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Engineering Materials Kanchan Upadhyay Sabu Thomas Raunak Kumar Tamrakar Editors Hybrid Phosphor Materials Synthesis, Characterization and Applications Engineering Materials This series provides topical information on innovative, structural and functional materialsandcompositeswithapplicationsinoptical,electrical,mechanical,civil, aeronautical, medical, bio- and nano-engineering. The individual volumes are complete,comprehensivemonographscoveringthestructure,properties,manufac- turing process and applications of these materials. This multidisciplinary series is devotedtoprofessionals,studentsandallthoseinterestedinthelatestdevelopments in the Materials Science field, that look for a carefully selected collection of high qualityreviewarticlesontheirrespectivefieldofexpertise. IndexedatCompendex(2021) Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/4288 · · Kanchan Upadhyay Sabu Thomas Raunak Kumar Tamrakar Editors Hybrid Phosphor Materials Synthesis, Characterization and Applications Editors KanchanUpadhyay SabuThomas IIUCNN IIUCNN MahatmaGandhiUniversity MahatmaGandhiUniversity Kottayam,Kerala,India Kottayam,Kerala,India RaunakKumarTamrakar DepartmentofAppliedPhysics BhilaiInstituteofTechnology Durg,Chhattisgarh,India ISSN1612-1317 ISSN1868-1212 (electronic) EngineeringMaterials ISBN978-3-030-90505-7 ISBN978-3-030-90506-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90506-4 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents Introduction MetalHalidePerovskite-BasedPhosphorsandTheirApplications inLEDs .......................................................... 3 JizhongSongandLeimengXu MechanoluminescentPhosphors .................................... 51 YuanDeng,HanluZhang,andLinDong SynthesisandCharecterization MolecularHybridPhosphors ....................................... 73 SarojKumarKushvahaandKartikChandraMondal Organic–InorganicHybridsforWhite-LightPhosphors ............... 105 GeetaSharmaandPankajPoddar SynthesisofPhosphorus-BasedPhosphors ........................... 119 VasileSimulescu, SimonaFunar-Timofei, VladChiriac, andGheorgheIlia ProgressandProspectsofGraphiticStructure—BasedPhosphors ..... 151 VelayudhanPrajitha, KelothPaduvilanJibin, K.S.Sisanth, JesiyaSusanGeorge,andSabuThomas Synthesis,PropertiesandApplicationsofPolymericMatrix-Based PhosphorHybrids ................................................. 165 SamitKumarRay, AmritanshuBanerjee, BidyutKumarBhangi, BarnaliDutta,andDebapriyaPyne Applications UpconversionHybridPhosphorsforBiologicalApplications ........... 195 KaushalKumar,SachinKumarMaurya,andManojKumarMahata v vi Contents BiologicalApplicationofHybridPhosphors .......................... 223 SajjadHusainMir, M.K.MohammadZiaulHyder, andA.M.MasudulAzadChowdhury HybridPhosphorMaterialsforOptoelectronicApplication ............ 241 JemyJames, SharinMariaThomas, AjeeshKumarSomakumar, BlessyJoseph,NandakumarKalarikkal,andSabuThomas Functionalised(ZnO:Dy@AuNP)NanoassemblyforSensingNitro AromaticCompound .............................................. 255 G.L.Praveen,KanchanUpadhyay,SonyGeorge,andSabuThomas HybridNanostructuresforBiomedicalApplications .................. 275 R.Rajakumari, AbhimanyuTharayil, SabuThomas, andNandakumarKalarikkal Progress on Lanthanide Ion-Activated Inorganic Hybrid Phosphors:PropertiesandApplications ............................. 303 PreetiPadhyeKulkarni,MonikaMalik,andPankajPoddar Introduction Metal Halide Perovskite-Based Phosphors and Their Applications in LEDs JizhongSongandLeimengXu Abstract Electric lighting has become a significant part of human daily life, accounting for approximately 15% of global power consumption. Among various illumination, white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) have become a major research focusoftheindustryduetotheirlonglifespanandhighenergyefficiency.Current commercial WLEDs are fabricated mainly through utilizing blue LEDs with phosphor coatings. Under the environment of energy-saving emission reduction, according to the haitz’s law of LED industry, LED will follow the development processofaiminghighbrightnessandlowcost.Thus,exploringnewphosphorsfor lightings,compatiblewiththecostreduce,ishighlydesired.Metalhalideperovskite phosphorshaveattractedwideattentionduetotheiroutstandingluminescencefeature andlow-costsolution-processing.Inthischapter,wefirstintroducedperovskitephos- phorsofdifferentcolors,includingthreeprimarycolors(blue,green,red),andother