Hybridoma Technology in the Biosciences and Medicine PDF
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Hybridoma Technology in the Biosciences and Medicine Hybridoma Technology in the Biosciences and Medicine Edited by TIMOTHY A. SPRINGER Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School Baston, Massachusetts Plenum Press • New York and London Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Hybridoma technology in the biosciences and medicine. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Hybridomas. 2. Antibodies, Monoclonal. 1. Springer, Timothy A. [DNLM: 1. Antibodies, Monoclonal. 2. Hybridomas-immunology. 3. Immunologic Technics. QW 575 H992] QR185.8.H93H925 1985 616.07'9 85-12083 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4966-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4964-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4964-8 1985 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover I 5t edition 1985 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher To my mentors Jack Strominger and Cesar Milstein; to my mentor Baruj Benacerraf, who inspired me to do this book; to Aliza, who arrived while the book was in gestation; and to Noah and Jeanie. Contributors Hector L. Aguila Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Med icine, New York, New York 10461 Frederick W. Alt Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Cancer Re search, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032 Donald C. Anderson Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77050 Antonio Bargellesi Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Genoa, Italy Colin J. Barnstable Laboratory of Neurobiology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021 Robert C. Bast, Jr. Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer In stitute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mas sachusetts 02115 David I. Beller Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Joseph P. Brown Oncogen, Seattle, Washington 98121 Steven J. Burakoff Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer In stitute, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mas sachusetts 02115 Charles B. Carpenter Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Lan Bo Chen Division of Cell Growth and Regulation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Carol Clayberger Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305. Man Sung Co Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Susan P. C. Cole Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's Uni versity, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6 Mary Crimmins Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Linda K. Curtiss Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037 Ronald W. Davis Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 Zelig Eshhar Department of Chemical Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Douglas T. Fearon Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hos pital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 viii Contributors Glen N. Gaulton Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111 Mark I. Greene Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111 Julia L. Greenstein Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer In stitute, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mas sachusetts 02115 Gillian M. Griffiths Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Coun cil, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England Edgar Haber Cardiac Unit and Cellular and Molecular Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Med ical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02214 G. Hale Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, New Adden brookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, England Susan M. Hochschwender Receptor Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, San Diego, California 92138 Pauline Johnson MRC Cellular Immunology Unit, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE England Paula Kavathas Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford Uni versity, Stanford, California 94305 Jonathan Kaye Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093. Thomas J. Kipps Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Med icine, Stanford, California 94305 Danuta Kozbor Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's Uni versity, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6 Jan P. Kraus Department of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Med icine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Alan M. Krensky Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 Lorene K. Langeberg Receptor Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, San Diego, California 92138 Jon M. Lindstrom Receptor Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, San Diego, Cal ifornia 92138 Andrew D. Luster Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rock efeller University, New York, New York 10021 Noboru Matsuzaki Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Bos ton, Massachusetts 02115 Steven J. Mentzer Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer In situte, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mas sachusetts 02115 Cesar Milstein Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England Diana G. Myles Department of Physiology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032 Contributors ix Gary J. Nabel Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Markus Nabholz Genetics Unit, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Re search (ISREC), Epalinges, Switzerland Karen K. Nadakavukaren Division of Cell Growth and Regulation, Dana-Far ber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Jiri Novotny Cellular and Molecular Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Peter Parham Department of Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Med icine, Stanford, California 94305 Gregory D. Plowman Oncogen, Seattle, Washington 98121 Roberta R. Pollock Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461 Daniel A. Portnoy Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rock efeller University, New York, New York 10021 Paul Primakoff Department of Physiology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032 Ellen Pure Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021 Jerome Ritz Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachu setts 02115 Kenneth L. Rock Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 John C. C. Roder Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's Uni versity, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6 Timothy M. Rose Oncogen, Seattle, Washington 98121 Sharon Rosenberg Division of Cell Growth and Regulation, Dana-Farber Can cer Institute, New England Deaconess Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Frank H. Ruddle Department of Biology and Human Genetics, Yale Univer sity, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 Stephen E. Sallan Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Insti tute, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mas sachusetts 02115 Brian S. Schaffhausen Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111 Matthew D. Scharff Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461 Stuart F. Schlossman Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Douglas W. Schneider Receptor Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, San Diego, California 92138 x Contributors Elizabeth L. Shepherd Division of Cell Growth and Regulation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 John J. Skehel National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England Sandra J. Smith-Gill Laboratory of Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Na tional Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205, and Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 Michael Snyder Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 Gad Spira Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel Timothy A. Springer Laboratory of Membrane Immunochemistry, Dana-Far ber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Glenn D. Steele, Jr. New England Deaconess Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Tak Takvorian Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachu setts 02115 Ian S. Trowbridge Department of Cancer Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California 92138 Jay C. Unkeless Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rocke feller University, New York, New York 10021 Herman Waldmann Department of Pathology Division of Immunology, New Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, Eng land Elizabeth S. Walker Division of Cell Growth and Regulation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, New England Deaconess Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Janis Jacks We is Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Donald C. Wiley Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Alan F. Williams MRC Cellular Immunology Unit, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, England Gillian R. Woollett MRC Cellular Immunology Unit, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, England Introduction and Overview Antibodies have played an important role in basic research and in medicine ever since their discovery in immune serum in the 1890s. How antibodies are produced, however, did not begin to be understood until 1957 when Burnet proposed the clonal selection hypothesis, a modification of a previous theory by Jerne. By the 1960s it became well established that antibody diversity is a reflection of the diversification of lymphocyte clones, that an individuallym phocyte produces only a single type of antibody, and that even homogenous antigens induce a heterogenous antibody response because of the many dif ferent lymphocyte clones with appropriate specificity for antigen which are induced by antigen to proliferate and secrete antibody. The implications of this understanding were realized in 1975 by Kohler and Milstein, who immortalized the "one lymphocyte-one antibody" concept in the form of "hybridomas". Hybridomas are hybrids between myeloma tumor cells and antigen-stimulated lymphocytes which can be cloned, grown in large quantity and for indefinite periods of time, and secrete high concentrations of monoclonal, and hence monospecific, antibodies. Since monospecificity is achieved by cloning the hybridoma cell, rather than by purifying the antigen, highly complex antigens can be used for immunization. On the tenth anniversary of its first publication, it is clear that the Kohler and Milstein technique has truly revolutionized the way in which antibodies are used in biology. It has allowed the extraordinary diversity and specificity of the antibody response to be tapped in ways which were never possible before. Soon after publication of the hybridoma technique in 1975, it was not widely appreciated what a dramatic impact it would have. Widespread use of mono clonal antibodies came first in the field where they were developed, immu nology. In the last few years, however, their use has spread rapidly into all fields of biology, including cell biology, biochemistry, microbiology, virology, parasitology, physiology, genetics, and molecular biology, and into areas of medicine such as pathology, hematology, oncology, cardiology, and infectious disease. The drug and biotechnology industries have also widely adopted mono clonal antibodies for applications ranging from diagnosis and therapy to the purification of cloned gene products. The contributions of monoclonal anti bodies to science and to human health were recognized by the award of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1984 to Milstein, Kohler, and Jerne. Many advances and discoveries in the last ten years have been possible only by the application of hybridoma technology. In this same period of time, several other advanced immunological technologies have sprung up. The first of these is immunization with synthetic peptides, which is an alternative method of obtaining antibodies to highly defined regions of proteins. The sec ond is the use of antibodies, either polyclonal or monoclonal, as an aid in gene xi
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