­
He Hy)f(,ll,aeTCs:l Hlt1 S4eM. CneAosarenbHO, EMy He nplt1CTanO AelliCTSO­ rocn-1.
saTb pa,o,lt1 AOCTlt1)f(eHlt1s:l KOHe4H0ll1l..\enlt1. QTBeT Ha B03pa)l(eHllle 2. cDopMa S03Hlt1KWelli sew,lt1 He s:lsns:l-
B03pa)l(eHllle 2. ,lJ,anee, l..\enb S03Hlt1KHOSeHlt1s:l, cPopMa S03Hlt1K­ eTCs:l l..\enblO S03Hlt1KHOSeHlt1s:l (pa3se TonbKO S TOM CMblcne, ~TO OHa
well1 sew,lt1lt1 AelliCTSOSaTenb He MOryT 6blTb OAHlt1M lt1 TeM)f(e, nOCKOnb­ Cyrb nOA06lt1e cP0PMbl npolt13seAwero ee, 4blt1M HaMepeHlt1eM 6blno
Ky l..\enblO S03Hlt1KHOSeHlt1s:l s:lSns:leTCs:l cPopMa S03Hlt1KWelli sew,1-1 11 . Ho C006W,I-1Tb c06cTseHHoe nOA061-1e); SnpOTI-1SHOM cnyYae cPopMa S03­
60r Cyrb nepSblll1 AelliCTSOSaTenb, np0lt13S0As:lW,lt1111 sce sew,lt1. CneAO­ HV1KWelli sew,lt16blna 6bl S03SblweHHee, He>Kenlt1 TOT, KTO ee np0V13sen,
saTenbHO, OH He s:lSns:leTCs:l KOHe4HOlli nplt14lt1HOlli scero. lt160 l..\enb S03SblweHHee cpeAcTsa.
B03pa)l(eHllle 3. ,lJ,anee, sce sew,lt1 )f(enalOT [AOCTlt1rHyrb] csoell1 QTBeT Ha B03pa)l(eHllle 3. Bce sew,lt1 >KenalOT [AoCTl-1rHyrb] 60ra
l..\enlt1. Ho He sce sew,lt1 )f(enalOT [AOCTlt1rHyrb] 60ra, lt160 AaneKO He KaK csoell1 [KoHe4H0ll1] l..\enl-1, KorAa OHI-1 )f(enalOT AOCTlt1rHyrb HeKOTO­
sce OHlt1 Aa)f(e 3HalOT 0 HeM. CneAosaTenbHO, 60r He s:lSns:leTCs:l l..\e­ poro 6nara, He3aSlt1Clt1MO OT TOro, npOlt1CTeKaeT nl-1 3TO >KenaHlt1e 1-13
nblO scex sew,ell1. yMa, lt1nlt1lt13 4yscTseHHOCTlt1, lt1nl-1 S Clt1ny nplt1pOAbl, T. e. 6e30 SCs:lKoro
B03pa)l(eHllle 4. KpoMe TOro, KOHe4Has:l npl-141-1Ha eCTb nepsas:l 3HaHlt1s:l, nOCKonbKY HI-14TO He 6naro 1-1 He >KenaHHO, ecnl-1 OHO He npl-1­
lt13 nplt14lt1H. TaKlt1M 06pa30M, ecnlt1 60r Cyrb lt1 AellicTsYIOw,as:llt1 KOHe4­ ~aCTHO KynoA06neHI-11O 60ry.
Has:l npl-14lt1Ha, lt13 3TOro cneAyeT, 4TO SHeM cyw,eCTsylOT "AO" lt1 "nocne", QTBeT Ha B03pa)l(eHllle 4. nOcKOnbKY 60r Cyrb [oAHospeMeH­
4TO HeS03MO)f(HO. HO] AelliCTsYIOw,as:l, 06pa3YIOw,as:llt1 KOHe~Has:l nplt1~lt1Ha scero, [Aanee]
nocKOnbKY nepSlt14Has:l MaTeplt1s:l - OT Hero, OTCIOAa cneAyeT, 4TO S
3TOMy npOTlt1S0pe4aT cneAYIOw,lt1e cnosa [nlt1CaHlt1s:l]: "Bce CAe­
AeD1CTSI-1TenbHOCTlt1 cyw,eCTByeT TonbKO OAHO nepsoe Ha~ano scero.
nan focnOAb pa,o,lt1 Ce6s:l" (nplt1T 16,4).
[OAHaKo] 3TO (Hlt1CKOnbKO] He npens:lTCTsyeT TOMy, ~T06bl MbicneHHO
QTBe~alO: Ka)f(,ll,blll1 Aell1CTBOSaTenb AellicTsyeT pa,o,lt1l..\enlt1, Snpo­ Mbl npeAnOnaranlt1 S HeM sce (SblweyKa3aHHoe] KaK [HeKoe] MHO)f(e­
TI-1SHOM cnY4ae lt13 Ae 111CTS1-1 111 Aell1CTBOSaTens:l CpaSHOlli Sep0s:lTHOCTblO CTSO, npl-14eM 4TO-TO lt13 3TOro [MHO>KeCTsa] SocnpI-1Hlt1MaeTCs:l HaWlt1M
Morno 6bl cneAOSaTb sce 4TO yroAHO. 3aTeM, l..\enl-1 Aell1CTBOSaTens:l1-1 yMOM KaK npeAwecTsylOw,ee npo~eMy.
