Hydrogeology

368 Pages·2018·19.512 MB·English

by  Bernward Hölting, Wilhelm G. Coldewey

Bernward Hölting
Wilhelm G. Coldewey
Hydrogeology
Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences,
Geography and Environment
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/15201
(cid:129)
Bernward Hölting Wilhelm G. Coldewey
Hydrogeology
BernwardHölting{ WilhelmG.Coldewey
InstitutfürGeologieundPaläontologie
WestfälischeWilhelms-Universität
Münster,Germany
ISSN2510-1307 ISSN2510-1315 (electronic)
SpringerTextbooksinEarthSciences,GeographyandEnvironment
ISBN978-3-662-56373-1 ISBN978-3-662-56375-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56375-5
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018935260
#Springer-VerlagGmbHGermany,partofSpringerNature2019
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Preface
ThishydrogeologybookistheEnglishtranslationoftheGermantextbook“Hydrogeologie”by
HöltingandColdewey.Publishedsince1980,thisbookisinitseighthedition.Itsgreatsuccess
isattributed totheconcept ofthebook.It wasimportant for theauthorstowrite atextthatis
generallyeasytounderstand,bothforexpertsandforpersonswhodonotworkinthisspecial
field.ConsistentuseoftheinternationallyacceptedSIunitsaswellastheformulasymbolsin
thetextalsocontributetothecomprehensibility.Alltechnicaltermsandtheirdefinitionsmatch
thevariousstandardsandareusedconsistently.Moreover,theoriginalliteraturecitationswere
completely revised in order to avoid misunderstandings and errors due to secondary sources.
All of these points improve the readability and facilitate the understanding of the relatively
complexconceptsofgeneralandappliedhydrogeology.
Because this textbook istranslated from theGerman edition,many ofthe hydrogeological
examples depict the Central European region. Even though they have general relevance,
knowledge of the local situation is not required. Furthermore, the book cites laws and
regulationsoftheFederalRepublicofGermanyandtheEuropeanUnion(EU),whosemeaning
andhandlingarecertainlyalsointerestingforreadersfromothercountries.
The translation was performed by Jacinda Richman. David Barry and Andreas Neymeyer
wereresponsibleforadaptingthetextandcontenttothelinguisticcharacteristicsandscientific
nomenclature of English-speaking countries, therefore making the book attractive for the
international market. Additional proofreading of the manuscript has been done by Melanie
Schwermann,IrisHollenbeckandDominikWesche.SebastianWestermannmanagedthetext
documentsrelatingtothebook.ThedrawingswereadaptedbyMarcelKreuzer.Asincerethank
yougoestoallthesepeoplefortheirsupport.Wearealsogratefultothepublisherfortheirgreat
patienceduringthepreparationofthisbook.
Maythisbookpromoteunderstandingofthecomplexmaterialofhydrogeologyaswellas
thecorrelationsbetweenthefieldsofgeology,hydrochemistry,geohydraulicsandengineering
for a wide international public and contribute to solving global problems with groundwater
development,exploitation,andprotection.
Mainz,Germany BernwardHölting
Münster,Germany WilhelmG.Coldewey
v
Acronyms, Formula Symbols, and Equations
Acronyms
AOX Adsorbableorganichalogenatedcompounds
ATV/DVWK GermanAssociationforWater,WastewaterandWaste(now:DWA)
BBodSchG GermanFederalSoilProtectionAct(ger.:Bundes-Bodenschutzgesetz)
BDEW Federal Association of the German Energy and Water Industry (ger.:
BundesverbandderEnergie-undWasserwirtschafte.V.)
BGBl GermanFederalLawGazette(ger.:Bundesgesetzblatt)
BGW Federal Association of the German Gas and Water Industry (ger.:
BundesverbandderdeutschenGas-undWasserwirtschafte.V.)
BMI GermanFederalMinistryoftheInterior(ger.:BundesministeriumdesInnern)
BMJ GermanFederalMinistryofJustice(ger.:BundesministeriumderJustiz)
BMU German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and
Nuclear Safety (ger.: Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und
Reaktorsicherheit)
BTEX Benzene,toluene,ethylbenzeneandxylene
CGS CGSSystem(centimetergramsecond)
CH Chlorinatedhydrocarbons(HVCH¼highlyvolatileCH)
CN Cyanide(total)
COD Chemicaloxygendemand
CPP Cropprotectionproduct
CWBa Climaticwaterbalance(insoilscience)
DCM Dichloromethane
DEV GermanStandardMethod(forwater,wastewaterandsludgeanalysis)
DIC Dissolvedinorganiccarbon(inorganicboundcarbonconcentration)
DIN German Institute for Standardization (ger.: Deutsches Institut für Normung
e.V.)
DOC Dissolvedorganiccarbon
DVGW German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water (ger.:
DeutscherVereindesGas-undWasserfachese.V.)
DVWK German Association for Water and Land Management (ger.: Deutscher
VerbandfürWasserwirtschaftundKulturbaue.V.)(nowDWA)
DWA German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste (ger.: Deutsche
VereinigungfürWasserwirtschaft,AbwasserundAbfalle.V.)
