Hybrid Energy Systems: Driving Reliable Renewable Sources of Energy Storage

296 Pages·2018·13.16 MB·English

by  Bahman Zohuri (auth.)

Bahman Zohuri
Hybrid
Energy
Systems
Driving Reliable Renewable Sources of
Energy Storage
Hybrid Energy Systems

Bahman Zohuri
Hybrid Energy Systems
Driving Reliable Renewable Sources
of Energy Storage
Bahman Zohuri
Galaxy Advanced Engineering Inc.,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, NM, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-70720-4 ISBN 978-3-319-70721-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70721-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017959609
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This book is dedicated to my son Sasha
Preface
The United States is a rich country when it comes to energy supply. It has an a bundance
of coal, oil, and natural gas, along with exceptional wind, solar, and hydropower
resources. Recently, new technology has driven innovation in nuclear power. We
have also seen an increasing focus on local air quality and global climate change.
Today’s world is at a turning point. Resources are running low, pollution is
increasing, and the climate is changing. Fossil fuels are depleting quickly, and it is
necessary to find substitutes that will guarantee wealth and growth. Modern technol-
ogy is already providing us with alternatives like wind turbines, photovoltaic cells,
biomass plants, and more. But these technologies have flaws. Compared to tradi-
tional power plants, they produce much smaller amounts of electricity. Even more
problematic is the inconsistency of energy production. The global demand for elec-
tricity is huge, and growing by approximately 3.6% annually; however, the sun isn’t
always shining nor is the wind always blowing. For technical reasons, the amount of
electricity fed into the power grid must remain on the same level as demanded to
prevent blackouts and damage to the grid. This leads to situations where the produc-
tion is higher than the consumption or vice versa. This is where storage technologies
come into play—they are the key element to balance out these flaws.
With the growing importance of renewable energy sources, scientists and
engineers are anxious to enhance efficiencies and lower the costs of these technolo-
gies. Yet, there seems to be only a handful of technologies available that are efficient
and economical. Storing energy isn’t an easy task, as most of us know. Our smart-
phone battery only lasts for about a day, and laptops last only a few hours. The range
for electric cars is limited to little more than a hundred kilometers. These are only
examples for comparatively small devices. Now imagine the problem of storing
energy at the level of hundreds to thousands of wind turbines and photovoltaic cells
is much more complex.
Many new products and services that reduce emissions for new and e xisting
power plants have been created. One of our most exciting products is the combined-
cycle gas t urbine power plant, which uses jet engine technology combined with
steam turbine technology to rotate generators to produce electricity. A similar inno-
vative technological approach has been suggested by many scientists and engineers
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viii Preface
in the field of nuclear energy, using the new generation of nuclear power plant
(NPP) that is known as Generation IV. These innovative approaches allow the com-
bination of turbines in single or multiple shaft installation to provide the most cost-
effective way to generate electricity from either natural gas or nuclear energy. The
turbines used in this manner will provide fuel efficiency of greater than 63% and
produce approximately 65% less carbon dioxide than the coal-fired power plants
that they replace.
The Conergy hybrid energy storage system (CHESS) provides the key to transi-
tioning large-scale sites to integrated solar energy supply and solar energy storage.
CHESS is designed to provide on-demand, stable power supply for on-grid, fringe-
of-grid, and remote off-grid sites. CHESS is a practical, renewable energy solution,
engineered to lower operating costs and insulate businesses against future volatility
in energy and fuel prices.
It is a modular and expandable technology that allows for flexibility and growth
demand with full remote control and monitoring functionality. The technology is
not only durable but easily transportable, making it ideal for remote locations.
The energy storage system (ESS) in a conventional, stand-alone Renewable
Energy Power System (REPS) usually has a short lifespan due to irregular output of
renewable energy sources. In certain systems, the ESS is oversized to reduce the
stress level and to meet the intermittent peak power demand. A hybrid energy stor-
age system (HESS) is a better solution in terms of durability, practicality, and cost-
effectiveness for the overall system implementation. The structure and common
issues of stand-alone REPS with ESS are discussed in this paper. This paper pres-
ents different structures of stand-alone REPS with HESS such as passive, semi-
active, and active HESS. As there are a variety of energy storage technologies
available in the market, decision matrixes are introduced in this paper to evaluate the
technical and economic characteristics of the energy storage technologies. A detailed
review of the state-of-the-art control strategies such as classical control strategies
and intelligent control strategies for REPS with HESS is highlighted. The future
trends for REPS with HESS combination and control strategies are also discussed.
This book also describes, energy storage at various levels. Energy storage tech-
nology has great potential to improve electric power grids, enable growth in renew-
able electricity generation, and provide alternatives to oil-d erived fuels in the
nation’s transportation sector. In the electric power system, the promise of this tech-
nology lies in its potential to increase grid efficiency and reliability—optimizing
power flows and supporting variable power supplies from wind and solar genera-
tion. In transportation, vehicles powered by batteries or other electric technologies
have the potential to displace vehicles burning gasoline and diesel fuel, reducing
associated emissions and demand for oil.
Albuquerque, NM, USA B. Zohuri
2016
Acknowledgments
I am indebted to the many people who aided me, encouraged me, and supported me
beyond my expectations. Some are not around to see the results of their encourage-
ment in the production of this book, yet I hope they know of my deepest apprecia-
tions. I especially want to thank all my friends who have continuously given their
support without hesitation, to whom I am deeply indebted. They have always kept
me going in the right direction.
Above all, I offer very special thanks to my late mother and father and to my
children, in particular, my son Sasha. They have provided constant interest and
encouragement, without which this book would not have been written. Their
patience with my many absences from home and long hours in front of the computer
to prepare the manuscript is especially appreciated.
ix
Contents
1 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction to Hybrid Energy System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Hybrid System as Source of Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 Energy Storage Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.1 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.2 Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage
(AA-CAES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4 Variable Electricity with Base-Load Reactor Operation . . . . . . . . . 19
1.5 Why We Need Nuclear Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.5.1 The Merits of Total Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.5.2 The Downsides of Monoculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.5.3 The Other Zero-Carbon Energy: Nuclear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.5.4 A Diverse Portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.6 Security of Energy Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.7 Environmental Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2 Cryogenic Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2 Low Temperature in Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3 Defining Cryogenic Fluids or Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3.1 Defining Cryogenic Fluids or Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.3.2 Thermophysical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.3 Liquid Boil-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.4 Cryogen Usage for Equipment Cooldown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3.5 Phase Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.3.6 Personal Protective Equipment to Be Worn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3.7 Handling Cryogenic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3.8 Storing Cryogenic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.3.9 Hazards of Cryogenic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
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