06beKTa S03AelliCTSlt1s:l paCCMaTplt1SaIOTCs:l KaK OAHO lt1 TO )f(8, HO nOA
pa3nlt14HblM yrnoM 3peHlt1s:l. BeAb TO, 4TO AelliCTSOSaTenb npeAnona­
raeT cAenaTb, lt1 TO, 4TO 06beKT S03Aell1CTBlt1s:l npeAnonaraeT SOcnplt1­
Hs:lTb, Slt1Alt1TCs:l KaK OAHO lt1 TO )f(e. OAHaKO MHOrlt1e sew,lt1 OAHospeMeHHO
s:lSns:lIOTCs:l lt1 AelliCTSOSaTens:lMlt1, lt1 06beKTaMlt1 S03AelliCTSlt1s:l: [TaKlt1M
06pa30M] OHI-1-HecosepweHHbleAell1CTBOSaTenlt1, lt160Aa)f(e lt1Aell1­
CTSys:l, OHI-1 npeAnonaralOT He4TO 06peCTlt1. Ho 3TO Hlt1KOlt1M 06pa30M
He OTHOClt1TCs:l KnepsoMy ,lJ,ell1CTBOSaTenlO, KOTOPblll1 AellicTsyeT TonbKO
pa,o,lt1l..\enlt1, [a lt1MeHHO] OH npeAnonaraeT nlt1Wb C006W,I'1Tb Csoe co­
sepweHCTSO, KOTopoe Cyrb Ero >Ke 6narocTb; S TO >Ke SpeMs:l SCs:lKas:l
Tsapb npeAnonaraeT 06peCTlt1 c06CTseHHoe cosepweHCTSO, KOTO­
10 11
Banpac 45. 0 MaAyce napa)l(,qeHII1S'1 sel..4eVl aT nepsara Hayana
Ho "Hlt1yero" He MO>KeT BblcrynaTb Hlt1 MaTeplt1eVl cyw,ero, Hlt1 so06w,e
KaKOVl-nlt160 nplt1Ylt1HoVl. CneAosaTenbHo, TSOPlt1Tb Hlt1KaK He 03Ha4aeT
C03AaBaTb 4TO-nlt160 lt13 Hlt14ero.
Bonpoc45
3TOMy np0Tlt1BOpe4lt1T cneAylOw,ee: s mocce Ha TeKCT [nlt1CaHlt1s:1]:
i!i¥iJI;. "B Ha4ane COTBoplt1n 60r" lt1 T. A. (6blT. 1, 1) CKa3aHO, 4TO "TBOPlt1Tb ­
0llOaYCE nOPOWlIEDRJI BErnER
3Ha4lt1T C03AaBaTb He4TO lt13 Hlt14ero".
:&-• ~: til IIlfI, W,
i.o..:....:.o..:t :
OT nEPBoro DAqAJA OTBe"lalO: KaK 6blno CKa3aHO Bblwe (44, 2), HaAne>Klt1T [COBO­
KynHo] paCCMaTplt1BaTb KaK np0lt1CxO>KAeHlt1e 4aCTHoro cyw,ero OT 4a­
CTHoro Aell1CTBOSaTens:l, TaK lt1 npolt1CXO>KAeHlt1e Bcero cyw,ero [KaK Ta­
CllegytOU/uu 80npoc K8caemCR Mogyca nOpOJKgeHuR 8eU/eu om nep8080 KOBOro] aT sCe06w,eVl nplt14lt1Hbl, T. e. OT 60ra (BeAb [lt1MeHHO] 3TO npo­
Hall8ll8, KaK080e [nopoJKgeHue] H8Sli8alOm m80peHueM, U 8K11JOllaem 8 ce6R lt1CXO>KAeHlt1e Mbl 0603Ha4aeM lt1MeHeM TBOpeHlt1s:1). \I1TaK: TO, 4TO
80ceMb [nj'HKm08]: 1) limo ecmb m80peHue; 2) MOJKem IIU 608 com80pumb s:lSns:leTCs:I cneACTBlt1eM 4aCTHoro npOlt1CXO>KAeHlt1s:1, He COAep>Klt1T B
IImo-lIu60; 3) npuHa{Jl1eJKUm IIU m80peHue caMou npupoge 8eU/eu; 4) KaKUM ce6e npeAnOCblnKlt1 3Toro npolt1CXO>KAeHlt1s:1 (lt160 AO cBoero nopO>K­
8eU/aM npucyu/e 6limb com80peHHIiMU; 5) OgUH IIU mOllbKO 608 MOJKem 6limb
AeHlt1s:1 4enoseK He cyw,eCTsyeT: OH C03.o,aeTCs:llt13 "He-4enoseKa", paB­
m80p1.IOM; 6) 06U/e IIU m80peHue 8ceu Tpoul.le UIIU JKe npucyu/e IIUWb OgHO­
HO KaK lt1 6enoe - lt13 "He-6enoro"). CneAoBaTenbHo, ecnlt1 pacCMaT­
My us nULl; 7) 06HapYJKu8aemcR IIU KaKou-lIu60 clleg TpoU1.l1i 8 com80peHHlix
plt1SaTb npolt1CXO>KAeHlt1e scero cyw,ero BO sceneHHOlli OT nepsoro
8eU/sx; 8) [8 KaKOU cmeneHU] c08MecmUMO gello m80peHUR c geRmel1bHOc­
mblO npupogli U 801lu. _ Ha4ana, TO [TeM 60nee] HeS03MO>KHO npeACTaSlt1Tb, 4T06bl [XOTb] Ka­
Koe-TO cyw,ee COAep>Kano B ce6e npeAnOCblnKlt1 3TOro npOlt1CXO>KAe­
Hlt1s:1. \1160 "Hlt14TO" eCTb TO >Ke, 4TO lt1 He6bITlt1e. n03TOMY, KaK 4enoseK
PS8,I:\en 1 np0lt13BOAlt1TCs:I lt13 "He6bITlt1s:1", T. e. "He-4enOBeKa", TaK lt1 TBOpeHlt1e,
03HA"IAET nlll TBOPEHIllE C03AAHillE "IErO-nIll50 KOTopoe Cy.Tb npOlt1CXO>KAeHlt1e Bcero cyw,ero, npolt1CXOAlt1T lt13 "He6bl­
1113 HIII"IErO? Tlt1s:1", KOTopoe Cy.Tb "Hlt14TO".
OTBeT Ha BOapa)l(eHllle 1. AsrycTlt1H lt1CnOnb3yeTcnoBo "TBope­
C nepBblM [nonO>KeHlt1eM Aeno] 06CTOlt1T cneAYIOw,lt1M 06pa30M. Hlt1e" s COlt1MeHHOM CMblcne, nOApa3YMesas:l nOA TSOpeHlt1eM cOBep­
BOapa)l(eHllle 1. nOXo>Ke Ha TO, LlTO TBOpeHlt1e [OTHIOAb] He 03Ha­ weHCTSOBaHlt1e Bew,ell1; TaK [Hanplt1Mep] Mbl rOBoplt1M 0 "coTBOpeHlt1lt1"
yaeT C03AaHlt1e Yero-nlt160 lt13 Hlt1yero. BeAb CKa3an >Ke ABryCTlt1H, YTO [T. e. B03SeAeHlt1lt1 s caH] enlt1CKona. Mbl >Ke s AaHHOM cny4ae roBO­
"C03AaHlt1e CBs:l3aHO C TeM, yero He cyw,eCTByeT, TorAa KaK TBOpeHlt1e plt1M 0 TBOpeHlt1lt1 s cosceM APyroM, orosopeHHoM HaMlt1 paHee CMblcne.