EOX Extractableorganichalogenatedcompounds
FH-DGGV HydrogeologyDepartmentoftheGermanAssociationforGeologicalSciences
(ger.: Fachsektion Hydrogeologie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für
Geowissenschaften)
GDCh Germanchemistassociation
GIS Geographicalinformationsystem
vii
viii Acronyms,FormulaSymbols,andEquations
GW Groundwater
HH Halogenatedhydrocarbons
IAEA InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency
ITVA German Association of Technical Engineers for Waste Management and Land
Recycling (ger.: Ingenieurtechnischer Verband für Altlastenmanagement und
Flächenrecyclinge.V.)
LAGA German Working Group of the Federal States on Waste (ger.: Länderarbeits-
gemeinschaftAbfall)
LAWA German Working Group of the Federal States on Water (ger.: Länderarbeits-
gemeinschaftWasser)
PAH Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons
PCB Polychlorinatedbiphenyls
PER Perchloroethylene
PFOA Perfluorooctanoicacid
PFOS Perfluorooctanesulfonicacid
PFS Perfluorosurfactants
POC Particulateorganiccarbon
POX Purgeableorganichalogen
SAC Spectralabsorptioncoefficient
SATP Standardambienttemperatureandpressure
SI LeSystèmeInternationald´Unités(internationalunitssystem)
s.l. sealevel
StLB German standard services book for the building trade (ger.: Standard-
leistungsbuchfürdasBauwesen)
TC Totalcarbon(carboncontentsoftheinorganicandorganicsolutes)
TDR Timedomainreflectometrytodeterminesoilmoisture
TETRA Carbontetrachloride
TI Technicalinstructions
TIC Totalinorganiccarbon(carboncontentoftheinorganicsolutes)
TK25 German topographic map scale 1:25,000 (ordinance survey map) (ger.:
TopographischeKarte)
TOC Totalorganiccarbon(organiccarboncontentindissolvedandundissolvedform)
TRI Trichloroethylene
TrinkwV GermanDrinkingWaterOrdinance(ger.:Trinkwasserverordnung)
UBA GermanFederalEnvironmentalAgency(ger:Umweltbundesamt)
USBR United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Water and
PowerResourcesService
US-EPA UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency
UVP Germanenvironmentalimpactassessment(ger.:Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung)
VC Vinylchloride
VCI GermanChemicalIndustryAssociation(ger.:VerbandderchemischenIndustrie
e.V.)
VDG German water protection association (ger.: Vereinigung Deutscher Gewässer-
schutze.V.)
VOB German Construction Contract Procedures (ger.: Verdingungsordnung für
Bauleistungen)
V-SMOW Viennastandardmeanoceanwater(standardinisotopehydrology)
VWV Administrativeregulation(ger.:Verwaltungsvorschrift)
WHG GermanFederalWaterAct(ger.:Wasserhaushaltsgesetz)
WHO WorldHealthOrganization
WMO WorldMeteorologicalOrganization
WRRL EUWaterFrameworkDirective(ger.:Wasserrahmenrichtlinie)
Acronyms,FormulaSymbols,andEquations ix
Units and Formula Symbols
Units and their unit prefixes are used for the numerical representation of physical parameters
(Table1).
TheTechnicalUnitsSystemandtheCGSSystemusedinparallelhavebeenreplacedby
themandatoryInternationalSystemofUnits(SI)sinceJuly5,1970(Tables2and3).
Formula Symbols, Units, and Parameters
(cid:129) Thedifferentunitscanbeeasilyconvertedusingthefollowinglink:www.unitconverters.net
(cid:129) TheinternationallyusedformulasymbolsandindicesarelistedinTable4.
(cid:129) The formula symbols for physical parameters are shown in cursive print (italics) in the
equations and formulas. The interdisciplinary parameters are mostly selected according to
DIN1304andfreelyselectedindicesareusedforafinersubclassification.
(cid:129) The various units for pressure are adjusted. However, they can also be easily converted:
1 bar ¼ 105 Pa ¼ 10.19716 m water column (mWC), 1 mWC ¼ 98.0665 mbar,
1 mbar ¼ 1 hPa, and 1 kp/cm2 ¼ 1 at. Other examples of conversion can be found in
Kurzweil(2000).
(cid:129) Duetothefontinthetext,theremaybeconfusionwiththefollowingunits:l¼liter,notto
be confused with 1 ¼ 1 (number); v ¼ v (cursive) ¼ velocity, not to be confused with ν
(ny¼Greekletter)¼kinematicviscosity;andthesamewithm¼m(cursive)¼massand
m¼meter.
Usually the letter l (lower case) is the symbol for liter. To prevent confusion between the
number1(one)andtheletter1,theuseoftheletterL(uppercase)forliterisallowed.
