Hybrid Vehicles and the Future of Personal Transportation

505 Pages·2009·10.86 MB·English

by  Allen Fuhs

Hybrid Vehicles
and the Future of Personal Transportation
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Allen Fuhs
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fuhs, Allen E.
Hybrid vehicles and the future of personal transportation / by Allen Fuhs.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4200-7534-2
ISBN-10: 1-4200-7534-9
1. Hybrid electric cars. I. Title.
TL221.15.F84 2009
629.22’9--dc22 2008013028
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Dedication
To Maxine, my companion
through trials and triumphs
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Contents
Preface ..........................................................................................................................................xxxi
Chapter 1 Historical Roots of Hybrid Automobiles ......................................................................1
Ancient History: Crossroads ........................................................................................1
Steam Cars ...................................................................................................................1
Electric Cars .................................................................................................................2
Gasoline Cars ...............................................................................................................3
Carriages ......................................................................................................................4
Crossroads ....................................................................................................................4
Invention of Hybrid Automobile ..................................................................................4
Key Features of Hybrid Automobile ............................................................................5
Early Hybrid Vehicles ..................................................................................................5
Woods Gas–Electric Car ..............................................................................................6
Control Systems for Early Hybrids ..............................................................................6
Modern Period of Hybrid History ................................................................................7
Hybrid Automobiles: Stirring of Interest in the 1990s .................................................8
GM EV-1 Electric Car .............................................................................................8
Renewed Interest in Hybrids ...................................................................................8
Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles ........................................................... 10
Crossroads 2008: Sneak Preview of the Future ......................................................... 12
References .................................................................................................................. 13
Additional References ................................................................................................ 14
Chapter 2 Why the Crisis? Hybrid Vehicles as a Mitigation Measure........................................ 15
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 15
Story ........................................................................................................................... 16
Setting the Stage ......................................................................................................... 16
Depletion of Petroleum ............................................................................................... 18
Estimating Oil Production .......................................................................................... 19
Oil Reserves and Resources ....................................................................................... 19
Demand for Petroleum ...............................................................................................20
Oil in the United States .............................................................................................. 21
Hubbert’s Peaking Theory .........................................................................................22
Swimming Pool Model ..........................................................................................22
Standard Presentation of Hubbert’s Curves ..........................................................24
New Analytical Representation .............................................................................25
Variation of the Production Rate, r(t) ....................................................................26
Limit of P/Q as Time Approaches Negative Inf nity ............................................27
Characteristic Production Time, t .........................................................................28
Finding r0 and QT ..................................................................................................29
When Do Hubbert’s Curves Apply? ......................................................................30
When Do Hubbert’s Curves Not Apply? ...............................................................30
Near-Term Situation ...................................................................................................30
Transportable Fuels Crisis .....................................................................................30
vii
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viii
Current Fleet of Low Miles per Gallon Vehicles ..................................................30
Application of Increased Engine Eff ciency .......................................................... 31
Vehicle Power ........................................................................................................ 32
Vehicle Weight ....................................................................................................... 32
Vehicle Size ........................................................................................................... 32
Vehicle Powertrain ................................................................................................ 33
Options and Accessories ....................................................................................... 33
Posted Speed Limits .............................................................................................. 33
Energy Conservation ............................................................................................. 33
Summary ....................................................................................................................34
References ..................................................................................................................34
Chapter 3 Overview of Hybrid Vehicles ..................................................................................... 37
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 37
Approaches to Beat the High Cost of Gasoline ..................................................... 37
Saving Gasoline ..................................................................................................... 37
Hybrid Performance .............................................................................................. 38
Allure of Plug-In Hybrids ...................................................................................... 38
Conversion or Clean Sheet Design ........................................................................ 39
Conversion or Clean Sheet Design: Impact on
AWD and 4WD ..................................................................................................... 39
Current View on Hybrids ...................................................................................... 39
Reasons to Buy a Hybrid .......................................................................................40
“More Playthings than You” ................................................................................. 41
Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid ................................................................................ 41
Diesel/Electric Hybrids ......................................................................................... 41