03HayaeT HeKoe AenaHlt1e [B CMblcne] nplt1AaHlt1s:1 Yero-TO [HOBOro] y>Ke OTBeT Ha BOapa)l(eHllle 2. 1I13MeHeHlt1e 06peTaeT Blt1A lt1 AOCTO­
Hanlt1yeCTBYIOw,eMY'" . lt1HCTBO He OT TOro, "OT 4ero" OHO, HO - "K 4eMY". n03TOMY lt13MeHe­
BOapa)l(eHllle 2. ,lJ,anee, AOCTOlt1HCTBO AelllCTBlt1s:1 lt1 ABlt1>KeHlt1s:1 Hlt1e TeM 60nee COBepweHHO lt1 npeSOCXOAHO, 4eM B03BblweHHee "K
3aSlt1Clt1T OT TOro, K YeMy OHlt1 OTHOCs:lTCs:I n03TOMY KYAa KaK AOCTOlll­ 4eMy" 3TOro lt13MeHeHlt1s:1, XOTs:I 6bl ero "aT 4ero" lt1 6blno HecosepweH­
Hee AelllCTBlt1e, HanpaBneHHoe aT 6naroro K 6naroMy lt1 OT cyw,ero K HO; TaK, nOpO>KAeHlt1e B03SblweHHee lt1 npesocxOAHell1, He>Kenlt1 npo­
cyw,eMy, He>Kenlt1 K yeMy-nlt160 OT Hlt1YTO. Ho TBOpeHlt1e, nOXO>Ke, eCTb CTO lt13MeHeHlt1e, nOCKOnbKY cy6CTaHLI,lt1anbHas:l epopMa B03SblweHHee
AOCTOlliHelliWee lt1 Halt1nepBelliWee lt13 Bcex Aell1CTBlt1l11. n03TOMY OHO epOPMbl aKLI,lt1AeHTHOlli (a Me>KAY TeM HeAoCTaToK cy6cTaHLI,lt1anbHOlli
HanpasneHO He OT Hlt1YTO K YeMy-nlt160, HO, CKopee, OT cyw,ero K cy­ epOPMbl, KOTOpblll1 s:lBns:leTCs:I ycnOBlt1eM "OT 4ero" nOpO>KAeHlt1s:1, s:lBns:l­
w,eMy. eTCs:I 60nee HecosepweHHblM, He>Kenlt1 TOT APyrolli [(T. e. HeAOCTaTOK
BOapa)l(eHllle 3. ,lJ,anee, npeAnor "lt13" nOApa3yMesaeT Hanlt1Ylt1e aKLI,lt1AeHTHOlli <j)OPMbl)], KOTOPblll1 s:lSns:leTCs:I ycnOBlt1eM "OT 4ero" npo­
HeKOTOpOlli nplt1Ylt1Hbl, lt1 s nepBylO OyepeAb - nplt1Ylt1Hbl MaTeplt1anb­ CTO lt13MeHeHlt1s:1). nOA06HbiM >Ke 06pa30M lt1 TSOpeHlt1e 60nee COBep­
HOVl; s 3TOM CMblcne Mbl [Hanplt1Mep] rOBoplt1M, YTO cTaTys:l - lt13 MeAlt1. weHHO lt1 npeBocxOAHO, He>Kenlt1 nopo>KAeHlt1e lt1 npOCTO lt13MeHeHlt1e,
12 13
eDOMB AKBV1HCKV1V1 Bonpoc 45. 0 Mo,C\yce nOpa>KAeHV1~sel..L\eVl aT nepsaro HSYBI1B
nOCKOnbKY era "K YeMy" eCTb Bceu,ena5'l cy6cTaHu,l-15'l cyw,ero, TOr,D,a BaTb]. n03TOMY HeB03MO)t(HO, YT06bl YTo-nl-160 6blnO C,D,enaHO 60rOM
KaK nO,D,pa3yMeBaeMoe no,D, era "aT yero" Cyrb npOCTO He6bITl-1e. l-13 Hl-1yero.
OTBeT Ha BOapa>KeHlo1e 3. Kor,D,a a YeM-nl-160 roBOpl-1TC5'l, YTO BOapa)f(eHlo1e 3. ,LJ,anee, CTaHOBJleHl-1e CfJ,enaHHoro He06xo,D,l-1­
aHa C,D,enaHO l-13 Hl-1yero, npe,D,nor "l-13" YKa3blBaeT He Ha MaTepl-1anb­ MO npOl-1CXO,D,l-1T BO BpeMeHl-1. Ho HeB03MO)t(HO CKa3aTb, YTO COTBO­
peHHoe B TO)t(e CaMoe BpeM5'll-1 CTano, l-1 6blno C,D,enaHO, nOCKonbKY B
HylO npl-1Yl-1HY, a TonbKO nl-1Wb Ha nOp5'l,D,OK [cne,D,OBaHl-15'l]; TaK, [Hanpl-1­
Mep] Kor,D,a Mbi rOBopl-1M: "l-13 yrpa CTan nOn,D,eHb", TO l-1MeeM B Bl-1,D,y, Hel-13MeHHbIX Bew,ax CTaHOBJleHl-15'l HeT, a C,D,eJlaHHOe - Hanl-1L1,O; cne­
YTO nocne yrpa HaCTan nOn,D,eHb. Ho TYT Mbl ,D,On>KHbI l-1MeTb B Bl-1,D,y, fJ,OBaTenbHO, nOJlyyaeTC5'l, YTO O,D,HO l-1 TO)t(e ,D,OJl)t(HO OfJ,HOBpeMeHHO l-1
YTO ,D,aHHblll1 npe,D,nor "l-13" MO)t(eT KaK 3aKnlOyaTb B ce6e OTpl-1u,aHl-1e, 6blTb, l-1 He 6blTb. TaKl-1M 06pa30M, ecnl-1 YTO-Jll-160 ,D,enaeTC5'l, TO CTa­
KOTopoe nO,D,pa3yMeBaeTC5'l, KOr,D,a 5'l roBOPIO cnOBO "Hl-1yerO", TaK l-1 HOBneHl-1e npe,D,WeCTByeT C,D,enaHHOCTl-1. Ho 3TOro He MO)t(eT 6blTb,
caM MO)t(eT 6blTb BKnlOyeH B Hero [(T. e. B OTpl-1u,aHl-1e)]. Ecnl-1 Mbl ro­ ecnl-1 TonbKO HeT cy6beKTa, B KOTOpOM [c06CTBeHHO] l-1 npol-1CXO,D,l-1T
CTaHOBneHl-1e. Cne,D,OBaTenbHO, HeB03MO)t(HO, YT06bl YTO-Jll-160 6blno
BOPl-1M B nepBoM CMblcne, TO 3Tl-1M nO,D,TBep)t(,D,aeM nop5'l,D,OK, Bbl5'lBn5'l5'l
OTHOWeHl-1e Me)t(,D,y l-1MelOw,l-1M 6blTl-1e Tenepb l-1 npe,D,weCTBOBaBWl-1M C,D,enaHO l-13 Hl-1yero.