(cid:129) Ratios, concentrations, and other dimensionless parameters are pure numbers (usually
smaller than 1). They are often given in %. Because % represents a pure number ratio,
namely % ¼ 1/100 or 100% ¼ 1, the calculated decimal fractions can be multiplied by
100%,e.g.,φ¼0.73¼0.73(cid:2)100%¼73%.Wheninsertingsuchparametersinequations,
however,thesevaluesshouldbeusedasdecimalfractions,i.e.,φ¼0.73inthiscase.
Table1 Unitprefixes(accordingtoDIN1301)
MultiplicationFactor Name Symbol Remark
1024 Yotta Y
1021 Zetta Z
1018 Exa E 18¼6(cid:2)3(6¼hexa)
1015 Peta P 15¼5(cid:2)3(5¼penta)
1012 Tera T alsoT¼Tesla(magneticfluxdensity)
109 Giga G alsoG¼Gauß(nolongervalid)
106 Mega M
103 Kilo K
102 Hecto H alsoh¼hour(time)
101 Deca Da caution:notd(cid:2)a
10(cid:3)1 Deci D alsod¼day(time)
10(cid:3)2 Centi C
10(cid:3)3 Milli M alsom¼meter(length)
10(cid:3)6 Micro μ
10(cid:3)9 Nano N
10(cid:3)12 Pico P alsop¼pound(nolongervalid)
10(cid:3)15 Femto F alsof¼frequency
10(cid:3)18 Atto A alsoa¼year/annual(time),alsoa¼acre
10(cid:3)21 Zepto Z
10(cid:3)24 Yocto Y
x Acronyms,FormulaSymbols,andEquations
Table2 Parametersandtheirsystemofunits
Unitsystems
Parameter Formulasymbol InternationalSystemofUnits(SI) CGSSystem TechnicalSystem
Length l M cm m
Time t S S s
(cid:1) (cid:3)
Mass M Kg g kp(cid:2)s2
m
Force F NðNewtonÞ¼kgs2(cid:2)m dyn¼g(cid:2)sc2m kp
Work,energy W J¼N(cid:2)m¼kg(cid:2)m2¼W(cid:2)s(J¼Joules) erg¼dyn(cid:2)cm¼g(cid:2)cm2 kp(cid:2)m
s2 s2
Power P W¼J¼N(cid:2)m¼k(cid:2)m2(W¼Watt) erg¼g(cid:2)cm2 kp(cid:2)m
s s s3 s s3 s
Momentofaforce M N(cid:2)m¼kg(cid:2)m2 dyn(cid:2)cm¼g(cid:2)cm2 kp(cid:2)m
s2 (cid:4) s2 (cid:5) (cid:4) (cid:5)
Pressure P PaðPascalÞ¼ N ¼ kg dyn bar¼106dyn kp at¼ kp
m2 s2(cid:2)m cm2 cm2 m2 cm2
Density ρ(rho) kg g kp(cid:2)s2
m3 cm3 m4
Dynamicviscosity η(eta) Pa(cid:2)s¼Nm(cid:2)2s¼sk(cid:2)mg PðPoiseÞ¼dcymn2(cid:2)s kmp2(cid:2)s
Kinematicviscosity ν¼ρηðnyÞ ms2 StðStockesÞ¼cms2 ms2
Table3 BasicparametersandSIbasicunits
Formula SI—basicunits
Parameter symbol Name Symbol
Length L Meter m
Mass m Kilogram kg
Time t Second S
Electriccurrent I Ampere A
Thermodynamic T Kelvin K
temperature
Substancequantity n Mol Mol
Luminousintensity I Candela Cd
(cid:129) Someparametersreferringtotimeunitscontainaformulasymbolwithapointaboveit,e.g.,
h_ ¼dh=dt andV_ ¼dV=dt (Table4:Formulasymbols,Units,andParameters).
Since the MS Office version 2007, formulas can be edited in MS Word and MS Excel,
whichwasonlypossibleusingexternalprograms(e.g.,MathType)inthepast.Thecreation
offormulaeiseasytolearnandisidenticalforallMSOfficeprograms.Inthefollowing,the
creationoftheformulasymbolfordischargeV_ andvariousindiceswillbeshown:
– In the top menu bar under “Insert,” click on the “Equation” button to enter a formula
freely.
– AnEquationboxwillbeopenedinthetopmenubar,thecategory“Formulatools—draft.”
– TocreatetheV_,startbyenteringaVintheformulasymbol,markit,andthengiveita
simplepointasan“accent.”
Anindexcanbeinsertedasfollows:
– Firstcreatea“script”withtheoption“subscript.”
– Twodottedboxesappear,inwhichthecorrespondingformulasymbolsandindicescan
be inserted. To place a point over the formula symbol, mark only the bigger box and
createanaccent(seeabove).
– Asastandard,theindexissetinitalicsandcanbesubsequentlychangedusingthe“Font
options.”
– Theformulatoolscanbecombinedfreely.Itisveryhelpfulforbeginnerstofollowthe
formula examples suggested in the selection list. The chemical units and conversion
factorswerealltakenfromKüsterandThiel(2003).