Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease

392 Pages·2016·8.814 MB·English

by  Emmanuel A. Andreadis (eds.)

Hypertension
and Cardiovascular
Disease
Emmanuel A. Andreadis
Editor
123
Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease

Emmanuel A. Andreadis
Editor
Hypertension and
Cardiovascular Disease
Editor
Emmanuel A. Andreadis
Fourth Internal Medicine Department
Evangelismos State General Hospital
Athens
Greece
ISBN 978-3-319-39597-5 ISBN 978-3-319-39599-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-39599-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016952231
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
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Pref ace
“ Hypertension And Cardiovascular Disease” reviews the recent advances in under-
standing the pathophysiology and the fundamental diagnostic, clinical, and thera-
peutic aspects of arterial hypertension.
It was with great pleasure that I proceeded in the fulfi llment of this venture for
two reasons:
First, I felt that despite the considerable bulk of existing literature, the need
for such a book is great as knowledge in the fi eld has progressed rapidly over the
past years. New large randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses have been
published recently providing evidence for a lower blood pressure target for many
patients. The impact of these “landmark” studies on hypertension guidelines
remains to be seen in the near future. As a hypertension specialist, my ultimate
goal is to apply evidence-based medicine to each patient attending the Hypertension
Center that I have run at Evangelismos General Hospital for almost two decades
and which has been recognized as an Excellence Center by the European Society
of Hypertension. Evidence-based practice is not a new concept. It is the integration
of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. Personally, I
strongly urge my attending and resident physicians to use their clinical skills and
past experience to rapidly identify each patient's unique health state and diagnosis,
individual risks and benefi ts of potential treatment strategies, taking into account
their patient’s personal health status and expectations. Getting the most of each
clinical encounter will guide them into making appropriate clinical decisions for
their patients.
Second , my vision is to offer to young physicians and other scientists engaged in
the clinical cardiovascular fi eld a book that integrates basic medical science knowl-
edge with applied clinical medicine, keeping in mind that physician-scientists are a
vital force in transforming clinical observations into testable research hypotheses
and translating research fi ndings into medical advances, thus having a substantial
effect on people’s lives. Therefore, the main goal of this book is to inspire young
physicians and urge them to become a critical resource in the future for assuring
excellence in medical education and to teach their students that the basis of m edicine
is science and that scientifi c rigor should apply to patient care as well as research.
v
vi Preface
I t is clear that this book represents a valuable tool for scientists engaged in the
fi eld since it collates and updates knowledge in this area. Each chapter adopts a
concise approach to its topic and can therefore be read on its own. As you will fi nd
easily, this book focuses on the deleterious consequences that hypertension has on
the cardiovascular system, since hypertension often coexists with heart disease,
arrhythmia, and dyslipidemia, further increasing total cardiovascular risk. The way
we should approach a patient with hypertension and cardiovascular disease is the
main objective of this book.
For the completion of this project, I did invite contributors who are widely rec-
ognized as global leaders in the fi eld of hypertension. They have worked hard to
expertly and concisely review their area of expertise. Each chapter merits multiple
reads and can act as a starting point for anyone seeking an up-to-date and scientifi -
cally accurate review in the aforementioned areas. I am grateful to the authors who
invested their time so generously in this effort. I would like to express my deepest
and sincere gratitude for their valuable contribution to the fulfi llment of this project.
Their outstanding work has given this book the opportunity to succeed as an educa-
tional resource for the scientifi c community and to enhance the clinical skills of
practicing physicians.
My sincere thanks to my wonderful wife for her invaluable help, immense sup-
port, and infi nite patience while I worked on this book and to my beloved daughter
for her encouragement in my research and clinical activities and for her understand-
ing. Most importantly, I thank my colleague Charalampia V. Geladari for her enthu-
siasm, creativity, commitment, and dedication to bringing this book into fruition.
She urged me, supported me, and organized every detail in completing this ambi-
tious goal.
I would also like to thank Grant Weston, the Editor of Springer International
Publishing, who worked so diligently with us toward the publication of this book.