colors (e.g. white, yellow and orange). Then, we further summarized the stability improvement strategies of through hybrizing perovskite phosphors with inorganic materials, organic molecules and polymer, and the non-luminous perovskites and luminousperovskites.Finally,wepresentedsomestrategiesofperovskitephosphor applicationsinWLEDs,suchasbycombiningGaNchipwiththree-primary-color perovskitephosphors,throughenergytransferinoneperovskite,andbydopingions inperovskites. · · · Keywords Metalhalideperovskite Phosphors Hybridphosphors Composite · · · · materials Light-emittingdiodes Backlight Lighting Differentcolors 1 GeneralAspects Lightisalwayswhathumanpersuadefor,especiallyelectriclightingisavitalpartof humandailylife,accordingtostatistics,illuminationconsumes15%oftheworld’s electricity, among which white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) have superiorities B J.Song( )·L.Xu SchoolofPhysicsandMicroelectronics,ZhengzhouUniversity,Zhengzhou450052,China e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 3 K.Upadhyayetal.(eds.),HybridPhosphorMaterials,EngineeringMaterials, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90506-4_1 4 J.SongandL.Xu of long lifespan and high energy efficiency, leading to a major research focus in photoelectricindustry[1–5].Torealizewhiteemitting,differentmaterialshavebeen exploited, the most primary method is to coat the blue chip with phosphors, the efficiencyofWLEDsmainlydependontheperformanceofphosphorcoatings.Under theenvironmentofenergy-savingemissionreduction,accordingtothehaitz’slawof LEDindustry,LEDwillfollowthedevelopmentprocessofaiminghighbrightness andlowcost[6,7]. As technology developing, traditional materials could not satisfy the operating requirementsanymore.Forexample,thetraditionalincandescentlampemitsvisible lightbyheatingthefilamentelectricallytoincandescentstatethroughthermalradi- ation,whichhasaverylowenergy-utilizationrate,andthefilamenttemperatureups to3000°C,whichisadangerousdegreeinsomeindustries.Foranotherexample, themostcommonenergy-savinglampsinourdailylifearebasedonplasmaconduc- tion and phosphor luminescence, such luminescent materials have lower working temperature (1160 K) and higher energy-conversion efficiency than incandescent lamps,buttheirefficiencyisstilllowandthepollutionisserious.Hence,exploring newluminescentmaterialsishighlyimportantandurgent.Inthisfield,manymate- rials have achieved much progress, but few could reach the commercial grade. High-efficiencyluminescencedidnotgetenoughrecognitionuntilperovskitephos- phors were reported. Perovskite phosphors have attracted wide attention due to theiroutstandingluminescencefeature(suchashighefficiencyandbrightness)and low-costsolution-process. Perovskitematerialsareparticularlyattractiveandpromisingmaterialsinoptical field, high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), easily tunable spectra and simplesynthesismakethemidealluminousmaterials.Comparedwiththesynthesis methods of other lighting materials, perovskite phosphors are fabricated by solu- tionprocess,whichallowlow-costandlarge-scalemanufacture[8–21].Speakingof highlyluminescentandefficientphosphors,manyprogresseshavebeenachieved,a lotofcomparativematuretechnologieshavebeenexploitedtosynthesizeperovskite materials,whichhavebeenwidelyappliedinlight-emittingdiodes(LEDs). The earliest perovskite phosphor materials are organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites [22–24]. In 2007, Parashkov and his coworkers found (RNH ) PbX 3 2 4 with perovskite structure could act as luminous materials, and Pierre synthesized (RNH ) PbX nanoparticles through nebulization/lyophilization method in 2009 3 2 4 [22].However,thiskindofstructurewasunstable,whichlimitsthepracticalappli- cations.Untiltheendof2014,researcherssostenutodevelopedstableorganic–inorganicperovskite(e.g.FAPbX ,MAPbX )[25,26]andall-inorganicperovskite(e.g. 3 3 CsPbX )[27,28]system.ThecrystalstructuresofperovskitesareshowninFig.1. 3 Figure 1a demonstrated the chemical formula of three-dimensional (3D) ABX 3 perovskite(purpleA=cesium(Cs),formamidine(FA),methylamine(MA);black B = Pb, Sn; green X = Cl, Br, I, the black B atoms and the green X atoms form theB-octahedrons([BX ]4−),A-sitecationsarefilledbetweenB-octahedrons)[29]. 6 Figure1cdemonstratedthechemicalformulaoftwo-dimensional(2D)perovskite, (A(cid:2))mAn−1BnX3n−1 (A(cid:2) represents largeorganic cation;Arepresents smallorganic orinorganiccationsuchasCs+,MA+,FA+,Rb+;BandXrepresentmetalanionsand