Hybrid Laser Arc Welding

328 Pages·2009·6.85 MB·English

by  F. O. Olsen

Hybrid laser–arc welding
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Hybrid laser–arc
welding
Edited by
Flemming Ove Olsen
Oxford Cambridge New Delhi
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park, Great
Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari
Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India
Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW,
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First published 2009, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC
© 2009, Woodhead Publishing Limited
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Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-370-1 (book)
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CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4398-0214-4
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Contents
Contributor contact details ix
Preface xi
Part I Characteristics of hybrid laser–arc welding 1
1 Advantages and disadvantages of arc and
laser welding 3
E. W. Reutzel, Pennsylvania State University, USA
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Arc welding 3
1.3 Laser welding 15
1.4 Acknowledgments 25
1.5 References 25
2 Fundamentals of hybrid laser–arc welding 28
S. Katayama, Osaka University, Japan
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Plasma characteristics including interaction between
laser beam and arc 29
2.3 Dynamic behavior 34
2.4 Melt dynamics and melt pool stability 37
2.5 Formation and prevention mechanism of porosity 41
2.6 References 44
3 Heat sources of hybrid laser–arc
welding processes 47
A. Mahrle and E. Beyer, Dresden University of
Technology, Germany
3.1 Introduction 47
v
vi Contents
3.2 Laser beam heat sources 48
3.3 Arc heat sources 59
3.4 Combinations of laser beams and arcs 68
3.5 Future trends 77
3.6 References 78
4 Effect of shielding gas on hybrid laser–arc welding 85
M. Gao and X. Y. Zeng, Huazhong University of Science
and Technology, China
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Common types and physical properties of shielding gases 86
4.3 Effects of shielding gas in hybrid welding 92
4.4 Effects of shielding gas on mechanical properties of the
hybrid weld 100
4.5 Conclusions and sources of further information
and advice 103
4.6 References 103
5 Properties of joints produced by hybrid
laser–arc welding 106
V. Kujanpää, Lappeenranta University of
Technology, Finland
5.1 Introduction 106
5.2 Microstructure of hybrid laser–arc welds 106
5.3 Hardness 112
5.4 Strength 116
5.5 Toughness 118
5.6 Fatigue properties 120
5.7 Corrosion properties 123
5.8 References 124
6 Quality control and assessing weld quality in
hybrid laser–arc welding 127
J. K. Kristensen, FORCE Technology, Denmark
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Weldability of typical structural materials 127
6.3 Weld quality 134
6.4 Assessment of weld properties 136
6.5 Conclusions 138
6.6 Acknowledgements 139
6.7 References 139
Contents vii
Part II Applications of hybrid laser–arc welding 141
7 Hybrid welding of magnesium alloys 143
L. Liu, Dalian University of Technology, China
7.1 Introduction 143
7.2 Weldability of magnesium alloys 144
7.3 Low-power laser–arc hybrid welding process 145
7.4 Numerical simulation 162
7.5 Infrared temperature measurement 167
7.6 Spectral diagnosis 168
7.7 Interaction between laser beam and arc plasma 172
7.8 Practical application 173
7.9 Conclusions and future trends 175
7.10 References 175
8 Shipbuilding applications of hybrid
laser–arc welding 178
J. K. Kristensen, FORCE Technology, Denmark
8.1 Introduction 178
8.2 The approval of laser-based welding in shipbuilding 179
8.3 Industrial examples 184
8.4 Conclusions 190
8.5 References 191
9 Industrial robotic application of laser-hybrid
and laser-hybrid-tandem welding 192
H. Staufer, Fronius International GmbH, Austria
9.1 Introduction 192
9.2 Laser-hybrid process for industrial applications 193
9.3 Applications and case studies in the automotive industry 195
9.4 Applications in shipbuilding 199
9.5 Synergies by LaserHybrid 204
9.6 The laser-hybrid-tandem welding process in the
automotive industry 205
9.7 Application of LaserTandem welding in the pipeline
industry 207
9.8 LaserTandem welding system 209
9.9 Laser-hybrid welding with three arcs: principles
of laser-hybrid and laser-hybrid-tandem welding 211
9.10 Conclusions 214
9.11 References 215
viii Contents
10 Hybrid laser–arc welding of aluminium 216
C. Thomy, BIAS – Bremer Institut für angewandte
Strahltechnik GmbH, Germany
10.1 Introduction 216
10.2 Aluminium and its alloys 217
10.3 Fusion welding of aluminium alloys 219
10.4 Hybrid laser–arc welding processes for aluminium alloys 228
10.5 Properties of hybrid laser–arc welds 245
10.6 Applications 258
10.7 Future trends 261
10.8 References 262
11 Hybrid laser–arc welding of dissimilar metals 270
C. Thomy, BIAS – Bremer Institut für angewandte
Strahltechnik GmbH, Germany
11.1 Introduction 270
11.2 Specifi c aspects of and state-of-the-art in joining of
dissimilar metals 271
11.3 Basic features of laser MIG hybrid welding for
dissimilar metals 277
11.4 Process and joint properties 278
11.5 Application potentials 288
11.6 Future trends 291
11.7 References 291
Part III Hybrid laser–arc welding of steel 297
12 Hybrid laser–arc welding of steel 299
S. Katayama, Osaka University, Japan
12.1 Introduction 299
12.2 Hybrid laser–arc welding of steel and high tensile
strength steel 300
12.3 Hybrid laser–arc welding of Zn-coated steel 307
12.4 Hybrid laser–arc welding of stainless steel 309
12.5 References 309
Index 312
Contributor contact details
(* = main contact)
Editor Chapter 3
Professor Flemming Ove Olsen Dr Achim Mahrle*
IPU Dresden University of Technology,
Produktionstorvet Institute of Surface and
Bygning 425 Manufacturing Technology,
DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Postbox, 01062 Dresden
Denmark Germany
Email: [email protected] Email: achim.mahrle@iws.
fraunhofer.de
Chapter 1
Professor Eckhard Beyer
Dr E. W. Reutzel
Dresden University of Technology,
The Applied Research Laboratory
Institute of Surface and
The Pennsylvania State University
Manufacturing Technology,
P.O. Box 30
Postbox, 01062 Dresden, and
State College
Fraunhofer IWS,
PA 16804-0030
Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden
USA
Germany
Email: [email protected]
Chapters 2 and 12
Professor S. Katayama
Joining and Welding Research
Institute (JWRI)
Osaka University
11-1 Mihogaoka
Ibaraki
Osaka 567-0047
Japan
E-mail: [email protected].
ac.jp
ix