Role of Design in Buying Decision ....................................................................... 41
Concept Hybrids and Electric Vehicles ...................................................................... 42
Different Types of Concept Hybrids...................................................................... 42
Audi Metroproject Quattro .................................................................................... 42
BMW Connected Drive X5 Hybrid SUV.............................................................. 42
BMW X6 ActiveHybrid Sport AWD Coupe ......................................................... 42
Cadillac Provoq FC Hybrid ................................................................................... 42
Chinese GAC A-HEV Sedan................................................................................. 43
Chinese Great Wall Gwkulla Concept Electric Car .............................................. 43
Chinese Plan 863 for Hybrids and Alternate Fuels ............................................... 43
Chrysler Citadel ..................................................................................................... 43
Chrysler Eco Voyager FCV ................................................................................... 43
Citroën Airscape Hybrid ....................................................................................... 43
Citroën4 Hybrid Sedan .......................................................................................... 43
Citroën C-Cactus Hybrid Sedan ............................................................................ 43
Diahatsu Hybrid Vehicle Sports: Sports Car ......................................................... 43
Dodge ESX3 PNGV Sedan ...................................................................................44
Dodge Powerbox SUV Hybrid ..............................................................................44
Dodge Zeo EV .......................................................................................................44
Fisker Hybrid Luxury Sedan .................................................................................44
Ford Edge with HySeries Drive .............................................................................44
Ford Fiesta Hybrid .................................................................................................44
Ford Focus FCV ....................................................................................................44
Ford Focus Hydrogen–ICE Conventional Vehicle ................................................44
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ix
Ford Ref ex or Ref 3x ............................................................................................. 45
Ford HySeries Edge: An FC/Battery Plug-In Hybrid ............................................ 45
GM Chevrolet Volt (Cadillac Volt) ........................................................................ 45
GM Graphyte SUV ................................................................................................46
GM Precept: Product of PNGV Program ..............................................................46
GM Precept: Diesel Hybrid ..............................................................................46
GM Precept: FC Version ..................................................................................46
GM Sequel .............................................................................................................46
GM Ultralite: Another PNGV Supercar ................................................................ 47
Honda Clarity FC Hybrid ...................................................................................... 47
Honda CR-V Crossover Hybrid ............................................................................. 47
Honda CR-Z Hybrid .............................................................................................. 47
Honda FC Hybrid, FCX ........................................................................................ 47
Honda Hybrid Sedan ............................................................................................. 47
Honda Small Hybrid Sports Concept ....................................................................48
Honda Puyo FCV...................................................................................................48
Hyundai i-Blue FCV ..............................................................................................48
Jeep Renegade Diesel–Electric Hybrid .................................................................48
Kia FCV ................................................................................................................48
Land Rover LRX SUV ..........................................................................................48
Land Rover “E” SUV ............................................................................................48
Range Rover Hybrid ..............................................................................................48
Lexus LF-Xh ..........................................................................................................48
Loremo Diesel 2 + 2 Subcompact ......................................................................... 49
Loremo Diesel GT Subcompact ............................................................................ 49
Mazda Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid .................................................................. 49
Mazda Senku HEV Sports Car .............................................................................. 49
Mercedes Benz C-Class ........................................................................................ 49
Mercedes Benz F-Class HCCI Hybrid .................................................................. 49
Mercedes Benz S-Class Bluetec Hybrid................................................................ 49
Mercedes Benz S-Class Direct Hybrid .................................................................50
Mercedes Benz Vision Grand Sports Tourer Hybrid ............................................50
Mercury Meta One Crossover ...............................................................................50
Mitsubishi Concept CT MIEV Hybrid ..................................................................50
Mitsubishi Pure EV ...............................................................................................50
Mitsubishi iMiEV Sport Pure EV .........................................................................50
Nissan Mixim EV .................................................................................................. 51
Nissan Pivo 2 ......................................................................................................... 51
Nissan Tino Hybrid Sedan .................................................................................... 51
Opel (GM) Astra Diesel Electric ........................................................................... 51
Opel Corsa Hybrid ................................................................................................. 51
Opel Flextreme ...................................................................................................... 51
Peugeot 307 Hybrid Sedan .................................................................................... 51
Phoenix Electric Sport Utility Truck ..................................................................... 51
Porsche Panamera Sports Sedan Hybrid ............................................................... 52
Saturn Vue Green Line Plug-In Hybrid ................................................................. 52
Subaru B5-TPH Two-Seat GT ............................................................................... 52
Subaru G4e ............................................................................................................ 52
Subaru R1e............................................................................................................. 52
Suzuki Kizashi 2 ................................................................................................... 52
Suzuki Twin-Turbo ................................................................................................ 52
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