Table Of Content

HYDROLOGY FOR ENGINEERS RA Y K. LIN LEY, JR. . .. _ ._ Profe !lor of Hydraulic Engiue ring .... / .. ~. ~O~rlt Stanford University .;": , '__,_ __ ." ~ ",., MAX A. KOHLER ~f:~ '''/ •••••• Chi f Res arch Hydrologist /~ / .' .0 \. I' United States Weather Burea ~ j \""" .'; " , 1,"0 . ,\ _ JO EPH L. H. PAULH Staff Hydrologist United States Weather Bureau MeGRAW -HIJ.. . L BOOK MPANY New York Toronto London 1958 NBSS&LUP Re&ional Centre LIbrary BftogaJore 56\) 024 ....., Aeces.ion No ~> HYDROLOGY FOR ENGINEERS MeGRA W -HILL CIVIL ENGINEER INO SERIES HARMER E. DAVIS, Consulting Editor BABDITT, DOLAND, AND CLEASBY . Wnter upply Engineering BENJAMIN' Statically Indeterminate tructures CHOW' pen-channel Hydraulics DAVIS, rrROXELL, AND WISKO IL . The Te tillg and In pection of Engine ring Material DUNHAM ' Advanced Reinforced Concrete D NHAM . Foundation of tructures DUNHAM . The Theory and Practice of Reinforced Concrete DUNHAM AND YOUNG' Contract , Specifications, and Law for Engineers HALLER'r . Photogrammetl'Y HENNES AND 'KSE' Fundamentals of Transportation Engin ering KRYNINE AND JUDD ' Principles of 'ngineering Geology and Geotechnic8 LEONARDS . Foundation Engineering LIN LEY, I OHLER, AND PAULHUS' Applied Hydrology LIN LEY, KOHLER, AND PAULHUS' Hydrology for Engineers LUEDER' Aerial Photograhic Interpretation MAT ON, S UTH, AND HURD' Traffic Engineering MEAD, MEAD, AND AKERMAN . Contract , Specifications, and Engineering Relations NOlUUS, HANSEN, HOLLEY, BIGGS, NAMYET, AND MINAMI' Structural Design for Dynamic Lads PEURIFOY' on truction Planning, Equipment, and Methods PEURU'OY . E timating Construction Costs TROXELL AND DAVIS' Comp,o ition and Properties of Concr te TSCHEBO'l'ARIOFF' oil l\1echanic l I· ounqa.tions, and Earth Structures WANG AD' CKEL . Elementn.ry Theory of Structure WINTER, URQ HART, O'ROURKE;'AND NILSON' Design of Concrete Structures ' HYDROLOGY F R ENGINEERS. Copyright @ 1958 by the McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc. Printed in the United States of America. All rights re served. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without - permi n oPthe publish rs. Libr4rg of Gongress Catalog Card Number 58-9999 19 20-MAMB - 7 5 4 3 2 87968 To the memory of MERRILL BERNARD friend and colleague whose enthusiasm was a source of inspiration to the authors .'" "'-J ~' ~.\:~. ," "r "-____- ---.~• C' :. ~ I ~'r'" '"rt ' -.;_ The publication in 1949 of "Applied Hydrol gy" wa well re eiv d, and that book has found ext nsive u e us a text in school of engin ring_ No single book can meet all ne ds, and "Hydrology for Engin 'rs" has b en written specifically to erve as an elementary text. Th emphasis throughout is on quantitative method of arriving at an w rs to hydro logic problems. The handbook approach, a exemplified by the many empirical formulas widely used in the early days of hydrology, has been avoided. "Hydrology for Engineers" is not a mere ond nation of "Applied Hydrology." While there i much similarity in the organization, 1.11 text has been completely rewritten. Where appropriate, new methods and con epts developed since 1949 have been included. The experience of the authors in teaching hydrology over s veral years ha be n utilized as a basis for. electing topics to be included and methods of 1 r sentatioll. The student should find hydrology an interesting subject but one much different from mo t of his engineering cour es. The natural phenomenu. with which hydrology is concerned do not lend them elves to rigorous analyses such a are pos 'ible in engineering mechanic. There is, th r - fore, a greater variety of methods, more latitude for judgment, and a seeming lack of accuracy in problem solution. Actually, the accuracy of sound hydrologic solutions compare favorably