3TOMy He6bITl-1eM. Ecnl-1 )t(e OTpl-1L1,aHl-1e BKnlOyaeT npe,D,nor, TO nop5'l­ BOapa)f(eHlo1e 4. KpoMe TOro, 6eCKOHeYHOCTb HenpeO,D,Onl-1Ma.
Ho Me)t(,D,y l-1MelOw,l-1M 6blTl-1e l-1 Hl-1yeM nponeraeT 6eCKOHeYHOcTb.
,D,OK l-1CKnlOyaeTC5'l, l-1 eppa3a npl-106peTaeT TOT CMblcn, YTO HeYTO C,D,e­
naHO l-13 Hl-1yero TaKara, 1. e. YTO aHa He C,D,enaHO l-13 Taro l-1nl-1 3TOro n03TOMY He MO)t(eT 6blTb, YT06bl HeYTO 6blno C,D,eJlaHO l-13 Hl-1yero.
(KaK ecnl-1 6bl Mbi CKa3anl-1, YTO HeKTO roBOPl-1T Hl-1 a YeM, 1. e. YTO OH He 3TOMy npOTl-1BOpeYl-1T CKa3aHHoe [B nl-1CaHl-1l-1]: "B Hayane CO­
roBOpl-1T Hl-1 a yeM KOHKpeTHo). A ew,e MO)t(HO roBOPl-1Tb B fJ,ByX CMbIC­ TBopl-1n 60r He60 l-1 3eMnlO" (6bl1. 1, 1).
nax cpa3Y, a l-1MeHHO: YTO Hl-1yero He C,D,enaHO l-13 Hl-1yero. Ho, KaK y)t(e
6blno CKa3aHO, B nepBoM CMblcne peYb l-1,D,eT a nOp5'lfJ,Ke, a BO BTOpOM OTBeyalO: TO, YTO HeYTO 6blno COTBopeHO 60rOM, He TonbKO He
nOfJ,pa3YMeBaeTC5'l OTpl-1L1,aHl-1e HeKOTOpOIl1 MaTepl-1anbHOIl1 npl-1Yl-1Hbl. HeB03MO)t(HO, HO [HanpOTl-1B], KaK 5'lBCTByeT l-13 BbIWel-13nO)t(eHHoro
(44, 1), He06xo,D,l-1MO yrBep)t(,D,aTb, YTO 60roM 6blno COTBopeHo Bce.
PS3,qen 2 BefJ,b KOrfJ,a KTO-nl-160 ,D,enaeT OfJ,HO l-13 fJ,pyroro, 3TO nocnefJ,Hee, l-13
yero OH fJ,enaeT, npe,D,WecTByeT era fJ,eIl1CTBl-11O l-1 caM a l-1M He np0l-13­
MO>KET nM 60r [B006l11,E]

BOAl-1TC5'l; TaK, peMeCneHHl-1K ,D,enaeT HeYTO l-13 eCTeCTBeHHblX Bew,ell1,
COTBOPMTb "ITO-nM60?

[TaKl-1X, Hanpl-1Mep] KaK ,D,epeBO l-1nl-1 Me,D,b, 6blTl-1e KOTOpblX 06YCJlOB­
Co BTOPblM [nonO)t(eHl-1eM fJ,eno] 06CT0l-1T cnefJ,YIOw,l-1M 06pa30M. neHO He fJ,eIl1CTBl-1eM l-1CKyccTBa, HO - fJ,eIl1CTBl-1eM npl-1pOfJ,bl. nO,D,06­
BOapa)f(eHlo1e 1. Ka)t(eTC5'l, YTO 60r He MO)t(eT COTBOPl-1Tb YTO­ HbiM )t(e 06pa30M l-1 npl-1pofJ,a 06ycnOBnl-1BaeT eCTeCTBeHHble Bew,l-1 C
TOYKl-1 3peHl-15'l liIX epOPMbl npl-1 npe,D,WecTBylOw,eM Hanl-1Yl-1l-1 MaTepl-1l-1.
