Hydrology in Practice

589 Pages·1995·29.915 MB·\589

by  Elizabeth Shaw (Author)

Hydrology in Practice

Hydrology in Practice
Third edition
Elizabeth M. Shaw
Formerly of the Department of Civil Engineering
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
Text© Elizabeth M. Shaw 1983, 1988, 1994
The right of Elizabeth M. Shaw to be identified as author of this work has
been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
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Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
First published in 1983 by Taylor & Francis
Second edition 1988
Third edition 1994
Reprinted in 1999 by Stanley Thornes (Publishers) Ltd
Reprinted in 2002 by:
Nelson Thornes Ltd
Reprinted 2004
By Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park,
Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Transferred to Digital Printing 2005
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 7487 4448 7
Page make-up by Colset Private Ltd
Contents
Preface Xl
Preface to second edition Xll
Preface to third edition Xlll
Acknowledgements XV
1 The Hydrological Cycle, Hydrometeorology and Climate 1
1.1 The hydrological cycle 2
1. 2 Hydrometeorology 4
1.3 Evaporation 13
1. 4 Precipitation 14
1.5 Weather patterns producing precipitation 18
1. 6 Climate 26
1. 7 Climatic change 28
References 32
PART I HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS 35
2 Hydrometric Networks and Catchment Morphometry 37
2.1 Gauging networks 37
2. 2 Design considerations 38
2.3 Precipitation networks 39
2.4 Evaporation networks 42
2.5 Surface water networks 42
2.6 Groundwater networks 43
2. 7 Catchment characteristics 44
2.8 Digital Terrain Model 44
References 45
3 Precipitation 46
3 .1 Storage gauges 4 7
3. 2 Rainfall recorders 50
3.3 Siting the rain gauge 52
3. 4 Snowfall 54
3. 5 International practice 56
3.6 Recent developments 56
References 58
4 Evaporation 60
4.1 Factors affecting evaporation 60
4.2 Measurement of Eo 62
4.3 Measurement of E, 68
Vl Contents
4.4 Measurement of potential evaporation 70
4.5 Measurement of meteorological variables 71
References 79
5 Soil Moisture 80
5.1 Soil structure and composition 80
5.2 Soil properties 82
5.3 Water in the soil 83
5.4 Soil water retention 87
5.5 Methods of measurement 90
References 94
6 River Flow 96
6.1 Open channel flow 96
6.2 River gauging 99
6.3 Stage 100
6.4 Discharge 106
6.5 Stage-discharge relationship 113
6.6 Flumes and weirs 121
6.7 Dilution gauging 127
6.8 Modern gauging techniques 129
References 130
7 Groundwater 132
7.1 Infiltration 132
7.2 Groundwater movement 134
7.3 Groundwater flow equations 139
7.4 Flow nets 141
7.5 Groundwater measurement 146
7.6 Unconfined flow 148
7.7 Groundwater exploration 150
7.8 Well hydraulics 152
References 158
Further reading 159
8 Water Quality 160
8.1 Features of water quality 160
8.2 Measurement of water quality variables 163
8.3 Water quality records 166
8.4 Water quality requirements 170
8.5 Monitoring 173
8.6 Water quality research and modelling 175
References 177
9 Data Processing 179
9.1 General considerations 179
9.2 Rainfall data 179
9.3 Rainfall data quality control 183
9.4 Determination of rainfall averages 187
Contents Vll
9. 5 River flow data 190
9. 6 Data transmission 195
9. 7 Quality control of river flow data 197
9.8 HYDATA 202
9.9 Data archives and publication 202
References 203
PART II HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS 205
10 Precipitation Analysis 207
10.1 Determination of areal rainfall 207
10.2 Depth-area analysis 213
10.3 Depth-area-duration (DAD) 216
10.4 Global distribution of precipitation 219
10. 5 Rainfall frequency 221
10.6 Intensity-duration-frequency analysis 228
10.7 Extreme values of precipitation 232
References 243
11 Evaporation Calculations 245
11.1 Calculation of E 245
0
11. 2 Calculation of E, 252
11.3 Calculation of potential evaporation 256
11.4 Soil moisture deficit 261
11. 5 Meteorological Office rainfall and evaporation
calculating system (MORECS) 265
11.6 Crop Water Requirements 267
Appendices 269
References 277
Further reading 279
12 River Flow Analysis 280
12.1 Peak discharges 287
12.2 River regimes 289
12.3 Flow frequency 293
12.4 Flood frequency 298
12.5 Flood probabilities 300
12.6 Analysis of an annual maximum series 302
12. 7 Flood prediction 307
12.8 Droughts 308
12.9 Frequency of low flows 310
References 313
13 Rainfall-Runoff Relationships 315
13 .1 Rational method 316
13.2 Time-area method 317
13.3 Hydrograph analysis 319
13.4 The unit hydrograph 321
13.5 The instaneous unit hydrograph 336
Contents
Vlll
13.6 Rainfall-runoff relationships over longer periods 337
References 341
14 Catchment Modelling 342
14.1 The Nash model 343
14.2 Further developments of the unit hydrograph 345
14.3 The MIT models 346
14.4 The runoff-routing model 347
14.5 River catchment flood model (RBM-DOGGS) 352
14.6 Conceptual models 353
14.7 Conceptual. (deterministic) modelling in the UK 357
14.8 Other conceptual models 360
14.9 Component models 361
14.10 The SHE model 365
14.11 TOPMODEL 367
References 368
15 Stochastic Hydrology 371
15.1 Time series 371
15.2 Hydrological time series 373
15.3 Time series analysis 377
15.4 Time series synthesis 383
15.5 Application of time series analysis and synthesis 384
15.6 Rainfall models 387
15.7 River flow models 392
References 395
PART III ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS 397
16 Flood Routing 399
16.1 Simple non-storage routing 400
16.2 Storage routing 402
16.3 Hydraulic routing 414
16.4 Developments in flood routing practice 416
16.5 Conclusion 420
References 421
17 Design Floods 422
17.1 Land drainage 422
17.2 Assessing a design flood 427
17.3 The Flood Studies Report 428
17.4 Cost-benefit analysis 443
17.5 Reservoirs and floods 447
References 450
18 Urban Hydrology 452
18.1 Climate modifications 452
18.2 Catchment response modifications 454
18.3 Urban development planning 456
Contents ix
18.4 Drainage design 458
18.5 TRRL hydrograph methods 465
18.6 Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 469
18.7 The Wallingford procedure 471
18.8 The MOUSE System 477
References 478
19 Water Resources 480
19.1 Water demand 480
19.2 Water availability 482
19.3 Selection of storage sites 483
19 A Reservoir yield 484
19.5 Reservoir contents 489
19.6 Alternative surface storage 494
19.7 Groundwater storage 495
19.8 Conjunctive use schemes 498
19.9 Regional planning 500
References 504
Further reading 506
20 River Basin Management 507
20.1 The Tennessee Valley Authority 507
20.2 Southern hemisphere schemes 509
20.3 Composite management 510
20.4 River management in England and Wales 511
20.5 River regulation 512
20.6 Real-time forecasting 519
References 526
Bibliography 527
Problems 529
Appendix-Statistical Formulae 550
Author Index 558
Subject Index 563