with other type of engine ring computations. ncertainties in engineering are fr quently hidden by use of factors of safety, rigidly standardized working proce dures, and conservative as umptions regarding properties of materials. The authors gratefully acknowledge the splendid cooperation of their many friends and colleague whose helpful Bugge. tions have added much to this text. pecial appreciation goes to Walter T. Wilson and avid Rer hfield of the U.S. Weather Bureau for review and comment on frequency analysis, to Profes or Stanley N. Davis of tanford niversity for his helpful review of the chapter on groundwater, and to T. J. Norden son of the Weather Bureau for many uggestions. Profes or J. B. Franzini of tanford reviewed the entire manuscript, and many of his worthwhile suggestions are incorporated in the final text. Miss Dianne Linsley prepared the final manuscript. Ray K. Linsley, Jr. Max A. Kohler Joseph L. H. Pattlhus vn CONTENTS Preface vii Symbols and Abbreviations Xl Chapter I. Introduction 1 The hydrologic cycle-History-Hydrology 1U engineel'ing- Subject matter of hydrology Chapter 2. Weather and Hydrology General circulation- Temperatur Humidity- Wind Chapter 3. Precipitation 23 Formation-Forms-Measurement- Interpretation of precip itation data- Variation in precipi tation- now cover and <:now fall Chapter 4. Streamflow 52 Water stage-Discharg Interpretation of streamflow data Chapter 5. Evaporation and Transpiration 90 Factors controlling evaporation- Estimates of evaporation Evaporation control- Transpiration- Evapotran spirati on- Po tential evapotranspiration Chapter 6. Groundwater 122 Occurrence of groundwater-Moisture in the zone of aeration Aquifers- Movement of groundwate Determination of perme ability-Sources and discharge of groundwate Hydraulics of wells- Groundwater yield Chapter 7. Characteristics of the Hydrograph 149 Components of runoff-Recessions- Hydrograph separation Chapter 8. Runoff Relation 162 Phenomena of runoff-Estimating the volume of storm runofi ht CONTENTS Eatimating snowmelt runoff- easonal- and annual-runoff rela tions Chapter 9. Hydrograph of Runoff 193 Unit bydrographs- Overland Bow-Flood formulas Chapter 10. Streamflow Routing 216 Wave movement- hannel storage-Reservoir routing- Chan- nel routing- Deriving basin outflow by routing-Gage relations Chapter 11. Frequency and Duration Stu die 245 Frequency analysis- Generalization of frequency data- Related studi s hapter 12. Sedimentation 278 Erosion- Suspended sediment- Bed load- Sediment measure ment- Re ervoir sedimentation hapter 13. Application of Hydrologic Technique 292 Storage-reservoir design- pillway design- Flood-control-reser voir design- Storm-drain design- River forecasting Appendix A. Graphical Correlation 311 Appendix B. Physical Con tants, Conversion Tables, and Equivalents 323 Name Index 329 Subjed Index 333 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS SYMBOLS A area a coefficien t B width b coefficient C Chazy coefficient C runoff co fficien t C el ctrical capacitanc C synthetic unit-hydrograph coefficient of peak p Ct synthetic unit-hydrograph coefficient of lag c coefficien t c. sediment concentration D depth D degree days d diameter d coefficien t E evaporation E erosion E voltage ET evapotranspiration e vapor pressure e base of Napierian logarithms e. atmospheric vapor pressure e. saturation vapor pressure F fall F force F total infiltration f relative humidity f() function of f. final infiltration capacity fi infiltration rate fo initial infiltration capacity fp infiltration capacity G safe yield of a groundwater basin G bed-load transport i g gage height g acceleration of gravi ty H. heat of vaporization h height, head I inflow 1 antecedent-precipitation index i rainfall intensity electric current