nl-160, nOCKOnbKY, camacHo Q)l-1nocoepy, ew,e MbICnl-1Tenl-1 fJ,peBHOCTl-1
TaKl-1M 06pa30M, ecnl-1 6bl C03l-1fJ,aTenbHoe ,D,eIl1CTBl-1e 60ra npefJ,no­
BblBenl-1 aKCl-10My: "Hl-1YTO He ,D,enaeTC5'll-13 Hl-1yero"2. Ho cnoc06HOCTb
narano Hanl-1Yl-1e Yero-To npefJ,WecTBylOw,ero [,D,eIl1CTBl-1IO] , l-13 3TOro
60ra He pacnpOCTpaH5'leTC5'l Ha npOTl-1BOnonO)t(HOCTl-1 nepBblX OCHO­
6b1 CnefJ,OBanO, YTO [3TO] npefJ,wecTBylOw,ee He 6blno 111M 06ycnoBne­
BononO)t(eHl-1I11; Hanpl-1Mep, 60r He MO)t(eT CfJ,eJlaTb TaK, YT06bl u,enoe
HO. HOy)t(e 6b1nOfJ,OKa3aHo (44,1,2), YTO HeT Hl-1yero, YTO 6blno 6bl He
6blno MeHbwe yaCTl-1 l-inl-1 YT06bl yrBep)t(,D,eHl-1e l-1 OTpl-1u,aHl-1e 6blnl-1
aT 60ra, KOTOPbl1l1 Cyrb Bce06w,a5'l npl-1Yl-1Ha BC5'lyeCKoro 6bITl-15'l. Cne­
OfJ,HOBpeMeHHO l-1CH1HHbl. n03TOMY 60r He MO)t(eT ,D,enaTb YTo-nl-160
AOBaTenbHo, He06xofJ,l-1MO yrBep)t(,D,aTb, YTO 60r Bce npl-1BOfJ,l-1T K 6bl­
l-13 Hl-1yero, T. e. TBOPl-1Tb.
BOapa)f(eHlo1e 2. ,LJ,anee, ecnl-1 TBOPl-1Tb - 3HaYl-1T fJ,enaTb YTO­ Tl-11O l-13 Hl-1yero.
OTBeT Ha BOapa>KeHlo1e 1. ,LJ,peBHl-1e epl-1nOcoepbl, KaK 6blno CKa­
nl-160 l-13 Hl-1yero, TO 6blTb COTBopeHHblM - 3HaYl-1T 6blTb C,D,enaHHbIM.
3aHO Bblwe (44,2), paCCMaTpl-1Banl-1 TonbKO npol-1CxO)t(,D,eHl-1e yaCTHblX
Ho 6blTb C,D,enaHHbiM - 3HaYl-1T 6blTb l-13MeHeHHbIM. CnefJ,OBaTenbHo,
cne,D,CTBl-1111 aT yaCTHblX)t(e npl-1Yl-1H, a 3TO He06xofJ,liIMO npe,D,nOnaraeT
TBOpeHl-1e - 3TO l-13MeHeHl-1e. Ho nlO60e l-13MeHeHl-1e, KaK 3TO 5'lBCTBy­
nOMl-1MO caMoro ,D,eIl1CTBl-15'l Hanl-1Yl-1e Yero-To ew,e; OTCIO,D,a l-1 06w,ee
eT l-13 onpefJ,eneHl-15'l ,D,Bl-1)t(eHl-15'l, npOl-1CXO,D,l-1T B HeKOTopOM cy6beKTe:
,D,J15'l Bcex Hl-1X cy)t(,D,eHl-1e a TOM, YTO "Hl-1YTO He ,D,enaeTC5'l liI3 Hl-1Yero".
Be,D,b ,D,Bl-1)t(eHl-1e - 3TO ,D,ell1cTBl-1e l-1MelOw,ero B03MO)t(HOCTb [,D,eIl1CTBO­
14 15
COOMa AKSVlHCKVlIi'I 8onpoc 45. 0 M0l=\yce nopo>t<l=\eHVlS'I seLl..leli'l OT nepsoro Hsysns
Ho 3TO HViKaK He OTHOCVlTCs:l K nepBoMy npOVlCXO)l(,[l,eHVlIO OT Bce06­ KOHe4HOCTb, HO 3TO OTHlO,D,b He TaK. 1I1cTOK 3TOro nO)KHOrO npe,D,CTaB­
w,ero Ha4ana Bew,eVl. n8HVls:l Cne,D,yeT VlCKaTb B TBapVl, [a VlMeHHo] B onpe,D,eneHVIVI Vl3MeHe­
OTBeT Ha B03pa)l(eHllle 2. TBopeHVle CYTb Vl3MeHeHVle TOnbKO HVls:l, npoVlcxo,D,s:lw,ero [c HelO] Me)l(,[l,y ,D,ByMs:l epopMaMVI.
nVlWb cornaCHO MO,D,yCy MbIWneHVls:l. Be,D,b Vl3MeHeHVle 03Ha4aeT, 4TO
He4TO B ,D,aHHblVl MOMeHT OTnVl4aeTCs:l OT TOro, KaKVlM OHO 6blno pa­ PSS.cIen 3
Hee. nOpOIO, B caMOM ,D,ene, O,D,Ha VI 18 )Ke aKTyanbHas:l Bew,b Tenepb
nPMCYTCTBYET nM KAKMM-nM&O O&PA30M
OTnVl4aeTCs:l OT ce6s:l caMoVi npe)l(,[l,e (4TO s:lBns:leTCs:l [K npVlMepy] pe­
TBOPEHME B COTBOPEHHOM?
3ynbTaToM ,D,BVI)KeHVls:l B CMblcne KonVl4eCTBa, Ka4eCTBa VI MeC18); nopolO
)Ke, KOr,D,a pe4b VI,D,eT 0 cy6cTaHLJ,VlanbHOM Vl3MeHeHVlVI, cy6beKToM C TpeTbVlM [nonO)KeHVleM ,D,eno] 06CTOVIT cne,D,ylOw,VlM 06pa30M.
