Hydrodynamics around cylindrical strucures

550 Pages·2006·17.23 MB·English

by  B. Mutlu Sumer

Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering — Volume 26
HYDRODYNAMICS AROUND
CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES
Revised Edition
B. Mutlu Sumer
Jorgen Fredsoe
World Scientific
HYDRODYNAMICS AROUND
CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES
Revised Edition
ADVANCED SERIES ON OCEAN ENGINEERING
Series Editor-in-Chief
Philip L- F Liu (Cornell University)
Published
Vol. 9 Offshore Structure Modeling
by Subrata K. Chakrabarti (Chicago Bridge & Iron Technical
Services Co., USA)
Vol. 10 Water Waves Generated by Underwater Explosion
by Bernard Le Mehaute and Shen Wang (Univ. Miami)
Vol. 11 Ocean Surface Waves; Their Physics and Prediction
by Stanislaw R Massel (Australian Inst, of Marine Sci)
Vol. 12 Hydrodynamics Around Cylindrical Structures
by B Mutlu Sumer and Jorgen Fredsoe (Tech. Univ. of Denmark)
Vol. 13 Water Wave Propagation Over Uneven Bottoms
Part I — Linear Wave Propagation
by Maarten W Dingemans (Delft Hydraulics)
Part II — Non-linear Wave Propagation
by Maarten W Dingemans (Delft Hydraulics)
Vol. 14 Coastal Stabilization
by Richard Silvester and John R C Hsu (The Univ. of Western Australia)
Vol. 15 Random Seas and Design of Maritime Structures (2nd Edition)
by Yoshimi Goda (Yokohama National University)
Vol. 16 Introduction to Coastal Engineering and Management
by J William Kamphuis (Queen's Univ.)
Vol. 17 The Mechanics of Scour in the Marine Environment
by B Mutlu Sumer and Jorgen Fredsoe (Tech. Univ. of Denmark)
Vol. 18 Beach Nourishment: Theory and Practice
by Robert G. Dean (Univ. Florida)
Vol. 19 Saving America's Beaches: The Causes of and Solutions to Beach Erosion
by Scott L. Douglass (Univ. South Alabama)
Vol. 20 The Theory and Practice of Hydrodynamics and Vibration
by Subrata K. Chakrabarti (Offshore Structure Analysis, Inc., Illinois, USA)
Vol. 21 Waves and Wave Forces on Coastal and Ocean Structures
by Robert T. Hudspeth (Oregon State Univ., USA)
Vol. 22 The Dynamics of Marine Craft: Maneuvering and Seakeeping
by Edward M. Lewandowski (Computer Sciences Corporation, USA)
Vol. 23 Theory and Applications of Ocean Surface Waves
Part 1: Linear Aspects
Part 2: Nonlinear Aspects
by Chiang C. Mei (Massachusetts Inst, of Technology, USA),
Michael Stiassnie (Technion-lsrael Inst, of Technology, Israel) and
Dick K. P. Yue (Massachusetts Inst, of Technology, USA)
Vol. 24 Introduction to Nearshore Hydrodynamics
by lb A. Svendsen (Univ. of Delaware, USA)
Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering — Volume 26
HYDRODYNAMICS AROUND
CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES
Revised Edition
B. Mutlu Sumer
Jergen Fredsoe
Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
\fc World Scientific
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover: Flow around a marine pipeline placed over a trench during a half wave period, calculated by
use of the discrete vortex method.
HYDRODYNAMICS AROUND CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES (Revised Edition)
Copyright © 2006 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
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Preface
Flow around a circular cylinder is a classical topic within hydrodynamics.
Since the rapid expansion of the offshore industry in the sixties, the knowledge of
this kind of flow has also attracted considerable attention from many mechanical
and civil engineers working in the offshore field.
The purpose of the present book is
• To give a detailed, updated description of the flow pattern around cylindrical
structures (including pipelines) in the presence of waves and/or current.
• To describe the impact (lift and drag forces) of the flow on the structure.
• And finally to describe the possible vibration patterns for cylindrical struc
tures. This part will also describe the flow around a vibrating cylinder and
the resulting forces.
The scope does not deviate very much from the book by Sarpkaya and
Isaacson (1980) entitled "Mechanics of Wave Forces on Offshore Structures".
However, while Sarpkaya and Isaacson devoted around 50% of the book to the
drag-dominated regime and around 50% to diffraction, the present book concen
trates mainly on the drag-dominated regime. A small chapter on diffraction is
included for the sake of completeness. The reason for our concentration on the
drag-dominated regime (large ifC-numbers) is that it is in this field the most
progress and development have taken place during the last almost 20 years since
Sarpkaya and Isaacson's book. In the drag-dominated regime, flow separation,
vortex shedding, and turbulence have a large impact on the resulting forces. Good
understanding of this impact has been gained by detailed experimental investiga
tions, and much has been achieved, also in the way of the numerical modelling,
especially during the last 5-10 years, when the computer capacity has exploded.
In the book the theoretical and the experimental development is described.
In order also to make the book usable as a text book, some classical flow solutions
are included in the book, mainly as examples.
vi Preface
Acknowledgement:
The writers would like to express their appreciation of the very good scien
