Table Of Content

Hydrogen Storage Technologies Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106 Advances in Hydrogen Production and Storage Series Editors: Mehmet Sankir and Nurdan Demirci Sankir Scope: Energy is one of the most important issues for humankind. Increasing energy demand, regional limitations, and serious environmental effects of the conventional energy sources provide the urgent need for new, clean, and sustainable energy. Advances in Hydrogen Production and Storage emphasizes the basics of renewable energy and storage as well as the cutting edge technologies employed for these applications. The series focuses mainly on hydrogen generation, photoelectrochemical solar cells, fuel cells and flow batteries. Submission to the series: Please send book proposals to Mehmet Sankir at [email protected] Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Phillip Carmical ([email protected]) Hydrogen Storage Technologies Edited by Mehmet Sankir and Nurdan Demirci Sankir This edition first published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2018 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other- wise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-1-119-45988-0 Cover image: Mehmet Sankir and Russell Richardson Cover design by Russell Richardson Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India Printed in the USA 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface xiii Part I: Chemical and Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage 1 1 Metal Hydride Hydrogen Compression Systems – Materials, Applications and Numerical Analysis 3 Evangelos I. Gkanas and Martin Khzouz 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Adoption of a Hydrogen-Based Economy 4 1.2.1 Climate Change and Pollution 4 1.2.2 Toward a Hydrogen-Based Future 4 1.2.3 Hydrogen Storage 5 1.2.3.1 Compressed Hydrogen Storage 5 1.2.3.2 Hydrogen Storage in Liquid Form 5 1.2.3.3 Solid-State Hydrogen Storage 6 1.3 Hydrogen Compression Technologies 6 1.3.1 Reciprocating Piston Compressor 7 1.3.2 Ionic Liquid Piston Compressor 8 1.3.3 Piston-Metal Diaphragm Compressor 9 1.3.4 Electrochemical Hydrogen Compressor 9 1.4 Metal Hydride Hydrogen Compressors (MHHC) 11 1.4.1 Operation of a Two-Stage MHHC 11 1.4.2 Metal Hydrides 14 1.4.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Metal Hydride Formation 14 1.4.3.1 Pressure-Composition-Temperature (P-c-T) Properties 14 1.4.3.2 Slope and Hysteresis 16 1.4.4 Material Challenges for MHHCs 17 1.4.4.1 AB Intermetallics 18 5 1.4.4.2 AB Intermetallics 19 2 v vi Contents 1.4.4.3 TiFe-Based AB-Type Intermetallics 19 1.4.4.4 Vanadium-Based BCC Solid Solution Alloys 19 1.5 Numerical Analysis of a Multistage MHHC System 20 1.5.1 Assumptions 20 1.5.2 Physical Model and Geometries 21 1.5.3 Heat Equation 22 1.5.4 Hydrogen Mass Balance 22 1.5.5 Momentum Equation 23 1.5.6 Kinetic Expressions for the Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation 23 1.5.7 Equilibrium Pressure 24 1.5.8 Coupled Mass and Energy Balance 24 1.5.9 Validation of the Numerical Model 25 1.5.10 Material Selection for a Three-Stage MHHC 26 1.5.11 Temperature Evolution of the Complete Three-Stage Compression Cycle 27 1.5.12 Pressure and Storage Capacity Evolution During the Complete Three-Stage Compression Cycle 29 1.5.13 Importance of the Number of Stages and Proper Selection 31 1.6 Conclusions 32 Acknowledgments 32 Nomenclature 32 References 33 2 Nitrogen-Based Hydrogen Storage Systems: A Detailed Overview 39 Ankur Jain, Takayuki Ichikawa and Shivani Agarwal 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 Amide/Imide Systems 41 2.2.1 Single-Cation Amide/Imide Systems 41 2.2.1.1 Lithium Amide/Imide 41 2.2.1.2 Sodium Amide/Imide 44 2.2.1.3 Magnesium Amide/Imide 47 2.2.1.4 Calcium Amide/Imide 49 2.2.2 Double-Cation Amide/Imide Systems 51 2.2.2.1 Li-Na-N-H 52 2.2.2.2 Li-Mg-N-H 54 2.2.2.3 Other Double-Cation Amides/Imides 58 2.3 Ammonia (NH ) as Hydrogen Storage Media 62 3 2.3.1 NH Synthesis 63 3 Contents vii 2.3.1.1 Catalytic NH Synthesis Using 3 Haber-Bosch Process 63 2.3.1.2 