KOTOPOro s:lBns:leTCs:l MaTepVls:l, OHa s:lBns:leTCs:l O,D,HOVI VI TOVI )Ke Bew,blO
B03pa)l(eHII1e 1. K8)KeTCs:l, 4TOTBOpeHVle HViKaK He npVlCYTCTByeT
TonbKO B B03MO)KHOCTVI. Ho B cny4ae TBopeHVls:l, KOr,D,a npOVl3BO,D,VlTCs:l
B COTBopeHHOM. B caMOM ,D,ene, TBopeHVle B CMblcne npeTepneBa­
BCs:l cy6cTaHLJ,Vls:l cyw,ero, O,D,Ha VI 18 )Ke Bew,b MO)KeT nOnaraTbCs:l OT­
HVls:l npVlHa,n,ne)l(V1T TBapVl, a TBopeHVle B CMblcne ,D,eViCTBVls:l npVlHa,n,ne­
nVl4HoVl "Tenepb" VI "npe)l(,[l,e" TonbKO comaCHO HaweMy cnoc06y MbIW­
)KVlT TBOPLJ,Y. Ho TBopeHVle B CMblcne ,D,eViCTBVls:l He s:lBns:leTCs:l 4eM-nVl60
neHVls:l, [a VlMeHHo] KOr,D,a Mbl MblcnVlM Bew,b BHa4ane KaK He cyw,e­
B TBOpLJ,e, B npOTVlBHOM cnY4ae Vl3 3Toro 6bl Cne,D,OBano, 4TO B 60re
CTBylOW,ylO, a BnOCne,D,CTBVIVI - KaK cyw,eCTBylOw,ylO. 111 TaK KaK ,D,eVl­
eCTb He4TO npeXO,D,s:lw,ee. Cne,D,OBaTenbHO, [nO,D,06HbIM)Ke 06pa30M]
CTBVle VI npeTepneBaHVle COBna.o,alOT no cy6cTaHLJ,VlVI ,D,BVI)KeHVls:l VI
TBopeHVle B CMblcn8 npeTepneBaHVls:l He s:lBns:leTCs:l4eM-nVl60 B COTBO­
OTnVl4aIOTCs:l nVlWb comaCHO CBOVIM OTHOWeHVls:lM3, Vl3 3TOro Cne,D,yeT,
peHHOM.
4TO KOr,D,a ,D,BVI)KeHVle OTHVlMaeTCs:l, OCTaIOTCs:l TOnbKO pa3nVl4Hbie OT­
B03pall<eHII1e 2. ,lJ,anee, HVl4TO He nOCpe,D,CTByeT TBOPLJ,y VI CO­
HOWeHVls:l TBOpLJ,a VI COTBOpeHHoro. Ho nOCKonbKY MO,D,yC OTHOWeHVls:l
TBopeHHoMy. Ho TBopeHVle onpe,D,ens:leTCs:l VlMeHHO KaK Hel..HO nOcpe,D,­
Cne,D,yeT Vl3 MO,D,yca MbIWneHVls:l (0 4eM 6blno roBopeHo Bblwe (13, 1)),
CTBylOw,ee VIM 060VlM, nOCKonbKY OHO VI He TBOpeLJ, (Vl60 He Be4HO), VI
TBapb onpe,D,ens:leTCs:l nOCpe,D,CTBOM MO,D,yca Vl3MeHeHVls:l, VI TonbKO
He COTBOpeHHOe (Vl60 B 3TOM cny4ae C Heo6xo,D,VlMOCTbIO Cne,D,OBanO
n03ToMY VI rOBopVlTCs:l, 4TO COTBOPVlTb - 3Ha4V1T C,D,enaTb He4TO Vl3
6b1 ,D,Onyw,eHVle, 4TO OHO [B CBOIO 04epe,D,b] cOTBopeHo ,D,pyrolO TBa­
HVl4ero. 111 Bce )Ke Bblpa)l(eHVls:l "C,D,enaTb" VI "6blTb C,D,enaHHblM" B Ha­
CTOs:lw,eM cny4ae 60nee yMecTHbl, He)KenVl "Vl3MeHVlTb" VI "npeTepneTb pblO, VI TaK,D,O 6ecKoHe4HocTVI). Cne,D,OBaTenbHo, TBopeHVle He s:lBJ1s:l­
eTCs:l 4eM-nVl60 B COTBopeHHOM.
Vl3MeH8HVle", Vl60 [Bblpa)KeHVls:l] "C,D,enaTb" VI "6blTb C,D,enaHHblM" Bbls:lB­
B03pall<eHllle 3. ,lJ,anee, ecnVl TBopeHVle eCTb He4TO BHe COTBO­
ns:lIOT OTHoweHVle npVl4V1Hbl K cne,D,CTBVlIO VI Cne,D,CTBV1s:l K npVl4V1He VI
peHHoVl cy6cTaHLJ,VlVI, OHO ,D,on)KHO 6blTb npVlHa,n,ne)Kaw,eVl eVl aKLJ,VI­
[npVl 3TOM] YKa3blBalOT Ha Vl3MeHeHVle TonbKO KaK Ha cne,D,CTBVle.
OTBeT Ha B03pIDKeHllle 3.,lJ,ns:l Bew,eVl, ,D,enaeMblX 6e30 BCs:lKOro ,D,eHLJ,VleVi. Ho BCs:lKas:l aKLJ,VI,D,eHLJ,Vls:l HaXO,D,VlTCs:l B cy6beKTe. OTClO,D,a 6bl
cne,D,OBan0 , 4TO COTBOpeHHas:l Bew,b 6blna 6bl cy6beKToM TBOpeHVls:l,
,D,BVI)KeHVls:l, CTaTb VI 6blTb C,D,enaHHblM - O,D,HO VI TO )Ke, npVl4eM He3a­
1 e. O,D,Ha VI 18)l(e Bew,b 6blna 6bl VI cy6beKTOM, VI onpe,D,eneHVleM TBO­
BVlCVlMO OT TOro, Bblpa)KeHO nVi 3TO ,D,enaHVle B TepMVlHax, yKa3blBalO­
peHVls:l. Ho 3TO HeB03MO)KHO, nOCKonbKY cy6beKT npe,D,WecTByeT aK­
W,VlX Ha ,D,BVI)KeHVle, TaKVlX, HanpVlMep, KaK oCBew,eHVle (Vl60 B8W,b C18­
LJ,VI,D,eHLJ,VIVI VI CO,D,ep)KVlT aKLJ,VI,D,eHLJ,VlIO, TOr,D,a KaK onpe,D,eneHVle nocne­
HOBVlTCs:l OCBew,eHHOVl VI oCBew,aeTCs:l O,D,HOBpeMeHHO), VlnVl)Ke B Tep­
,D,yeT ,D,eVlCTBVlIO VI npeTepneBaHVlIO, 4bVlM onpe,D,eneHVleM OHO s:lBns:l­
MVlHax, He YKa3bIBalOw,VlX Ha ,D,BVI)KeHVle (TaK, cnOBO B yMe "C18HOBVlTCs:l"
eTCs:l, VI KaK TonbKO OHO B03HVlKaeT, ,D,eVlCTBVle VI npeTepneBaHVle
VI ",D,enaeTCs:l" O,D,HOBpeMeHHO).,llns:l TaKVlX Bew,eVl TO, 4TO C,D,enaHO, T9
VlC4e3aIOT. Cne,D,OBaTenbHO, caMO no ce6e TBOpeHVle He s:lBns:leTCs:l
VI eCTb; HO KOr,D,a Mbl roBOpVlM 0 C,D,enaHHOM, TO nO,D,pa3yMeBaeM, 4TO
KaKOVl-nVl60 Bew,blO.
