Hydrocarbons in Basement Formations

635 Pages·2018·14.603 MB·English

by  M. R. Islam, M. E. Hossain, A. O. Islam

Hydrocarbons in
Basement Formations
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Hydrocarbons in
Basement Formations
M. R. Islam
Dalhousie University; Emertec R&D Ltd.
M.E. Hossain
Nazarbayev University
and
A. O. Islam
Emertec R&D Ltd.
This edition first published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-29422-1
Cover image: Rock Formation, ID 12428277 © Konstantin32 | Dreamstime.com
Cover design by Kris Hackerott
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedication
This book is dedicated to Professor G. V. Chilingar of University of Southern
California in recognition of his lifelong teaching that has touched the hearts
of thousands of researchers from around the world.
Contents
Foreword xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Summary 1
1.2 Is Sustainable Petroleum Technology Possible? 2
1.3 Why is it Important to Know the Origin of Petroleum? 4
1.4 What is the Likelihood of an Organic Source? 5
1.5 What is the Implication of the Abiogenic Theory of
Hydrocarbon? 6
1.6 How Important are the Fractures for Basement Reservoirs? 8
1.7 What are we Missing Out? 8
1.8 Predicting the Future? 10
1.9 What is the Actual Potential of Basement Hydrocarbons? 10
2 Organic Origin of Basement Hydrocarbons 11
2.0 Introduction 11
2.1 Sources of Hydrocarbon 13
2.2 Non-Conventional Sources of Petroleum Fluids 29
2.3 What is a Natural Energy Source? 34
2.4 The Science of Water and Petroleum 39
2.5 Comparison between Water and Petroleum 42
2.6 Combustion and Oxidation 57
2.6.1 Petroleum 59
2.6.2 Natural Gas 60
2.6.3 Natural Gas Hydrates 62
2.6.4 Tar Sand Bitumen 63
2.6.5 Coal 65
2.6.6 Oil Shale 65
2.6.7 Wax 66
2.6.8 Biomass 67
vii
viii Contents
3 Non-organic Origin of Basement Hydrocarbons 69
3.0 Introduction 69
3.1 Theories of Non-organic Origin of Basement Petroleum 70
3.2 Formation of Magma 72
3.2.1 Magma Escape Routes 73
3.2.2 Magma Chamber 74
3.2.3 Types of Magma 78
3.2.3.1 Mafic Magma 80
3.2.3.2 Intermediate Magma 80
3.2.3.3 Felsic Magma 81
3.3 The Composition of Magma 82
3.4 The Dynamics of Magma 85
3.5 Water in the Mantle 103
3.6 The Carbon Cycle and Hydrocarbon 108
3.7 Role of Magma During the Formation of Hydrocarbon
from Organic Sources 118
3.8 Abiogenic Petroleum Origin Theory 119
3.8.1 Diamond as Source of Hydrocarbons 128
3.8.2 Oil and Gas Deposits in the Precambrian
Crystalline Basement 132
3.8.3 Supergiant Oil and Gas Accumulations 138
3.8.4 Gas Hydrates – the Greatest Source of Abiogenic
Petroleum 142
4 Characterization of Basement Reservoirs 147
4.0 Summary 147
4.1 Introduction 147
4.2 Natural and Artificial Fractures 151
4.2.1 Overall in Situ Stress Orientations 161
4.3 Developing Reservoir Characterization Tools for
Basement Reservoirs 162
4.4 Origin of Fractures 171
4.5 Seismic Fracture Characterization 178
4.5.1 Effects of Fractures on Normal Moveout (NMO)
Velocities and P-wave Azimuthal AVO Response 181
4.5.2 Effects of Fracture Parameters on Properties of
Anisotropic Parameters and P-wave
NMO Velocities 182
4.6 Reservoir Characterization During Drilling 185
4.6.1 Overbalanced Drilling 191
4.6.2 Underbalanced Drilling (UBD) 193
Contents ix
4.7 Reservoir Characterization with Image Log and
Core Analysis 202
4.7.1 Geophysical Logs 205
4.7.1.1 Circumferential Borehole Imaging
Log (CBIL) 213
4.7.1.2 Petrophysical Data Analysis using Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 220
4.7.2 Core Analysis 228
4.8 Major Forces of Oil and Gas Reservoirs 237
4.9 Reservoir Heterogeneity 255
4.9.1 Filtering Permeability Data 263
4.9.2 Total Volume Estimate 267
4.9.3 Estimates of Fracture Properties 268
4.10 Special Considerations for Shale 268
5 Case Studies of Fractured Basement Reservoirs 273
5.0 Summary 273
5.1 Introduction 274
5.2 Geophysical Tools 282
5.2.1 Scale Considerations in Logging Fracture Rocks 283
5.2.2 Fracture Applications of Conventional
Geophysical Logs 284
5.2.3 Borehole Techniques 290
5.2.3.1 Borehole Wall Imaging 291
5.2.4 Micro Log Analysis 294
5.2.4.1 High-definition Formation Microimager 295
5.2.4.2 Micro-Conductivity Imager Tool (MCI) 299
5.2.4.3 Multistage Geometric Analysis Method 300
5.2.5 Fracture Identifications using Neural Networks 303
5.3 Petro-physics in Fracture Modeling, Special Logs and
their Importance 303
5.3.1 Measurement While Drilling (MWD) 303
5.3.1.1 Formation Properties 305
5.3.2 Mud Logging 306
5.3.2.1 Objectives of Mud Logging 306
5.3.2.2 Mud Losses into Natural Fractures 307
5.3.3 Conventional Logging 308
5.3.3.1 Resistivity Logging 308
5.3.3.2 Porosity Logging 308
5.3.3.3 Combination Tools 308
5.3.3.4 Cased-Hole Logging 309
x Contents
5.3.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Ultra Sonography 309
5.3.4.1 M agnetic Resonance Imaging 309
5.3.4.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 310
5.3.4.3 Ultra-Sonography 311
5.4 Case Study of Vietnam 312
5.5 Case Studies from USA 323
5.5.1 Tuning/Vertical Resolution Analysis 327
5.5.2 Conclusion on Case Study 329
5.5.3 Geological Techniques 329
5.5.3.1 Data and Methods 330
5.5.3.2 Distinguishing Natural Fractures
from Induced Fractures and their
Well-Logging Response Features 333
5.5.3.3 Analysis of well-Logging Responses
to Fractures and Establishment of
Interpretation Model 334
5.5.3.4 Distribution of Natural Fracture 335
6 Scientific Characterization of Basement Reservoirs 337
6.1 Summary 337
6.2 Introduction 338
6.3 Characteristic Time 342
6.4 Organic and Mechanical Frequencies 349
6.5 Redefining Force and Energy 351
6.5.1 Energy 351
6.6 Natural Energy vs. Artificial Energy 362
6.7 From Natural Energy to Natural Mass 368
6.8 Organic Origin of Petroleum 397
6.9 Scientific Ranking of Petroleum 403
6.10 Placement of Basement Reservoirs in the Energy Picture 414
6.10.1 Reserve Growth Potential of Basement Oil/Gas 424
6.10.2 Reservoir Categories in the United States 425
6.10.2.1 Eolian Reservoirs 427
6.10.2.2 Interconnected Fluvial, Deltaic,
and Shallow Marine Reservoirs 434
6.10.2.3 Deeper Marine Shales 440
6.10.2.4 Marine Carbonate Reservoirs 443
6.10.2.5 Submarine Fan Reservoir 446
6.10.2.6 Fluvial Reservoir 446
6.10.3 Quantitative Measures of Well
Production Variability 451