Table Of Content

HYDROGEOPHYSICS Water Science and Technology Library VOLUME 50 Editor-in-Chief V. P. Singh, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, U.S.A. Editorial Advisory Board M. Anderson, Bristol, U.K. L. Bengtsson, Lund, Sweden J. F. Cruise,Huntsville, U.S.A. U. C. Kothyari, Roorkee, India S.E. Serrano, Philadelphia, U.S.A. D. Stephenson, Johannesburg, South Africa W.G. Strupczewski, Warsaw, Poland The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. Hydrogeophysics Edited by YORAM RUBIN University of California at Berkeley, CA, U.S.A. and SUSAN S. HUBBARD Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, U.S.A. AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 1-4020-3101-7 (HB) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York ISBN-10 1-4020-3102-5 (e-book) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3101-4 (HB) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3102-1 (e-book) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands. Cover design by Yoram Rubin and Susan Hubbard. Graphics by Zhangshuan Hou.(cid:3) Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands. Yoram Rubin dedicates this book to Atalya, with love Susan S. Hubbard dedicates this book to Cahit Çoruh, for his geophysical tutelage and lifelong influence Acknowledgments Hydrogeophysics was conceived as a vehicle for disseminating some of the background and current research presented at a NATO funded Hydrogeophysics Advanced Study Institute, which was held in the Czech Republic in 2002. We thank Philippe Baveye for initiating the development of this Institute, NATO for funding the Institute, and Miroslav Kobr for serving as a wonderful host for our meeting. Thirty five authors from nine countries, who are leaders in their respective areas, contributed to Hydrogeophysics. We are grateful to this outstanding author group for their efforts in developing their chapters and for reviewing other chapters. We also thank the external reviewer group, including: Alex Becker, Niels Christianson, Tom Daley, Sander Huisman, Rosemary Knight, Zbigniew Kabala, Niklas Linde, Seiji Nakagawa, Peter Styles, and Vitaly Zlotnik. We particularly thank Lee Slater for reviewing several chapters within demanding timeframes. Production of this book could not have been possible without the superb editing provided by Daniel Hawkes. We thank Zhangshuan Hou for helping with the book cover graphics, and Bryce Peterson for assisting with the book index. This work was supported in part by United States' NSF grant EAR-0087802 made by the Hydrologic ScienceDivisionandbyDOEDE-AC03-76SF00098. Yoram Rubin and Susan Hubbard Editors TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication v Acknowledgments vii Background and Hydrogeology Chapter 1. Introduction to Hydrogeophysics Susan S. Hubbard and Yoram Rubin 3 Chapter 2. Hydrogeological Methods for Estimation of Spatial Variations in Hydraulic Conductivity James J. Butler, Jr. 23 Chapter 3. Geostatistics J. Jaime Gómez-Hernández 59 Fundamentals of Environmental Geophysics Chapter 4. Relationships between the Electrical and Hydrogeological Properties of Rocks and Soils David P. Lesmes and Shmulik P. Friedman 87 Chapter 5. DC Resistivity and Induced Polarization Methods Andrew Binley and Andreas Kemna 129 Chapter 6. Near-Surface Controlled-Source Electromagnetic Induction: Background and Recent Advances Mark E. Everett and Max A. Meju 157 Chapter 7. GPR Methods for Hydrogeological Studies A. Peter Annan 185 Chapter 8. Shallow Seismic Methods Don W. Steeples 215 Chapter 9. Relationships between Seismic and Hydrological Properties Steven R. Pride 253 Chapter 10. Geophysical Well Logging: Borehole Geophysics for Hydrogeological Studies: Principles and Applications Miroslav Kobr, Stanislav Mareš, and Frederick Paillet 291 Chapter 11. Airborne Hydrogeophysics Jeffrey G. Paine and Brian R.S. Minty 333 ix x Hydrogeophysical Case Studies Chapter 12. Hydrogeophysical Case Studies at the Regional Scale Mark Goldman, Haim Gvirtzman, Max Meju, and Vladimir Shtivelman 361 Chapter 13. Hydrogeophysical Case Studies at the Local Scale: the Saturated Zone David Hyndman and Jens Tronicke 391 Chapter 14. Hydrogeophysical Case Studies in the Vadose Zone Jeffrey J. Daniels, Barry Allred, Andrew Binley, Douglas LaBrecque, and David Alumbaugh 413 Chapter 15. Hydrogeophysical Methods at the Laboratory Scale Ty P.A. Ferré, Andrew Binley, Jil Geller, Ed Hill, and Tissa Illangase k a r e 441 Hydrogeophysical Frontiers Chapter 16. Emerging Technologies in Hydrogeophysics Ugur Yaramanci, Andreas Kemna, and Harry Vereecken 467 Chapter 17. Stochastic Forward and Inverse Modeling: the ‘Hydrogeophysical Challenge’ Yoram Rubin and Susan Hubbard 487 Index 513 Background and Hydrogeology 1 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROGEOPHYSICS SUSAN S. HUBBARD1 and YORAM RUBIN2 1Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Earth Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA 94720 [email protected] 2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA In this chapter, we discuss the need for improved hydrogeological characterization and monitoring approaches, and how that need has provided an impetus for the development of an area of research called hydrogeophysics. We briefly describe how this research area has evolved in recent years in response to the need to better understand and manage hydrological systems, provide discussions and tables designed to facilitate navigation through this book, and discuss the current state of the emerging discipline of hydrogeophysics. 1.1 Evolution of Hydrogeophysics The shallow subsurface of the earth is an extremely important geological zone, one that yields much of our water resources, supports our agriculture and ecosystems, and influences our climate. This zone also serves as the repository for most of our municipal, industrial, and governmental wastes and contaminants, intentional or otherwise. Safe and effective management of our natural resources is a major societal challenge. Contaminants associated with industrial, agricultural, and defense activities in developed countries, the increased use of chemical pollutants resulting from the technological development of countries with evolving market economies, the increased need to develop sustainable water resources for growing populations, and the threat of climate change and anthropogenic effects on ecosystem all contribute to the urgency associated with improving our understanding of the shallow subsurface. Many agencies and councils have recently described the pressing need to more fully develop tools and approaches that can be used to characterize, monitor, and investigate hydrogeological parameters and processes in the shallow subsurface at relevant spatial scales and in a minimally invasive manner (e.g., the National Research Council, 2000; U.S. Department of Energy, 2000; U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2001). Recognizing this need, NATO funded a Hydrogeophysics Advanced Study Institute, which was held in the Czech Republic in 2002. At that workshop, an international group of researchers gathered to review advances and obstacles associated with using geophysical methods to improve our understanding of subsurface hydrogeological parameters and processes. This book, Hydrogeophysics, was conceived at that meeting as a vehicle for disseminating some of the background and current research associated with hydrogeophysics. 3 Y. Rubin and S. S. Hubbard (eds.), Hydrogeophysics,3–21. © 2005 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.