OHO ,D,enaeTCs:l KeM-TO ,D,pyrVlM VI 4TO ero He 6blno npe)l(,[l,e. Cne,D,OBa­
TenbHO, 18K KaK TBOpeHVle npOVlCXO,D,VlT 6e30 BCs:lKOro ,D,BVI)KeHVls:l, Bew,b 3TOMY npOTVlBope4V1T TO, 4TO 60nee npeBOCXO,D,HblM ,D,J1s:l Bew,VI
B O,D,HO VI TO )Ke BpeMs:l VI TBOpVlTCs:l, VI s:lBns:leTCs:l COTBopeHHOVl. s:lBns:leTCs:l 6blTb C,D,enaHHOVl comaCHO CBoeVl 6ecnpVlMeCHOVl cy6cTaH­
OTBeT Ha B03pa)l(eHllle 4. ,lJ,aHHoe B03pa)KeHVle ~Tb Cne,D,CTBVle LJ,VlVI, He)KenVl 6blTb C,D,enaHHOVl comaCHO cy6cTaHLJ,VlanbHOVl VlnVl aKLJ,VI­
nO)KHoro MHeHVls:l, 6y,D,TO 6b1 Me)K,D,y CyW,VlM VI HVl4eM nponeraeT 6ec­ ,D,eHTHOVl epopMe. Ho nOpO)l(,[l,eHVle, paCCMaTpVlBaTb nVi ero KaK TaKOBoe,
16 17
8onpoc 45. 0 Mo,qyce nopo>t<,qeHIIl"l selL\eli'l OT nepsoro Hayana
!DoMa AKSIIlHCKIIlIi'l
V1JlV1 )l(e C TO'-lKV1 speHV1fl C,D,eJlaHHOCTV1 '-lero-JlV160 comaCHO cy6cTaH­ peanbHoro OTHOWeHV1fl OHa - cy6beKT TBOpeHV1$l, V1 B 3TOM CMblcne
LJ,V1aJlbHOL'.1 V1JlV1 aKLJ,V1,D,eHTHOVi epopMe, eCTb He'-lTO B nOpO)l(,D,eHHOVi npe,D,WecTByeT 6b1TV11O KaK cy6beKT - aKUV1,D,eHUV1\.1. TBOpeH\.1e, B CBOIO
Bew,V1. n03TOMY Ky,D,a 60Jlee npeBOCXO,D,HbIM B COTBopeHHOVi Bew,V1 O'-lepe,D,b, \.1MeeT onpe,D,eneHHblVi acneKT npe,D,WeCTBOBaH\.1fl C TO'-lKV1
flBJlfleTCfl TBopeHV1e, nOcpe,D,CTBOM KOTOPOro Bew,b C,D,eJlaHa comac­ speHV1$l cBoero 06beKTa, KOTOPblVi CyTb Ha'-lanO COTBOpeHHoro. 0.0.­
HO cBoeVi 6ecnpV1MeCHOVi cy6cTaHLJ,V1V1. HaKO HeT HV1KaKoVi He06xo,D,\.1MOCTV1 B TOM, '-lT06bl TBopeHV1e npO,D,on­
)l(anOCb ,D,OTOne, ,D,OKOne eCTb TBapb, nOCKonbKY TBopeHV1e Bblpa)l(aeT
OTBeyalO: TBopeHV1e eCTb He'-lTO B cOTBopeHHoVi Bew,V1 TOJlbKO OTHoweHV1e COTBopeHHoro K TBOPUY, npV1BHOC$l HeKoTopblVi [MOMeHT]
JlV1Wb B CMblCJle OTHoweHV1fl - nOCTOJlbKY, nOCKOJlbKY COTBopeHHoe HOBV1SHbl, V1nV1 npOV1CXO)l(,lJ,eHV1fl.
He eCTb C,D,eJlaHHOe B pesynbTaTe ,D,BV1)1(eHV1fl V1nV1 V1SMeHeHV1fl. B ca­
MOM ,D,ene, C,D,enaHHOe B pesynbTaTe ,D,BV1)1(eHV1fl V1nV1 V1SMeHeHV1fl C,D,e­ PS:3,qen 4
naHO V1S '-lerO-TO, '-lTO cyU\eCTBOBano npe)l(,lJ,e. V13TO, nOHflTHO, V1MeeT np....CY~E n.... 6blTb COTBOPEHHblM

MeCTO np\.1 '-laCTHbIX nOpO)l(,lJ,eH\.1flX KOHKpeTHblX cyw,\.1X, HO HV1KaK He
COCTABHOMY .... 06nAAAIO~EMY

npV1 nOpo)l(,lJ,eH\.1V1 Bcex cyw,\.1X 06w,eVl npV1'-l\.1HoVi Bcero, KaKOBafl CyTb
CAMOCTOSlTEJ1bHbIM 6bIT....EM?

60r. Be,D,b 60r nOcpe,D,CTBOM aKTa TBopeHV1fl npO\.1SBO,D,\.1T Bew,V1 6eso
BCflKOro ,D,BV1)1(eHV1fl. 3areM, KaK 6blno yKasaHO Bblwe (2), Kor,D,a OT ,D,eVi­ C '-leTBepTbiM [nonO)l(eHV1eM ,D,eno] 06CT0\.1T cne,D,YIOw,\.1M 06­
CTBV1fl \.1 npeTepneBaH\.1fl OTHV1MaeTCfl ,D,BV1)1(eHV1e, OCTaeTCfl TonbKO pa30M.