Last, but not least, this book would have not been published without the deci-
sive contribution of the Professor Vasilios Papadementriou, the peer-reviewer of
this book.
Athens, Greece Emmanuel A. Andreadis
Contents
1 Hypertension: A Growing Threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Emmanuel A. Andreadis
2 Techniques for Measuring Blood Pressure
in the Office Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Martin G. Myers and Janusz Kaczorowski
3 Home Blood Pressure Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Nadia Boubouchairopoulou and George S. Stergiou
4 24-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Geoffrey A . Head
5 Central Blood Pressure Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Dimitrios A. Vrachatis , Theodore G. Papaioannou ,
and Athanasios D. Protogerou
6 The Progression of Hypertensive Heart Disease
to Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Styliani A. Geronikolou and Dennis Cokkinos
7 Systemic Hemodynamics in Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Paolo Palatini
8 Structural Alterations in the Hypertensive Heart Disease
Result in Intercalated Disc Remodeling and Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . 97
Maria Irene Kontaridis , Eleni V. Geladari ,
and Charalampia V. Geladari
9 Prevention and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients
with Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Sverre E. Kjeldsen , Tonje A. Aksnes , Serap E. Erdine ,
and Athanasios J. Manolis
vii
viii Contents
10 Echocardiographic Assessment of Hypertensive Patients . . . . . . . . . 137
Ioannis Felekos , Costas Tsioufi s , and Petros Nihoyannopoulos
11 Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Human Hypertension . . . . . . . . . 151
Sofi a Tsiropoulou , Maria Dulak-Lis , Augusto C. Montezano ,
and Rhian M. Touyz
12 The Role of Diet in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . 171
Mónica Domenech and Antonio Coca
13 The Role of Exercise and Physical Activity in the Prevention
of Hypertensive Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Peter Kokkinos , Puneet Narayan , Andreas Pittaras ,
and Charles Faselis
14 Hypertension and Atherosclerosis: Pathophysiology,
Mechanisms and Benefits of BP Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Misbah Zaheer , Paola Chrysostomou ,
and Vasilios Papademetriou
15 Selecting Optimum Antihypertensive Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Vasilios Papademetriou and Michael Doumas
16 The J-Curve Phenomenon in Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Yuan-Yuan Kang and Ji-Guang Wang
17 Follow-Up of the Hypertensive Patients
with Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Carmine Morisco , Bruno Trimarco ,
and Giovanni de Simone
18 Hypertension and Sudden Cardiac Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Mohammad Shenasa
19 Approach to Erectile Dysfunction in Patients
with Hypertension and Coronary Artery Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Chrysoula Boutari , Michael Doumas ,
and Athanasios J. Manolis
20 Postmenopausal Hypertension and Coronary
Artery Disease Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Panagiota Pietri and Charalambos Vlachopoulos
21 “The Economic Burden of Hypertension” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Amelie F. Constant , Eleni V. Geladari ,
and Charalampia V. Geladari
22 Hypertension; Grey Zones, Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Emmanuel A. Andreadis
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Contributors
Tonje A. Aksnes , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Cardiology , Oslo University
Hospital Ullevaal , Oslo , Norway
Emmanuel A. Andreadis , M.D., Ph.D. 4th Department of Internal Medicine ,
“Evangelismos” State General Hospital , Athens , Greece
Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Outpatient Clinic ,
“Evangelismos” State General Hospital , Athens , Greece
Nadia Boubouchairopoulou , M.Sc. Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, National
and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Third Department of Medicine , Sotiria
Hospital , Athens , Greece
Chrysoula Boutari , M.D. 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine ,
Aristotle University , Thessaloniki , Greece
Paola Chrysostomou Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and
National Institutes of Health (NIH), Intramural Research Program (IRP) , Institute
of Clinical Research , Washington , DC , USA
Antonio Coca , M.D., Ph.D. Hypertension and Vascular Risk Unit, Hypertension,
Nutrition and Aging Unit, Department of Internal Medicine , Hospital Clinic,
IDIBAPS (Institut d´Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), University
of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
Dennis Cokkinos , M.D., Ph.D. Clinical, Experimental Surgery, Translational
Research Centre , Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens , Athens ,
Greece
Amelie F. Constant , Ph.D. Department of Economics, Migration Economics ,
United Nations University, UNU-MERIT , Maastricht , The Netherlands
Society of Government Economists SGE , Washington , DC , USA
IZA , Bonn , Germany
Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
ix