Hydrology and floodplain analysis

816 Pages·14.257 MB·English

by  Bedient, Philip B., Huber, Wayne Charles, Vieux, Baxter E

FIFTH EDITION
Hydrology and
Floodplain Analysis
PHILIP B. BEDIENT
Rice University
WAYNE C. HUBER
Oregon State University
BAXTER E. VIEUX
University of Oklahoma
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K.L.E Institute of Technology, Hubli
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The right of Philip B. Bedient, Wayne C. Huber and Baxter E. Vieux to be identified as authors of this work has been
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Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, 5th edition, ISBN
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ISBN 10: 0-273-77427-1
ISBN 13: 978-0-273-77427-3
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Dedication
To Cindy, Eric, and Courtney,
to my parents for their guidance, and
to my teachers, and to all my students
over the past 35 years.
P.B.B.
To My Family
W.C.H.
To my wife, Jean, and to our children
William, Ellen, Laura, Anne, and Kimberly,
and to my parents
B.E.V.
CONTENTS
PREFACE 9
1
HYDROLOGIC PRINCIPLES 15
1.1 Introduction to Hydrology 15
1.2 Weather Systems 22
1.3 Precipitation 37
1.4 The Hydrologic Cycle 51
1.5 Simple Rainfall-Runoff 57
1.6 Streamflow and the Hydrograph 58
1.7 Hydrograph Analysis 61
1.8 Hydrologic Measurement 70
Summary 77
Problems 78
References 85
2
HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS 88
2.1 Watershed Concepts 88
2.2 Unit Hydrograph Theory 92
2.3 Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Development 103
2.4 Applications of Unit Hydrographs 117
2.5 Linear and Kinematic Wave Models 122
2.6 Hydrologic Loss—Evaporation and ET 126
2.7 Hydrologic Loss—Infiltration 136
2.8 Green and Ampt Infiltration Method 142
2.9 Snowfall and Snowmelt 152
Summary 160
Problems 161
References 169
3
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 174
3.1 Introduction 174
3.2 Probability Concepts 180
4
Contents 5
3.3 Random Variables and Probability Distributions 182
3.4 Return Period or Recurrence Interval 193
3.5 Common Probabilistic Models 197
3.6 Graphical Presentation of Data 213
3.7 Regional Analysis 225
3.8 Related Topics 227
Summary 228
Problems 229
References 239
4
FLOOD ROUTING 243
4.1 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Routing 243
4.2 Hydrologic River Routing 250
4.3 Hydrologic Reservoir Routing 259
4.4 Governing Equations for Hydraulic River Routing 267
4.5 Movement of a Flood Wave 271
4.6 Kinematic Wave Routing 274
4.7 Hydraulic River Routing 284
Summary 294
Problems 294
References 302
5
HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION MODELS 304
5.1 Introduction to Hydrologic Models 304
5.2 Steps in Watershed Modeling 308
5.3 Description of Major Hydrologic Models 309
5.4 HEC-HMS Flood Hydrograph Theory 313
5.5 Application of HEC-HMS to Watersheds 322
5.6 HEC-HMS Watershed Analysis: Case Study 333
Summary 342
Problems 342
References 346
6
URBAN HYDROLOGY 349
6.1 Characteristics of Urban Hydrology 349
6.2 Review of Physical Processes 355
6.3 Rainfall Analysis in Urban Basins 363
6.4 Methods for Quantity Analysis 373
6 Contents
6.5 Sewer System Hydraulics 387
6.6 Control Options 391
6.7 Operational Computer Models 397
6.8 Case Study 401
Summary 414
Problems 414
References 428
7
FLOODPLAIN HYDRAULICS 439
7.1 Uniform Flow 439
7.2 Uniform Flow Computations 443
7.3 Specific Energy and Critical Flow 448
7.4 Occurrence of Critical Depth 452
7.5 Nonuniform Flow or Gradually Varied Flow 453
7.6 Gradually Varied Flow Equations 453
7.7 Classification of Water Surface Profiles 458
7.8 Hydraulic Jump 462
7.9 Introduction to the HEC-RAS Model 464
7.10 Theoretical Basis for HEC-RAS 465
7.11 Basic Data Requirements (Steady State) 467
7.12 Optional HEC-RAS Capabilities 471
7.13 Bridge Modeling in HEC-RAS 472
7.14 HEC-RAS Features 478
Summary 489
Problems 490
References 4 94
8
GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY 495
8.1 Introduction 495
8.2 Properties of Ground Water 498
8.3 Ground Water Movement 503
8.4 Flow Nets 508
8.5 General Flow Equations 511
8.6 Dupuit Equation 513
8.7 Streamlines and Equipotential Lines 518
8.8 Unsaturated Flow 519
8.9 Steady-State Well Hydraulics 520
8.10 Unsteady Well Hydraulics 528
8.11 Water Wells 539
Contents 7
8.12 Ground Water Modeling Techniques 542
Summary 552