Alternative Routes for NH Synthesis 68 3 2.3.2 NH Solid-State Storage 69 3 2.3.2.1 Metal Ammine Salts 69 2.3.2.2 Ammine Metal Borohydride 70 2.3.3 NH Decomposition 71 3 2.3.4 Application of NH to Fuel Cell 73 3 2.4 Future Prospects 74 References 75 3 Nanostructured Mg-Based Hydrogen Storage Materials: Synthesis and Properties 89 Huaiyu Shao, Xiubo Xie, Jianding Li, Bo Li, Tong Liu and Xingguo Li 3.1 Introduction 90 3.2 Experimental Details 92 3.2.1 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 92 3.2.2 Formation of the Nanostructured Hydrides and Alloys 93 3.2.3 Characterization and Measurements 93 3.3 Synthesis Results of the Nanostructured Samples 94 3.4 Hydrogen Absorption Kinetics 98 3.5 Hydrogen Storage Thermodynamics 99 3.6 Novel Mg-TM (TM=V, Zn, Al) Nanocomposites 103 3.6.1 Introduction 103 3.6.2 Structure and Morphology of Mg-TM Nanocomposites 105 3.6.3 Hydrogen Absorption Kinetics 107 3.6.4 Phase Evolution During Hydrogenation/ Dehydrogenation 108 3.6.5 Summary 109 3.7 Summary and Prospects 110 Acknowledgments 111 References 111 4 Hydrogen Storage in Ti/Zr-Based Amorphous and Quasicrystal Alloys 117 Akito Takasaki, Łukasz Gondek, Joanna Czub, Alicja Klimkowicz, Antoni Żywczak and Konrad Świerczek 4.1 Introduction 118 viii Contents 4.2 Production of Ti/Zr-Based Amorphous and Quasicrystals Alloys 119 4.3 Hydrogen Storage in T-Zr-Based Amorphous Alloys 124 4.3.1 Gaseous Hydrogenation 124 4.3.2 Electrochemical Hydrogenation 129 4.4 Hydrogen Storage in the Ti/Zr-Based Quasicrystal Alloys 130 4.4.1 Gaseous Hydrogenation 131 4.4.2 Electrochemical Hydrogenation 133 4.5 Comparison of Amorphous and Quasicrystal Phases on the Hydrogen Properties 140 4.6 Conclusions 141 References 142 5 Electrochemical Method of Hydrogenation/Dehydrogenation of Metal Hydrides 147 N.E. Galushkin, N.N. Yazvinskaya and D.N. Galushkin 5.1 Introduction 148 5.2 Electrochemical Method of Hydrogenation of Metal Hydrides 151 5.2.1 Hydrogen Accumulation in Electrodes of Cadmium-Nickel Batteries Based on Electrochemical Method 151 5.2.2 Hydrogen Accumulation in Sintered Nickel Matrix of Oxide-Nickel Electrode 155 5.2.2.1 Active Substance of Oxide-Nickel Electrodes 155 5.2.2.2 Sintered Nickel Matrices of Oxide-Nickel Electrodes 157 5.3 Electrochemical Method of Dehydrogenation of Metal Hydrides 161 5.3.1 Introduction 161 5.3.2 Thermal Runaway as the New Method of Hydrogen Desorption from Hydrides 164 5.3.2.1 Thermo-Chemical Method of Hydrogen Desorption 164 5.3.2.2 Thermal Runaway: A New Method of Hydrogen Desorption from Metal Hydrides 164 5.4 Discussion 166 5.5 Conclusions 172 References 173 Contents ix Part II: Carbon-Based Materials For Hydrogen Storage 177 6 Activated Carbon for Hydrogen Storage Obtained from Agro-Industrial Waste 179 Yesid Murillo-Acevedo, Paola Rodríguez-Estupiñán, Liliana Giraldo Gutiérrez and Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján 6.1 Introduction 180 6.2 Experimental 182 6.3 Results and Discussion 183 6.4 Conclusions 192 Acknowledgments 193 References 193 7 Carbonaceous Materials in Hydrogen Storage 197 R. Pedicini, I. Gatto, M. F. Gatto and E. Passalacqua 7.1 Introduction 198 7.2 Materials Consisting of Only Carbon Atoms 199 7.2.1 Graphite 199 7.2.2 Carbon Nanofibers 200 7.2.3 Carbon Nanostructures 202 7.2.4 Graphene 203 7.2.5 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Carbon Multi-Walled Nanotubes (MWCNTs) 203 7.3 Materials Containing Carbon and Other Light Elements 205 7.3.1 Polyaniline (PANI), Polypyrrole (PPy) and Polythiophene (PTh) 206 7.3.2 Hyperbranched Polyurea (P-Urea) and Poly(Amide-Amine) (PAMAM) 207 7.3.3 Microporous Polymers (PIMs) 207 7.3.4 Conjugated Microporous Polymers (CMPs) 208 7.3.5 Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymers (HCPs) 209 7.3.6 Porous Aromatic Frameworks (PAFs) 209 7.4 Composite Materials Made by Polymeric Matrix 210 7.4.1 Composite Poly(Amide-Amine) (PAMAM) 211 7.4.2 Polymer-Dispersed Metal Hydrides (PDMHs) 211 7.4.3 Mn Oxide Anchored to a Polymeric Matrix 212 7.5 Waste and Natural Materials 217 7.6 Conclusions 220 References 223