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Hybrid quantum system based on rare earth doped crystals PDF

156 Pages·2016·12.46 MB·English
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Experimental Condensed Matter Physics 16 s al t s y Hybrid quantum system based r c d e p on rare earth doped crystals o d h t r a e e r a r n o d e s a b m Sebastian Probst e t s y s m u t n a u q d ri b y H t s b o r P n a ti s a b e S Sebastian Probst Hybrid quantum system based on rare earth doped crystals Experimental Condensed Matter Physics Band 16 Herausgeber Physikalisches Institut Prof. Dr. Hilbert von Löhneysen Prof. Dr. Alexey Ustinov Prof. Dr. Georg Weiß Prof. Dr. Wulf Wulfhekel Eine Übersicht aller bisher in dieser Schriftenreihe erschienenen Bände finden Sie am Ende des Buchs. Hybrid quantum system based on rare earth doped crystals by Sebastian Probst Dissertation, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Fakultät für Physik Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 23. Januar 2015 Referenten: Prof. Dr. Alexey V. Ustinov, Prof. Dr. Pavel A. Bushev Impressum Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) KIT Scientific Publishing Straße am Forum 2 D-76131 Karlsruhe KIT Scientific Publishing is a registered trademark of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Reprint using the book cover is not allowed. www.ksp.kit.edu This document – excluding the cover, pictures and graphs – is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 DE License (CC BY-SA 3.0 DE): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/ The cover page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivatives 3.0 DE License (CC BY-ND 3.0 DE): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/ Print on Demand 2016 ISSN 2191-9925 ISBN 978-3-7315-0345-3 DOI 10.5445/KSP/1000045903 Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 ParamagneticIonsinSolids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1 Transitionionsofthe4fgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 Rareearthimpuritiesincrystalfields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 Electronspinresonancespectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3.1 Electronicandnuclearmoments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3.2 Magneticresonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3.3 Effectivespinandmagneticanisotropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3.4 Spin-spininteraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3.5 Spin-latticeinteraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.3.6 Quantummechanicaldescriptionofthetimeevolution . . . . . . . . 16 2.4 OpticalspectroscopyoferbiumionsinYSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.4.1 CWspectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.4.2 Timeresolvedspectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3 Hybridquantumcircuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.1 Superconductingquantumcircuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.1.1 Superconductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.1.2 Qubits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.1.3 Transmissionlinesandmicrowaveresonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.2 Couplingspinensembleswithmicrowavecircuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.2.1 Generalconsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.2.2 TheTavis-Cummingsmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.2.3 WeakCoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.2.4 Strongcouplingandinhomogeneousbroadening . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.2.5 Temperaturedependenceofthecollectivecoupling . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.3 Measurementofthespinlatticerelaxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.4 Microwave-opticalconversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4 Experimentalsetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.1 Cryostat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.2 Microwavespectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.3 Opticalspectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.4 Rareearthdopedcrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 i Contents 5 Anisotropiccouplingofmicrowaveresonatorstorareearthspinensembles . . 51 5.1 AnisotropiccouplingtorareearthspinensemblesdopedintoY SiO . . . . 51 2 5 5.2 RareearthionsdopedintoYAlO hostcrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3 5.3 FocusedionbeamimplantedEr3+inY SiO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 2 5 5.4 3DcavityQEDexperimentswithEr3+:Y SiO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 2 5 6 Timeresolvedmicrowavespectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 6.1 Inhomogeneousspinlinewidthandcollectivecouplingrevisited . . . . . . . 77 6.2 Timedomainsetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 6.3 VacuumRabioscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.4 Spincoherenceproperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.5 Amultimodememoryforcoherentmicrowavepulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 7 Amicrowave-opticalhybridsystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7.1 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7.2 Opticalspectroscopyof50ppmEr:YSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7.3 Opticaldetectionofthespinrelaxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 9 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Listofpublications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 ii

Description:
The rare earth (RE) group or lanthanide series of elements, named after their first element. Lanthanum, consists of .. 5d (platinum group), 4f (lanthanide group) and 5f (actinide group). An ion embedded in a several temperature stages by Inmet-Aeroflex AH9026-XX attenuators, see Fig. 4.3. After th
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