tific climate in the area offshore research in Denmark. In our country the hydrody-
namic offshore research was introduced by professor Lundgren at our institute in
the beginning of the seventies. In the late seventies and in the eighties the research
was mainly concentrated in the Offshore Department at the Danish Hydraulic In
stitute. Significant contributions to the understanding of pipeline hydrodynamics
were here obtained by Vagner Jacobsen and Mads Bryndum, two colleagues whose
support has been of inestimable importance to us.
In 1984 a special grant from the university made it possible to ask one
of the authors (Mutlu Sumer) to join the Danish group on offshore engineering
so that he could convey his experience on fluid forces acting on small sediment
particles to larger structures. This has been followed up by many grants from the
Danish Technical Council (STVF), first through the FTU-programme and next
through the frame-programme "Marine Technique" (1991-97). The present book
is an integrated output from all these efforts and grants. The book has been
typewritten by Hildur Juncker and the drawings have been prepared by Liselotte
Norup, Eva Vermehren, Erling Poder, and Nega Beraki. Our librarian Kirsten
Dj0rup has corrected and improved our written English.
Credits
The authors and World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd gratefully acknowl
edge the courtesy of the organizations who granted permission to use illustrations
and other information in this book.
Fig. 3.4:
Reprinted from H. Honji: "Streaked flow around an oscillating circular cylinder".
J. Fluid Mech., 107:509-520, 1982, with kind permission from Cambridge Uni
versity Press, Publishing Division, The Edinburgh Building, Shaftesbury Road,
Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK.
Fig. 3.7:
Reprinted from C.H.K. Williamson: "Sinusoidal flow relative to circular cylin
ders". J. Fluid Mech., 155:141-174, 1985, with kind permission from Cambridge
University Press, Publishing Division, The Edinburgh Building, Shaftesbury Road,
Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK.
Figs. 4.51-4.53:
Reprinted from E.-S. Chan, H.-F. Cheong and B.-C. Tan: "Laboratory study of
plunging wave impacts on vertical cylinders". Coastal Engineering, 25:87-107,
1995, with kind permission from Elsevier Science, Sara Burgerhartstraat 25, 1055
KV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Fig. 5.4b:
Reprinted from J.E. Fromm and F.H. Harlow: "Numerical solution of the problem
of vortex street development". The Physics of Fluids, 6(7):975-982, 1963, with kind
permission from American Institute of Physics, Office of Rights and Permissions,
500 Sunnyside Blvd., Woodbury, NY 11797, USA.
viii Credits
Fig. 5.9:
Reprinted from P. Justesen: "A numerical study of oscillating flow around a circu
lar cylinder". J. Fluid Mech., 222:157-196, 1991, with kind permission from Cam
bridge University Press, Publishing Division, The Edinburgh Building, Shaftes
bury Road, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK.
Fig. 5.14:
Reprinted from T. Sarpkaya, C. Putzig, D. Gordon, X. Wang and C. Dalton:
"Vortex trajectories around a circular cylinder in oscillatory plus mean flow". J.
Offshore Mech. and Arctic Engineering, 114:291-298, 1992, with kind permission
from Production Coordinator, Technical Publishing Department, ASME Interna
tional, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2392, USA.
Fig. 5.26:
Reprinted from P.K. Stansby and P.A. Smith: "Viscous forces on a circular cylin
der in orbital flow at low Keulegan-Carpenter numbers". J. Fluid Mech., 229:159-
171, with kind permission from Cambridge University Press, Publishing Division,
The Edinburgh Building, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK.
Fig. 8.50:
Reprinted from R. King: "A review of vortex shedding research and its applica
tion". Ocean Engineering, 4:141-172, 1977, with kind permission from Elsevier
Science Ltd., The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington 0X5 1GB, UK.
List of symbols
The main symbols used in the book are listed below. In some cases, the
same symbol was used for more than one quantity. This is to maintain generally
accepted conventions in different areas of fluid mechanics. In most cases, however,
their use is restricted to a single chapter, as indicated in the following list.
Main symbols
A amplitude of vibrations
A cross-sectional area of body (Chapter 4)
Ar, maximum value of vibration amplitude
amplitude of oscillatory flow, or amplitude of horizontal component
of orbital motion
acceleration (Chapter 4)
distance between discrete vortices in an infinite row of vortices
(Chapter 5)
a amplitude of surface elevation (Chapter 7)
b amplitude of vertical component of orbital motion
C concentration or passive quantity (or temperature)
C drag coefficient
D
C'D oscillating component of drag coefficient
CL lift coefficient
C'L oscillating component of lift coefficient
CLA lift coefficient corresponding to FyA
CLT lift coefficient corresponding to FyT
Cld, Cfn lift force coefficients (drag and inertia components, respectively)
CL max lift coefficient corresponding to FL max
^ Lrms lift coefficient corresponding to Firms
force coefficient corresponding to Fxrms