Problems 552
References 557
9
DESIGN APPLICATIONS IN HYDROLOGY 560
9.1 Introduction 560
9.2 Drainage Collection Systems 561
9.3 Design of Culverts 576
9.4 Detention Basins Used to Mitigate Project Impacts 591
9.5 Floodplain Management Design Issues 603
Summary 624
Problems 625
References 627
10
GIS APPLICATIONS IN HYDROLOGY 628
10.1 Introduction to GIS 628
10.2 General GIS Concepts 630
10.3 Digital Representation Hydrologic Parameters 636
10.4 Digital Representation of Topography 640
10.5 GIS-Based Hydrology and Hydraulics 643
10.6 Common GIS Software Programs 651
Summary 653
Online Resources 654
References 655
11
RADAR RAINFALL APPLICATIONS IN HYDROLOGY 657
11.1 Introduction 657
11.2 Radar Estimation of Rainfall 663
11.3 NEXRAD (WSR-88D) Radar System 671
11.4 Gage Adjustment of Radar 676
11.5 Hydrologic Applications 681
Summary 699
References 699
12
SEVERE STORM IMPACTS AND FLOOD MANAGEMENT 703
12.1 Introduction 703
12.2 Flood Management Issues and Basic Terminology 704
8 Contents
12.3 Structural and Nonstructural Methods of
Flood Control 707
12.4 The Flood Control Paradox 715
12.5 Major Gulf Hurricanes: Katrina and Ike 717
12.6 Improved Strategies Toward Flood
Management 724
Summary 731
References 731
13
CASE STUDIES IN HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING:
WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS 734
13.1 Introduction 734
13.2 The City of San Antonio—Deep in the
Heart of Texas 736
13.3 The Colorado River—Taming the Wild
West 747
13.4 Across the Pond—The River Thames 756
13.5 Global Climate Change and Water
Resources 757
References 762
APPENDIX A SYMBOLS AND NOTATION 765
APPENDIX B CONVERSION FACTORS 768
APPENDIX C PROPERTIES OF WATER 770
APPENDIX D NORMAL DISTRIBUTION TABLES 772
APPENDIX E USEFUL HYDROLOGY-RELATED
INTERNET LINKS 774
GLOSSARY 780
INDEX 798
PREFACE
T he field of hydrology is of fundamental importance to civil and environ-
mental engineers, hydrogeologists, and other earth scientists because of the
environmental significance of water supply, major floods and droughts and
their management, drainage and urban stormwater issues, floodplain man-
agement, and water quality impacts. In recent years, hurricanes and storm
surge have caused significant urban disasters, especially along coastal areas
where urban development has expanded rapidly. This text was written to
address the computational emphasis of modern hydrology at an undergrad-
uate or graduate level, and to provide a balanced approach to important
applications in hydrologic engineering and science.
Increasing use and sophistication of personal computers has revolutionized THE EVOLUTION
the daily practice of hydrology. The Internet has revolutionized the accessibil- OF HYDROLOGY
ity of hydrologic data and computer models. The impact of transferring online
data from governmental and scientific sources to the practicing hydrologist or
student has been phenomenal. Hydrologic data, digital terrain models, and
mapping software linked with hydrologic modeling have allowed complex
problems to be solved. Geographical information systems (GIS) and radar
rainfall have greatly improved our ability to predict hydrologic response using
distributed information. A number of major improvements have been made
to existing hydrologic models, such as HEC and SWMM, and advances in
distributed hydrologic modeling such as Vflo. A list of important websites and
links currently used routinely in hydrology is contained in Appendix E and
can be found at the textbook website: h ydrology.rice.edu .
• Chapter 1 : E xtensive updates and changes, and completely rewrit- NEW TO THIS
ten with a more introductory coverage of topics, including simple EDITION
rainfall runoff and hydrograph analysis with new examples and
completely revised homework problems.
• Chapter 2 : C overage of the unit hydrograph and includes hydro-
logic losses such as evaporation and infiltration. New examples
have been added on Green and Ampt infiltration, as well as many
additional homework problems.
• Chapter 4 : E xpanded coverage and new examples on flood routing.
Many of the older numerical schemes have been simplified or
removed, and new homework problems have been added to stream-
line the chapter.
• Chapter 5 : P resents updated methods for simulating rainfall and
runoff, flood hydrograph prediction, and flood control options in a
9