O,D,HO OTHoweHV1e. Cne,D,OBaTenbHo, TBOpeH\.1e B TBapV1 eCTb HeKoe B03pa)l(eHlile 1. Ka)l(eTCfl, '-lTO 6blTb COTBopeHHbiM He np\.1cyw,e
OTHoweHV1e [coTBopeHHoro] K TBOPLJ,y KaK K Ha'-lany ero 6blTV1fl (paBHO
COCTaBHoMy \.1 06na,o,alOw,eMY caMOCTOflTenbHblM 6blTV1eM. B caMOM
KaK V1 B npeTepneBaH\.1\.1, KOTopoe nO,D,pasyMeBaeT ,D,BV1)1(eHV1e, Han\.1­ ,D,ene, B KH\.1re "0 np\.1'-lV1HaX" CKasaHO: "nepBafl COTBopeHHafl Bew,b
'-leCTByeT OTHoweHV1e K Ha'-lany ,D,B\.1)1(eHV1$l). eCTb 6blT\.1e"4 Ho 6blTV1e cOTBopeHHoVi Bew,\.1 He cyw,eCTByeT caMO no
OTBeT Ha B03pa)l(eHlile 1. TBOpeH\.1e B aKTV1BHOM CMblcne OSHa­
ce6e. Cne,D,OBaTenbHo, B c06cTBeHHoM CMblcne cnOBa TBopeHV1e He
'-laeT 60)l(eCTBeHHoe ,D,eVI CTB\.1e, KaKOBoe eCTb CyU\HOCTb 60ra, BMeCTe
np\.1cyw,e TOMy, '-lTO COCTaBneHO \.1 06na,o,aeT caMOCTOflTenbHbiM 6bl·
C OTHoweHV1eM K cOTBopeHHoMy. Ho B 60re OTHoweHV1e K cOTBopeH­ TV1eM.
HOMy CyTb He peanbHoe OTHOWeH\.1e, HO TOJlbKO n\.1Wb - OTHoweHV1e B03pa)l(eHlile 2. ,LJ,anee, Bce cOTBopeHHoe cOTBopeHo V13 HV1'-le­
B yMe, TOr,D,a KaK OTHoweHV1e COTBopeHHoro K 60ry - 3TO peanbHoe roo Ho COCTaBHbie Bew,V1 npOV1CXO,D,$lT He V13 HV1'-lero, a \.13 CBO\.1X CO­
OTHOWeH\.1e, 0 '-leM 6blno roBopeHo Bblwe npV1 paccMOTpeH\.1\.1 60)l(e-
CTaBHbiX '-lacTeVi. Cne,D,OBaTenbHo, COCTaBHoe He flBn$leTC$l COTBopeH­
CTBeHHblX V1MeH (13, 7). HbIM.
OTBeT Ha B03pa)l(eHlile 2. nOCKonbKY, KaK 6blno nOKa3aHO Bblwe B03pa)l(eHlile 3. ,LJ,anee, Bce, '-lbe npo\.1CXO)l(,lJ,eH\.1e BTOpV1'-lHO, B
(2), TBopeHV1e onpe,D,enfleTCfl KaK V13MeHeHV1e, a \.13MeHeH\.1e - 3TO c06cTBeHHOM CMbicne CJlOBa np0V13BO,D,V1TCfl \.1MelOl1J,V1M nepB\.1'-lHoe
He'-lTO CBoero pO,D,a nOCpe,D,CTBylOw,ee ,D,BV1raTenlO V1 ,D,B\.1)1(V1MOMY, TO \.1
npOV1CXO)l(,lJ,eHV1e; TaK, npe,D,BapV1TenbHbiM YCJlOBV1eM npOV1SBO,D,CTBa
TBopeH\.1e onpe,D,enfleTCfl KaK He'-lTO nOCpe,D,CTBYIOw,ee TBOPLJ,y V1 co­
V1CKyccTBeHHblx Bew,eVi flBnfleTC$l nOpO)l(,lJ,eHV1e eCTeCTBeHHOVi Bew,V1
TBopeHHoMy. V1 np\.1TOM TBopeH\.1e, nOH\.1MaeMOe B CTpa,o,aTenbHOM
B eCTeCTBeHHOM )l(e nOpfl,D,Ke. Ho He06xo,D,V1MbIM YCJlOBV1eM eCTe­
CMblcne, HaXO,D,\.1TCfl B COTBopeHHOM V1 caMO CyTb COTBopeHHoe. TeM
CTBeHHoro nOpO)l(,lJ,eHV1fl flBnfleTC$l MaTepV1$l. Cne,D,OBaTenbHo, [V1MeH­
He MeHee, HeT HV1KaKoVi Hy)l(,lJ,bl B ,D,onyw,eHV1V1 ,D,pyroro TBopeHw1 3TO­
HO] MaTepV1fl, a HV1KaK He COCTaBHoe eCTb B c06CTBeHHOM CMbicne
ro TBopeH\.1fl, V160 OTHoweHV1fl, \.1nV1 cOOTHeceHHafl C '-leM-nV160 \.1X COTBopeHHoe.
uenoKynHafl npV1pO,D,a, He COOTHOCflTCfl C KaKV1MV1-nV160 V1HbIMV1 OTHO­
weHV1flMV1, 0 '-leM y)l(e 6blno CKa3aHO Bblwe np\.1 paCCMOTpeH\.1\.1 Bon­ 3TOMy npOTV1BOpe'-l\.1T CKasaHHoe [B nV1caHV1V1]: "B Ha'-lane co­
poca 0 paBeHCTBe Jl\.1U (42, 1). TBopV1n 60r He60 V13eMnlO" (6bIT. 1, 1). Ho He60 \.1 3eMnfl CyTb co­
OTBeT Ha B03pa)l(eHlile 3. TBapb flBnfleTCfl onpe,D,eneHV1eM TBO­ CTaBHbie Bew,\.1, 06na,o,alOw,V1e caMOCTOflTeJlbHblM 6blTV1eM. O,D,HaKO)l(e
peHV1fl, Bblpa)l(alOw,V1M V1SMeHeH\.1e, V1 B TO )l(e BpeMfl C TO'-lKV1 3peHV1fl 111M npV1cyw,e 6blTb COTBopeHHbIMIII.
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